Communication Strategies

Background Students and instructors no longer need to communicate with each other during office hours or on campus. Technology has made it easy for students to communicate not only with their own instructors but also with instructors all over the world. They can send messages and receive replies in no time at all. They can seek help from experts and scholars anywhere in the world. Questions This study tried to find out the following: (1) Types of requests students make and difference between Saudi, Arab, non-Arab; female and male; graduate and undergraduate students, (2) academic needs revealed by e-mail messages (3) differences in communication strategies between Saudi, Arab, non-Arab students, graduate and undergraduate and male and female students (4) reasons for seeking help from the author rather than their own instructors as reported by Saudi, Arab, non-Arab. Research method More than 200 e-mail messages that the author received from graduate and undergraduate students were collected and analyzed for academic needs and message characteristics. 6% of the e-mail messages were from non-Arab students in USA, New Zealand, China, and Poland; 10.5% were from Arab students in Bahrain, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan, 9% from Saudi students studying in the UK, USA, Australia, Germany, France, and 74.5% were from students studying in Saudi Arabia; 34% were undergraduate and 66% were graduate students; 48% were female and 52% were male students.

Status and trends of linguistic situation today requires a modern approach to the establishment of the current processes of communication in specific communicative situations such as inpatient and outpatient treatment. The report has as main objective to characterize the participants in communicative relation drug leaflet - pharmacist - patient client with a view to their communicative roles and on this basis to propose modern strategies for effective communication in the field of inpatient and outpatient care.

Violent extremism has become the global concern especially after the beginning of 21st Century. Therefore, understanding the various aspects of violent extremism particularly multifaceted communication strategies which will be fit to handle the modern challenges has become imperative. On incidences of terrorism and violent extremism, Pakistan has lost on socio, economic, cultural and educational grounds. Meanwhile, there are contending positions that the incessant attacks are due to the gap in proper Communication between security apparatus, government and the extremist groups. In view of this, the article examines the roles of strategic communication in the countering of violent extremism and its influence on Pakistani society. The paper also brought to the open, some of the critical context and drivers of violent extremism. Based on this, the paper proffers a model which captured the contemporary communication strategies for countering violent extremism. It also argues that strategic communication can be assimilated into policies and actions of the major stakeholders as a strategic measure to handle the radicalized and violent extremism. Moreover, with the help of few judicious approaches/strategies, a balance and a moderate society can be established. Further to this are the ideal practices being recommended in line with the theory of strategic communication planning format that will not only help in tackling extremism but also bringing peace.

A young child who learns English as a second language employs and uses communication strategies in order to remain an active participant of communication. Language deficiencies  seem not to hinder a child’s communication drive. The primary goal of this article is an attempt
to purposefully reorganize the relevant concepts and terminology concerning learner strategies, learning strategies as well as communication strategies. Secondly, we would like to give a critical overview of the contemporary typologies of communication strategies. Finally, we will create our own model of communication strategies which is based on thorough empirical research of communication strategies used by young Asian learners of English. Hybrid case study research type was chosen as a method allowing for usage of various research tools such as observation, action research and interviews. Th e result of the research was a Communication Strategies Model. At its base there are three pillars: three types of strategies (1. simplifi cation strategies, 2. avoidance strategies, 3. strategies of achievements).
It is strongly believed that further longitudinal research may supply new and signifi cant data on the use of speech by children from especially their strategic competence development and – indirectly – their communication competence.

This study investigated six English lessons from the learners’ textbooks at a private language institute in Shiraz, Iran, to assess the use of Communication Strategies (CSs) in open-ended conversation tasks. The participants were 30 pairs of English learners (N=60) divided into elementary, intermediate, and advanced proficiency levels. Conversations were recorded and transcribed and the final assessment of the data was made using both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results showed that the frequency of CSs was relatively low, compared with previous studies on EFL learners in other contexts. Indeed, no significant difference was found between the three groups vis-à-vis the total number of CSs used. However, it was found that elementary-level students frequently used the strategies which impeded the flow of their communication. On the other hand, advanced students mostly

Preoccupation with the effort to fight extremist propaganda in an increasingly complex information environment has produced an overwhelming amount of literature from professors, practitioners, policymakers, and pundits. The problem of terrorist messaging is easily defined; solutions, in the form of effective counter-narrative strategies and the tools to disseminate them, are much harder to come by. Kurt Braddock's "Weaponized Words: The Strategic Role of Persuasion in Violent Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization" takes this on, providing well-researched and relatively jargon-free guidelines to the development of persuasive counter-narratives and the use of emerging communications technologies to fight back.

La problématique générale du séminaire est d'identifier et d'expliquer les principales tâches et activités qui organisent:
1) La conception d’une campagne de communication;
2) La réalisation d’une campagne de communication;
3) L’évaluation d’une campagne de communication.

Dans cette première partie, nous discuterons un exemple concret de conception, réalisation et évaluation d'une campagne de communication. Nous introduirons ensuite les principales étapes et activités composant le plan de communication.

Dans la deuxième partie du cours (qui sera mise en ligne mi-octobre 2015), nous discuterons d'une manière plus détaillée chacune de ces étapes et activités.

This article describes caregivers’ perceptions of communication strategies that are useful in their care practice when assisting individuals with moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during the completion of activities of daily living (ADLs). A total of 10 formal caregivers participated in one-hour semi-structured focus group interviews (FGIs) conducted at two different long-term care (LTC) locations (n = 5 at each location). To identify the strategies caregivers perceived to be effective, content analysis was the primary method used to examine the FGI data. Particular attention was given to identifying the frequency and extensiveness in which caregivers made reference to communication strategies during the FGIs. Caregivers discussed a total of 33 strategies that they perceived to be useful when assisting residents with moderate and severe AD during the completion of ADLs. The majority of the communication strategies discussed (64%) were task-focused and the most frequently mentioned strategies included the use of negotiation and explaining one’s actions to the resident. Greeting the resident was the most frequently discussed social strategy. In addition, two emergent themes containing a total of 12 strategies were identified, with the most frequently mentioned being establishing eye contact, familiarity with the resident, and postponing the task. Caregivers’ perceived use of communication strategies indicates that person-centred dementia care is a central aspect to facilitating the completion of ADLs.

This article reports the results of an exploratory study investigating the use of four
communication strategies in synchronous written chat and asynchronous threaded discussion.
Task-based interactions among 15 Egyptian university learners of English as a
foreign language (EFL) were analyzed. The results showed that topic continuation was
used in synchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) at a significantly higher
rate compared to the significantly low use of hypothesis testing. Several factors were
identified as potential reasons for variation in communication strategy use. The data
also indicated factors that closely related to low interactivity in asynchronous CMC. The
findings of the study suggest that the nature of communication strategies, the nature
of medium type, and/or intra-/interpersonal factors may (de-)activate communication
strategy use. The study highlights the importance of studying learner interactions with a
problem-free lens, focusing more on EFL learners’ communicative successes than their
linguistic and communicative deficiencies. The article concludes that further investigation
is needed to study how interactivity relates to communication strategies, medium
types, medium preferences, intra-/interpersonal factors, and task design.

In this study, we present Practices and Communication Strategies of European Photo Festivals. The aim is to understand the communication policy, which should be followed to achieve the objectives of a well-structured cultural event. Through the detailed presentation of the practice which followed from five photographic festivals in Europe for their communication, we try to realize the most proper communication practices should follow homologous events. The selection criteria for those festivals is that they are organized in cities with a population less than 120,000 with great success.

This paper presents a study of the use of circumlocution strategies by Spanish learners of English in foreign language interactional contexts. Adopting a collaborative approach to the analysis of strategic interaction, attention is here paid to the actions that both learners and interlocutors take when the target language lexical item desired to convey an intended meaning is not available and a circumlocution strategy needs to be used. Evidence is obtained suggesting an active role of the interlocutor in the strategic communication of meaning process. With their actions, interlocutors accept or reject learners' strategic utterances. Sometimes, they even rephrase, expand or complete these utterances, in such a way that a circumlocution can be actually co-constructed by two different speakers. The results of these analyses suggest that the use of a circumlocution strategy in face-to-face interaction is part of a collaborative process. Successful communication of meaning in strategic interaction is collaboratively achieved through the joint and coordinated actions of the learner and their interlocutor.

Дисертація є першим комплексним дослідженням сучасної української письменницької публіцистики, яка в результаті формування світоглядної позиції читача репрезентує унікальний тип мислення та принципи організації мовлення.
У роботі доведено, що письменницька публіцистика є специфічним способом пізнання дійсності. Комунікація в письменницькій публіцистиці сприяє представленню та формуванню світоглядних позицій автора, героя та читача.
У дисертації проведено детальний моніторинг публіцистичних творів О. Забужко, Т. Прохаська та Ю. Андруховича, з'ясовано, що в них письменники встановлюють чіткі світоглядні орієнтири для суспільства. Сучасна соціокультурна дійсність у виступах письменників-публіцистів демонструється з двох протилежних позицій. Встановлено, що комунікативна настановність письменницької публіцистики сприяє активізації особистісного сприйняття інформації через одну з оповідних інстанцій, це сприяє напрацюванню читачем власної стратегії сприймання текстів.

Strategie komunikacji w reklamach leków i suplementów diety Streszczenie: Artykuł porusza kwestię strategii komunikacyjnych, które są najczęściej wykorzystywane w reklamach leków i suplementów diety. Koncerny medyczne przeznaczają coraz więcej środków na reklamę swoich produktów, co przekłada się na wzrost sprzedaży środków farmaceutycznych i para farmaceutycznych. W reklamach stosuje się różne techniki manipulacyjne oraz wywierania wpływu społecznego. Coraz częściej można zauważyć powtarzalne strategie komunikacyjne i konstrukty językowe, na których opierają się takie reklamy. Sektor farmaceutyczny znajduje się w ścisłej czołówce reklamodawców i pod względem wydatków na promocję niezmiennie pozostaje na drugiej pozycji, ustępując tylko sektorowi żywności i napojów. Strategie komunikacyjne, które wydają się być najbardziej widoczne w tym obszarze to: strategia autorytetu, pokonania bólu, problemu-rozwiązania-skutku, ciemnej-jasnej strony życia, szczęścia rodzinnego, dobrego doradcy i wizualizacji działania. Można je uznać za takie, które są wykorzystywane najczęściej i poprzez to mogą pokazywać jakich środków używają producenci w swojej komunikacji. Przedstawione strategie koncentrują się przede wszystkim na ukazaniu dyskomfortu i zwalczaniu dolegliwości z ważnym elementem happy endu. Bazują na prostych scenariuszach, schematach i sloganach, które cechują duża dosłowność i mocne eksponowanie produktu. Ważnym elementem jest nacechowanie emocjonalne np. pokazywanie szczęśliwej rodziny czy smutnych dzieci. Na perswazję przekazu może również wpływać nacisk położony na szybkość, skuteczność i długość działania, które to elementu są zapewne bardzo ważne dla każdego potencjalnego odbiorcy danego produktu.

The scope of the dissertation is to study and explore how digital media can be used for communication purposes in sustainable yachting tourism and the results of innovative practices for blue growth in N. Greece.

The study will try present the benefits and the raised problems through innovative practices where digital media are used in communication and marketing on a real world scenario, such as the creation of a new product in sustainable yachting tourism called "UDYSSEA", the acronym of U Define Your Sea, Sailing & Environmental Actions. UDYSSEA is a project that combines marine tourism with local development using products and services to be environmentally friendly and environmentally sustainable. It works closely with local communities, buys local products, employs local businesses and brings traditional craftsmen with travelers to get a real sense of place.

The aim is to study the use of communication strategies and digital media for the promotion of yachting tourism as well to analyze the benefits, the potentials and barriers of implementing specific practices and methods of sustainable yachting tourism specifically in the region of N. Greece.

The key question is how digital media through communication strategies can promote the sustainable maritime tourism and what are the obstacles and future trends in the digital market. The study will mainly focus on the yachting sector of maritime tourism and the potential products and practices that can be implemented.

Bergesernya peran stakeholder dari waktu ke waktu menuntut perusahaan untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya. Perusahaan tidak akan mampu bertahan jika tidak mendapatkan dukungan dari publik dimana organisasi memiliki hubungan saling bergantung satu sama lain. Stakeholder yang merupakan kompetitor murni dalam waktu singkat dapat bergeser peranannya menjadi stakeholder kunci dalam lingkup hubungan organisasi. Dampak dari regulasi dan kebijakan, legitimasi publik atas organisasi, secara komersial maupun sosial, harus diantisipasi dan disesuaikan oleh organisasi. Perubahan lingkungan menjadikan PT. Garam sebagai BUMN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara) yang beroperasi di sektor perdagangan dan produksi garam yang awalnya berorientasi pada profit, secara absah bergeser lebih berorientasi kepada sosial. Demikian, menjadikan sesuatu yang jarang terjadi pada konteks BUMN di Indonesia. Penyesuaian terhadap lingkungannya, menuntut PT. Garam untuk mengembangkan strategi komunikasi korporat untuk bertahan sebagai sebuah organisasi.

Introduction
Jallah Town is a swamp community, cut between the Mesurado River and the Capitol Hill but                                        lacks pure water supply, recommended sanitation and proper waste management infrastructure for household services.  This creates difficulties mainly for children and women who spend hours fetching water from other communities, as well as people disposing excreta and other solid waste materials in the open by methods that are personally undignified.  There is limited knowledge and low levels of practice in relation to safe water, sanitation and hygiene.
This communication strategy aims to contribute towards promoting behavioral change among inhabitants of Jallah Town community with regard to Safe drinking Water, Sanitation and Proper Waste Management with a focus on the prevention of Malaria, Diarrhoea, Cholera and other water borne related diseases and sicknesses. As a crowded community of over 5000 people, children are raised in crowded shacks without desired sanitation and the risk of suffering from malaria and water-borne diseases such as cholera is eminent.
Given the poor condition of water, sanitation and hygiene from the lack of proper waste management in Jallah Town urban slum community,  addressing this, along with improving water and sanitation services needs an urgent communication interventions in order to promote the demand for water and sanitation services as well as addressing critical hygiene / waste management behaviors. 
However, a significant proportion of protected sources of hand-dug covered wells in shallow water table areas or low water table areas has either broken down or do not yield sufficient water year
round. Presently, there is not yet a sense of community ownership of protected water-points, nor an effective system for their maintenance and repair. According to Liberian Demographic and Health Survey (2007), substantial problems with malaria and diarrhoea in children less than 5 years old and concern about recurring cholera outbreaks have generated significant interest in establishing a household water treatment strategy for Liberia.  The LDHS revealed that 16% of households reported treating their drinking water with bleach or chlorine and 80% of household reported doing nothing to treat their drinking water. In addition, it is a common practice to use available sand in a suspended sack to filter residuals of well water, a practice which has been shown to be ineffective for making water safe. Such treatment is not standardized, and monitoring of residuals does not qualify water to be pure and safe for drinking.
The disposal of human waste remains a critical challenge. Practically all of the inhabitants of Jallah Town Community defecate in the open, along Mesurado River (with relatively few having a makeshift household toilet). The situation is more alarming in Warwein Community where only 2% of the households have access to improved sanitation facilities while 98% practice open defecation. In such community with no alleyways leading between densely packed houses; open defecation causes a serious public health hazard as it is often done in water and the drainage.

The focus of this study is to examine the communication strategies employed by Radfan College EFL students in their classroom interactions. In its theoretical part, the study shows the significance of CSs as a component of EFL learner's communicative competence and its significance in foreign language learning and communication.
For the full article, click this link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326534502_A_Study_of_Communication_Strategies_Employed_by_Radfan_College_EFL_Students_in_their_Classroom_Interactions

In second language acquisition (SLA) the use of communication strategies (CSs) has been of interest on research, since it can help learners to attain mutual comprehension effectively. Also communicative strategies contribute to second language acquisition as play a significant role in communication. The overall aim of this study is to investigate and clarify a wide range of communication strategies that learners in different gender of English use to solve language problems as well as to facilitate problem-free discourse in their oral communication. Two learners (male-female) of English were paired up in describing six pictures as a part of communication that they had and the interview were analyzed with the Nakatani's (2006) factors of oral communication strategies (CSs). In the results of this study I investigated that learners used (CSs) differently in audio-video interviews, to continue the communications.

This paper reports on the use of language transfer as a type of communication strategy and language learning strategy drawing on a variety of oral interaction activities from a Malaysian classroom for English as a second language. The study provides insights into not only how the learners’ first language functions as a strategy for communication but also how it can enhance second language learning by way of
helping learners expand their second language repertoire and increase their automatization of second language items.

This study analyzed the effects of communication strategies on the Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance of Quezon City in changing the behavior of consumers towards the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) of waste management.  The study made use of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) Survey
designed to gather information on awareness on the effect of plastics to the environment, perception on the Plastic Recovery System Fee, and changes in their practices.  Non-proportional quota sampling was applied to select the respondents.  There were sixty respondents, i.e. consumers between 20 and 65 years old and residing within Quezon City.  The study also gathered information on the communication strategies that were made to inform consumers on the ordinance through interview, documents review and participant observation.  Analysis made use of simple statistical tools to derive mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation for correlational analysis.  Results revealed that signage, posters and banners found in counters in supermarkets and other retailers were effective in terms of conveying information to consumers.  It likewise showed that the strategy was slightly effective in terms of changing behavior of consumers on plastic bag reduction, but not effective in terms of changing behavior on practice of reusing and recycling.  Full awareness on the effects of plastic bags to environment, information on the Plastic Recovery System Fee, and perception on the amount of this fee need to be integrated to effectively translate into the practice of reducing, reusing and recycling plastic bags. 

Keywords: 3Rs, Quezon City, plastic ordinance, waste management

Listening comprehension (LC) is an integral part of language learning. Although course textbooks contain a diverse range of listening tasks for classroom learning, they also tend to share some common, albeit potentially problematic, features worth
considering more deeply; namely, 1) listening is presented as an isolated skill (i.e. detached from speaking), 2) visually-based supplementary material is often underutilized, and 3) learners play a predominantly passive role in the process. The current paper will argue that such traditional approaches to LC are not reflective of real-world conditions our learners are likely to encounter, and to some extent, may even run counter to our teaching aims. With this in mind, the paper will present an alternative approach to LC, developed by the author, which can be used either as an adjunct activity to existing listening segments in course textbooks or as a substitute for them. In this approach, the source of auditory output is not technology, but rather, it is the learners who engage in reading transcripts of listening texts aloud to each other in pairs. This participatory process places ownership of the language in the hands of the learners and opens, rather than closes, the door to learner inquiry and the negotiation of meaning during the listening task itself, providing greater authenticity and compatibility with ELF-oriented principles than traditional approaches.

The purpose of the study was to provide a pragmatic analysis of communication strategies used by health care providers at Kitale County Referal Hospital Kenya. The contention of this article is that communication is one of the most important aspects in delivery of healthcare. Grice posits that there are guidelines that participants of a conversation need when they communicate failure to which results to flouting of maxims. Successful observance of these guidelines contributes to effective communication and the lack of it leads to ineffective communication. Effective communication cannot happen without incorporating pragmatics which in a nut shell involves language and context. The study presented the results of a pragmatic analysis of communication strategies used by healthcare providers and patients at Kitale County Referral Hospital. The study used Grice's Cooperative Principle. What the study aimed at was to find out the observance of the maxims of conversation by medical practitioners as they interact with patients, why the medical practitioners flout maxims as they interact with patients and to determine the conversational implicatures generated by flouting maxims of conversation. The study adopted a descriptive research design and was conducted in Kitale level five hospitals. The target population was the 167 nurses in the county who were sampled to 25 nurses through purposive sampling. The simple random sampling technique was used for the patients incoming at the hospital where in a normal routine of approximately 100 patients are treated in the hospital, 25 patients through simple random sampling to get the well manageable number by the research hence increasing its accuracy. The data collection tools were observation schedules and tape recording. Data analysis was done in accordance with observance and non-observance of the Cooperactive Principle. Data on flouting of maxims was identified and analyzed based on conversational implicatures. Data analyzed revealed that medical practitioners and their clients attempted to create a mutually accepted communication through cooperation. Observance of maxims was done to enhance and maintain face needs. It also showed that flouting of maxims was useful in order for the hearer to make inferences. Some of the reasons behind flouting the maxims include: regulating and maintaining mutual distance, showing power, getting sympathy and avoiding talking about something. Data revealed that the failure to adhere to the rules of conversation does not show rudeness it nevertheless enabled the hearer to receive an implied meaning at a deeper level. The study concluded that when maxims are flouted, patients and medical practitioners are likely to misinterpret instructions hence the need to ensure all maxims are adhered to when engaged in communications. The study recommended that all health practitioners be well versed with the principles and knowledge of the cooperative principle in guiding conversations between health practitioners and patients revealing effective communication during these interactions.

The present paper aims to shed light on the relationship between a set of cultural dimensions as defined by Hofstede – power distance, uncertainty avoidance and individualism versus collectivism – and digital communication strategies among two different service public media companies.

De La Salle University- Dasmariñas Secret Files (DLSU-D SF) is a Facebook page which serves as a confessional space of students in DLSU-D. All secret files pages use Google Forms promoting anonymity which serve as the channel in gathering data from students. Secret Files
was able to create a platform in which one may freely post secrets without identities exposed, and it is intelligently created that thousands of people are enticed to follow it. This study sought to understand the communication strategies used by DLSU-D SF and determine the reasons why these communication strategies are patronized by students. With the use of Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), the essential points were determined.

DLSU-D SF uses #MD or Monster Diaries category which made the page unique among other university secret files. Shared posts, comments, and likes which appears through Facebook’s news feed helped DLSUD-SF promote the page and garner over 30,000 likes. DLSU-D SF page can have negative or positive effects on its readers. The very feature of the
DLSU-D Secret Files that attracts people is the anonymity and the freedom to state opinions and to share stories.

هدف البحث إلى الوقوف على واقع توظيف العلاقات العامة في أربع جامعات أردنية لمنصّة (فيسبوك) ضمن مهامها الإدارية، وأنشطتها الاتصالية، إلى جانب الكشف عن مدى فاعلية هذا التوظيف في إبراز دور الجامعات الأربع في تحقيق أهداف سياسة قطاع التعليم العالي في الأردن؛ من خلال ما تنشره من محتوى اتصالي عبر صفحاتها الرسمية على المنصّة، وصولًا إلى رصد مدى استثمار العلاقات العامة الجامعية عينة البحث، للخصائص والإمكانات الاتصالية التفاعلية التي تُتيحها المنصّة في الوصول إلى الجمهور والتفاعل معه.
فيما يتعلّق بالخلفية النظرية للبحث، تمّ الاستناد إلى كل من نظرية الحوار في العلاقات العامة، والنموذج الموقفي لاستراتيجيات الاتصال. أمّا في جانبه التطبيقي، فاعتمد على أسلوب تحليل المحتوى بشقيه (الكمي والكيفي)، على عينة قوامها (588) مُفردة من المحتوى الاتصالي المُقدّم عبر صفحات (فيسبوك) عينة البحث، تمّ رصدها خلال فترة ثلاثة أشهر مُنفصلة، تحدّدت قصديًا بواقع شهر من كل فصل دراسي خلال العام الجامعي 2017-2018، وبتطبيق أسلوب المسح الشامل للمحتوى الاتصالي المقدّم عبر كل صفحة خلال فترة الثلاثة أشهر المختارة، إلى جانب الاعتماد على تقنية المُقابلة المُقنّنة التي تمّ إجراؤها مع جميع مُمارسي العلاقات العامة في الجامعات الأردنية عينة البحث، القائمين على إدارة هذه الصفحات.
توصّل البحث إلى أن العلاقات العامة في الجامعات الأردنية عينة البحت، لم توظّف منصّة (فيسبوك) بفاعلية كبيرة في إبراز ما حققته هذه الجامعات من أهداف سياسة التعليم العالي في الأردن؛ ذلك أنها لم تستثمر خصائص المنصّة وإمكاناتها بالشكل الكافي، في تسليط الضوء على هذا التحقيق وإبرازه بصورة واضحة، كما أنها لم تُطبّق المبادئ الحوارية والتفاعلية بشكلٍ كامل، في تحقيق الاندماج بعلاقات حوارية ثنائية الاتجاه مع الجماهير عبر المنصّة.

This paper examines strategies and ways of communication adopted by bilingual families who have been raising their offspring with more than one language. We analyse the results of a survey carried out in 32 families, looking at the strategies of communication adopted, parents’ assessment of their effectiveness, and whether the respondents would have changed or improved anything if they had been given a “second chance”. The results showed that the most frequently implemented method was the one parent-one language strategy, whose usefulness the majority assessed very positively. Other interesting conclusions concerning bi- and multilingual upbringing are also discussed.

This study examined whether corporate governance has impact on organizational performance in Financial Institutions as research problem. This research was carried out with objective to measure association between Corporate Governance and Financial Institution's Performance in Batticaloa district. Conceptual framework has been developed to measure linkages between Corporate

ABSTRACT While most research in applied linguistics has focused on second language (L2) speakers and their language capabilities, the success of interaction between such speakers and first language (L1) speakers also relies on the positive attitudes and communication skills of the L1 speakers. However, some research has suggested that many L1 speakers lack these things. We therefore review three possible approaches to instructing L1 speakers to improve their communication with speakers of other varieties. First, theories from social psychology, specifically contact theory and perspective-taking, have led to interventions that have improved L1 speakers’ attitudes toward L2 speech. Secondly, both implicit and explicit instructions may improve L1 speakers’ comprehension of unfamiliar accents, at least for brief utterances. Finally, research on English as a lingua franca has suggested a number of successful communicative strategies that we recommend investigating for their possible efficacy for L1 speaker use and ultimately for L1-speaker training. We propose an agenda for future research ultimately bridging these three areas to create comprehensive pedagogies for improving L1 speakers’ performance in communication across linguistic difference.

This study was conducted to investigate interlingual and intralingual communication strategies employed by Thai EFL learners. In addition, learners perceptions toward factors related to the use and effectiveness of each type of communication strategy were also examined. The participants were 38 university learners. Data were collected by multiple tasks: (1) an oral interview; (2) a picture description task; and (3) a story telling task. The retrospective interview was also employed in this study to gain an insight into learners difficulties in oral English communication. Results showed that the most used strategies were interlingual strategies: literal translation, followed by code switching, and intralingual strategies: self-repair, circumlocution, approximation and appeal for assistance. The least-used strategy was use of all-purpose word, with word coinage being the least used of all the strategies. The strategy that the participants found effective the most was circumlocution. The findings also revealed that, in order to be fluent in oral English communication, Thai EFL learners need more vocabulary and sentence structure knowledge. However, communication strategies help them overcome difficulties in communication. By enhancing students strategic competence, their communicative competence could be improved.

This article reviews the use of decision-making tasks to trigger interaction in CMC. It argues that these tasks promote communicative competence across different CMC modes. It finally reiterates the necessity to include more task-based learning and network-based language learning (NBLT) activities in contexts of English as a foreign/second language (EFL/ESL).

This quasi-experimental study examines the extent to which research findings from teacher Corrective Feedbacks (CFs) and SLA concerning the efficiency of Focus-on-Form (FoF) pedagogy is transferable to the context of foreign language learning in Iranian schools. To investigate how "grammar instruction with FoF-oriented error treatment" functions as a matrix in which English learning takes place, transcripts of learners' interactions in two communicativelybased high school classes were analyzed using Lyster & Ranta's taxonomy of CFs moves (Experimental Group (EXG) received CFs but provision of CFs in Control Group (CG) was not aimed). Findings reveal that all six types of CFs defined in literature were enjoyed by the present EFL teacher with a tendency to use "metalinguistic" or the overall "studentgenerated repairs" more than "recasts". The frequency and distribution of EFL teacher's CF types together with the frequency and distribution of different types of learner uptake following each CF type are discussed. The results highlight the endorsement of FoF pedagogy in EFL contexts and bring to light the efficacy of teacher CFs on the learner uptake. The study is unique as it adds an important layer to teacher CF and SLA research by further accounting for differences between EXG and CG in terms of negotiation strategies.

This article aims to explore whether well-attested findings in the fields of World Englishes (WE) and of English as a lingua franca (ELF) have determined a shift in perspective in the overall approach to English language teaching (ELT), and how far this shift has permeated teaching materials and coursebooks. The research study was carried out in Italy, a country where ELT coursebooks have often played a relevant role in introducing innovations in language teaching method-ology. The research design included a corpus of ten coursebooks that have been published and adopted in Italian secondary schools in the last 6 years. The coursebooks were evaluated in terms of the presence or absence of references to WE and/or ELF, of awareness-raising activities, of the promotion of using Eng-lish outside the school environment and of the use of effective English commu-nication and intercultural strategies among nonnative speakers. Findings show that there have been no significant changes in the i...

This paper discusses the problems in the interscandinavian communication between Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. Furthermore it presents the possible strategies, which can be used to improve the understanding between the participants in an interscandinavian discourse.