Coal-fired Power Plants

Turkey is promoting coal in order to strengthen high carbon development policies. Current data shows that; alongside the extraction of national coal reserves, Turkey is becoming an address of carbon leakage day by day through imported coal.  The report is analysing continuing  policies that develops privileges for coal usage and plans to release more GHG emissions by usage of more domestic and global coal reserves.

Risk assessment is a tool that supports decision making and as such supports risk management. Risk management comprises the safety optimization of the system, the verification process and risk acceptance, which support safe crawler crane operations.

Solar tower aided coal-fired power generation system (STCG) is able to provide high solar utilization efficiency with low coal consumption rate. This paper compares performances of a solar tower aided coal-fired power plant, a solar tower power plant and a coal-fired power plant under different operative conditions. The comparison includes various solar multiple and thermal energy storage size. According to solar radiation resource and grid power dispatching demand, STCG, solar tower power generation system (STG) and coal-fired power generation system (CPG) work under off-design conditions all the year around. Results show that STCG has higher solar utilization efficiency than STG and lower coal consumption rate and CO 2 emission rate than CPG. In addition, solar-to-electricity exergy efficiency of STCG is at least 1.83% higher than that of STG. Compared to CPG, the 1000 MWe STCG can reduce coal consumption by 2.0 Â 10 5 t/y, with the saving ratio being 10.4%. The annual average coal consumption rate of STCG is 27.3 g/kWh lower than that of CPG. In addition, the annual average CO 2 emission rate of STCG is reduced by 10.1% compared with that of CPG. Solar tower aided coal-fired power generation can facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction of STG and CPG.

Shifting to a low-carbon electricity future requires up-to-date information on the energetic, environmental and socioeconomic performance of technologies. Here, we present a novel comprehensive bottom-up process chain framework that is applied to 19 electricity generation technologies, consistently incorporating 12 life-cycle phases from extraction to decommissioning. For each life-cycle phase of each technology the following 4 key metrics were assessed: material consumption, energy return ratios, job requirements and greenhouse gas emissions. We also calculate a novel global electricity to grid average for these metrics and present a metric variability analysis by altering transport distance, load factors, efficiency, and fuel density per technology. This work quantitatively supports model-to-policy frameworks that drive technology selection and investment based on energetic-economic viability, job creation and carbon emission reduction of technologies. The results suggest energetic-economic infeasibility of electricity generation networks with substantial shares of: i) liquefied natural gas transport, ii) long distance transport based hard and brown coal and pipeline natural gas, and iii) low-load factor solar-photovoltaic, Page 2 of 37 concentrated solar power, onshore and offshore wind. Direct sector jobs can be expected to double in renewable-majority scenarios. All combustion-powered technologies without natural (biomass) or artificial carbon capture (fossil fuels) are not compatible with a low carbon electricity generation future.

Municipalities, counties, states, countries, and insurers - commonly referred to as the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), have adopted codes and standards developed by among others, the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) which have been approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

NFPA 85 controls the design, installation, operation, training, and pulverized fuel systems and maintenance of coal fired boiler and combustion systems.

Yalburt Yaylası Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması Projesi’nin altıncı arazi sezonu 29 Haziran-16 Temmuz tarihleri arasında T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü’nün 12 Haziran 2015 tarih ve 116053 sayılı resmi izinleri ile, Doç. Dr. Ömür Harmanşah başkanlığında gerçekleştirildi. Projenin yardımcı başkanlığını ve saha koordinatörlüğünü Dr. Peri Johnson üstlendi. Saha çalışmalarına, Bucknell Üniversitesi’nden jeomorfoloji ve çevre bilimleri uzmanı Prof. Dr. Ben Marsh, mimari koruma ve restorasyon dalında doktora öğrencisi B. Nilgün Öz (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi- Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimari Koruma ve Restorasyon Anabilim Dalı) ile lisans öğrencileri Bircan Acer (İstanbul Üniversitesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü) ve Hasan Fidan (Gazi Üniversitesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü) katıldılar. Tüm ekip üyelerine özverili çalışmaları için teşekkür ederiz. Bakanlık temsilcimiz Konya Akşehir Müze Müdürlüğü uzmanı sanat tarihçi Muzaffer Saçkesen idi. Yardımları için kendisine müteşekkiriz. 2015 Sezonu ağırlıklı olarak jeomorfolojik incelemeler, Yalburt Anıtı konservasyon çalışmalarına hazırlık çalışmaları ve kısmen de yeni arkeolojik alanların belgelenmesine adanmıştır.

Turkish coal is generally poor quality and the levels of chemical and radiological toxic trace elements in it are higher with respect to mean values of activity concentrations given in United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) Report. The main pathways through which the population living around soal-fired power plant (CFPP) is exposed to natural radionuclides are external and internal (ingestion and inhalation) dose and fly ash particles are the major component of the risk. It is estimated that the people working or living near the CFPP in Turkey receive a dose in between 0.1 mSv to 1 mSv extra from CFPP because nearly all the region of Turkey uranium (U) and thorium (Th) content in the coal are higher than 5 ppm to 7 ppm and around 25 ppm to 40 ppm respectively. Continuous monitoring is essential to determine occupational exposure levels in all stages of the coal fuel-cycle and proper measures should be taken to prevent direct contact of the ash pile with the top soil and local drainage systems.

This study examines the economic, fiscal, and workforce impacts of two Dayton Power & Light (DP&L) coal-fired power plant closures in Adams County, Ohio. The decommissioning of these facilities, and the closure of an associated training centre, will result in over 1,100 total lost jobs in the Appalachian region. A skillshed analysis revealed that displaced workers transitioning to emerging occupations with similar skill requirements will experience wage decreases. Decommissioned power plants in Ohio no longer pay tangible personal property (TPP) taxes, which will result in $8.5 million in lost tax revenue for local governments. These findings suggest that a multi-pronged recovery effort will be required to assist this region, which has implications for similar communities in Appalachian Ohio dealing with coal plant closures.

tMercury pollution is a global environmental problem that has serious implications for human health.One of the most important sources of anthropogenic mercury emissions are coal-burning power plants.Hg accumulations in soil are associated with their atmospheric deposition. Our study provides the firstassessment of soil Hg on the entire Spanish surface obtained from one sampling protocol. Hg spatialdistribution was analysed with topsoil samples taken from 4000 locations in a regular sampling grid. Theother aim was to use geostatistical techniques to verify the extent of soil contamination by Hg and toevaluate presumed Hg enrichment near the seven Spanish power plants with installed capacity above1000 MW. The Hg concentration in Spanish soil fell within the range of 1–7564 g kg−1(mean 67.2) and50% of the samples had a concentration below 37 g kg−1. Evidence for human activity was found nearall the coal-fired power plants, which reflects that metals have accumulated in the basin over manyyears. Values over 1000 g kg−1have been found in soils in the vicinity of the Abo˜no, Soto de Ribera andCastellon power plants. However, soil Hg enrichment was detectable only close to the emission source,within an approximate range of only 15 km from the power plants. We associated this effect with airborneemissions and subsequent depositions as the potential distance through fly ash deposition. Hg associatedwith particles of ash tends to be deposited near coal combustion sources

This report aims to provide a detailed analysis of the selected thermal power plant which is Afsin-Elbistan-A Thermal Power Plant. For a starter, general information regarding the thermal power plant is briefly givenincluding the establishment date, location etc. Afterward, technical details about the thermal power plant are explained in broad terms. The process schematic of the plant is illustrated. The assumptions made throughout the thermodynamic analysis are listed. The plant components are analyzed thermodynamically using energy, mass and exergy balances. The plant metrics such as thermal efficiency, net power generation, second law thermal efficiency, fuel consumption rate etc. are derived and discussed. Then, five different modifications are suggested for the improvement of Afsin Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant. T-s diagrams corresponding to three different modifactions, that are selected out of prior suggestions, are given. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis is carried out for the mass flowrate of the working fluid. Then, charts and tables concerning the renewable energy sources used in Turkey are provided. Substition of coal-powered Afsin Elbistan A Thermal Power plant is investigated and an alternative renewable-energy power plant is proposed with its probable cost.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimate that the number of jobs in the U.S. coal industry currently totals about 53,000. This paper utilizes a combination of existing data from various government and industry sources and original research to derive a more accurate estimate of the current coal-dependent employment in the U.S. – taking into account the coal industry’s entire profile from mine development and construction, through operations, maintenance, product transportation, and end use.
We estimate that the number of coal-dependent jobs is much larger than generally realized – as much as eight times larger, and totals approximately 420,000. We note that many of these jobs are concentrated in specific local areas where they comprise some of the highest paying jobs available and are critically important to these areas. Thus, the U.S. coal industry remains a major driver of the nation’s economy and employment.
We discuss the industry job classification issues and the socio-economic factors that have fundamentally shifted much employment in the industry away from production to support services and away from direct employment to contractor, outsourced, and support roles.
We believe this research is essential to improve decisions that
are being made about U.S. economic, energy, regulatory, and
regional development policies and the future of one of the nation’s
basic industries. Policymakers must be provided with the best
data available – data that is simply not currently available from
existing sources. This research helps fill that void.

Energy and electricity generation in Turkey is still dependent on fossil fuel, when 33.8% of the total electricity generated from coal, 67% of it depends on fossil fuels according to 2016 statistics. Moreover, over the last ten years, coal-based power generation doubled. Running of each additional coal-fired power plant means an increase in harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases. This report provides a summary of the latest findings on the health effects of coal power plants in three cities of Turkey; Canakkale, Izmir, and Tekirdag as well as providing a framework around air pollution levels and existing coal power plants in these cities.

This study is carried out for a comparative screening of three groups of biomasses; soft or non-woody (peanut shell); intermediate woody (walnut shell) and hard woody (pine wood) for the development of adsorbents/ activated carbons for post-combustion CO 2 capture (over N 2 balance). Three different groups of biomass residues are selected to study the role and nature of the material in adsorption and selection of the raw material for CO 2 adsorbents synthesis for future researches because of the hot issue of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The ad-sorption isotherms studied by the thermal gravimetric analyser (TGA) revealed that CO 2 adsorption capabilities are in the range of 2.53-3.92 mmol/g (over N 2 balance) at 25°C. The newly synthesised activated carbons (ACs) exhibited a fast rate of adsorption as 41-94% in the initial 2 min. Porous surface development with catalytic KOH activation is seen clearly through SEM surface morphological analyses and mathematically confirmed from S BET ranges from 146.86 to 944.05 m 2 /g. FTIR and XRD peaks verify the generation of basic or inorganic O 2-rich moieties that help in acidic CO 2 capture. It has also been observed from adsorption isotherms that the order of higher adsorption groups is as; peanut shell > pine wood > walnut shell, while the best activation mass ratio (sample/KOH) is 1:3. The synthesised low cost ACs with an amount of 1.93 US$ per kg production could help to overcome the environmental hazards and problems caused by CO 2 and biomass waste.

Numerical investigations of an anti-corrosion design and the combustion process (original conditions and optimal conditions) were conducted for a 660 MW opposed wall fired boiler. In order to solve high-temperature corrosion of the side wall, a scheme was proposed: slotting in the side wall and introducing air (closing-to-wall air) from the secondary air. The effect of anti-corrosion was disclosed in detail by varying the structures of slotting, gas velocities from nozzles and jet inclination angles. The temperature and NOx distribution in the furnace at optimized conditions were compared with those at the original operating conditions. Simulation results showed that the structures of the slot and gas velocities from the nozzles had a marked effect on anti-corrosion of the side wall. When the gas velocity was 4 m/s, an inclination angle of the gas velocity was not conducive to anti-corrosion of the side wall. When the gas velocity increased at the middle and bottom of the side wall, the anti-corrosion effect increased significantly. When the optimal scheme was adopted, the corrosion area of the side wall decreased obviously, but the furnace temperature and the NOx emission increased slightly. The detailed results of this work promote a full understanding of closing-to-wall air and could help to reduce the corrosive area in pulverized-coal furnaces or boilers.

Es ist ein außergewöhnlich sonniger Morgen im sonst so smogverhangenen Jakarta. Unter dem Schatten der Bäume an einer der Nebenstraßen des Bundaran HI, des bedeutendsten Kreisver-kehrs im Zentrum der indonesischen Hauptstadt, hat sich eine Gruppe von Umweltaktivist*innen versammelt. Bislang deuten nur die Straßensper-ren und das enorme Aufgebot an uniformierten Polizeikräften darauf hin, dass hier schon bald eine größere Demonstration stattfinden soll. Nach einiger Zeit des Wartens treffen unter gro-ßem Jubel mehrere Reisebusse ein, die Demons-trierende aus anderen Regionen Javas in die Hauptstadt bringen. Auch Ibu Sri ist unter den Reisenden. Sie kommt aus Batang in Ostjava, wo die Regierung ein neues Kohlekraftwerk bauen möchte. Auf die Frage, warum sie nach Jakarta gekommen ist, sagt sie: »Ich bin hergekommen obwohl ich schon alt bin. Ich bin hergekommen, weil uns das Land wegen des Kohlekraftwerks weggenommen wurde. […] Ich möchte Jokowi, dem Präsidenten, den ich gewählt habe, den ich unterstütze, mitteilen […], lasst uns bitte wieder auf unser Land, damit wir Essen für unsere Kinder und Enkel beschaffen können.«

This paper presents an analysis of the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) for 17 Albanian coals. The contribution of oxides to AFTs is investigated by considering oxides from various perspectives: as discrete species, acids and bases, crystal components, fluxing agents, and cement constituents, and in accordance with the periodic table. Empirical correlations use simple and multiple linear equations and polynomial equations, referring to both weight and molar percentages. The shift from the deformation temperature to the flow temperature is accompanied by a shift of influence from basic oxides to acidic oxides. Many predictive correlative equations are obtained.

In this lecture I point to the inherent value of a gender perspective in general, and a gender perspective on anthropogenic climate change in particular.  I deal with GMOs and the biotechnology industry  and the lasting impact of that industry on regulatory oversight.

The growing investment by governments and electric utilities in energy efficiency programs highlights the need for simple tools to help assess and explain the size of the potential resource. One technique that is commonly used in that effort is to characterize electricity savings in terms of avoided power plants, because it is easier for people to visualize a power plant than it is to understand an abstraction like billions of kilowatthours. Unfortunately, there is no standardization around the characteristics of such power plants. In this article we define parameters for a standard avoided power plant that have physical meaning and intuitive plausibility, for use in back-of-the-envelope calculations. For the prototypical plant this article settles on a 500-megawatt existing coal plant operating at a 70% capacity factor with 7% T&D losses. Displacing such a plant for one year would save 3 billion kWh/year at the meter and reduce emissions by 3 million metric tons of CO 2 per year. The proposed name for this metric is the Rosenfeld, in keeping with the tradition among scientists of naming units in honor of the person most responsible for the discovery and widespread adoption of the underlying scientific principle in question-Dr. Arthur H. Rosenfeld.

This is a novel study supported by the Electric Power Plant Research Institution (EPRI) of the comparison of gas explosives and solid explosives is presented for the purpose of industrial cleaning and safe use. Solid explosives are commonly used to clean off slag buildup from inside coal powered boilers, however, the often can damage the internal components and may harm personnel. This study aims to characterize the ethane-oxygen gas explosive mixture that is currently being used as an alternative to solid explosives for industrial cleaning, to remove corrosion products from heat ex-changer surfaces in combined-cycle heat recovery steam generators. Specifically, this research relates the overpressure and pressure pulse duration to determine the effects on the internal components of heat exchangers after repeated cleaning. Experimentation was conducted using single 100 liter bags orientated horizontally as well as double 100 liter and double 80 liter bags orientated vertically. For each orientation both near field and far field pressure data was used to determine the pressure variation as a function of distance and angle. The resulting pressures demonstrated exponential decay as predicted for a detonation in a gas explosion. The peak pressures at 1.0 meter away were on average 16.5 PSI for the double 80 liter bag tests, 21.7 PSI for the double 100 liter tests, and 20.4 PSI for the single 100 liter bag tests. The safety distance (2 PSI threshold) for the gas mixtures was found to be at 4 meters from the center of the explosions. Each bag was also viewed using high-speed imaging techniques to calculate blast wave velocities within each bag. All double bag experimentation resulted in successful detonation with a maximum shock front velocity of 2,035.8 meters per second. The single 100 liter bags demonstrated several detonation failures resulting in deflagration. The bags that successfully detonated had shock front velocities up to 2,425.6 meters per second. Therefore, the shock front velocities were approximately 16% higher for the single bag configuration as compared to the double bag. Comparing the gas explosions to solid explosives, the gas explosions demonstrated a significantly longer pulse and a longer range for the safety distance than the solid explosives with similar magnitude of peak pressures at close distances. These results showed that further safety distances are required for solid explosives (4-6 meters) compared to the gas explosive mixture (4 meters).

Integrating solar energy into conventional thermal power plant is one of the most efficient approaches of solar energy utilization for power generation purposes with minimum pollutants in near and midterm. In this paper, we have investigated the integration of solar energy with 300 MW coal-fired thermal power plant by replacing the first high-pressure heater (HPH#1) with parabolic trough collector type solar field. Our study aims to analyze the performance of 300 MW solar-assisted power generation (SAPG) system at different operation conditions in terms of techno-economic and ecological indices. The SAPG system is investigated for both fuel-saving (FS) and power-boosting (PB) operation modes. We have observed the reduction of 0.19 kg/kWh and 391 kJ/kWh in specific steam consumption and specific heat consumption, respectively in SAPG system. Moreover, the specific equivalent fuel consumption is decreased by 14.92 g/kWh. In SAPG system with FS mode, coal consumption is reduced by 8.82 tons per hour compared to the base case whereas, for PB mode, power output is increased by 20 MW per hour compared to the base case. The possibility of an annual reduction of coal and CO2 emission is calculated as 32,150 tons and 47,030 tons respectively when SAPG system operates at nominal load. Considering the annual amount of reduced coal and pollutant emissions in the total system, SAPG system can significantly contribute to the reduction of pollutant emissions. Furthermore, the economic analysis estimates that the simple payback period and the LCOE are approximately 5.91 years and 0.13 USD/kWh respectively in design condition.

In this paper, the heat flow diagram of steam turbine model K-6-35 has been analyzed for innovative approaches towards improving the techno-economic and ecological indices of the small-scale power generation system. The numerical analysis is performed using IPSEpro process simulation software based on heat balance method under four different cases. It was found that the study of Solar Assisted Power Generation (SAPG) system has important practical significance in power generation with minimum pollutants and maximum efficiency. Both fuel-saving (FS) and power-boosting (PB) operation modes of the SAPG system are considered. Various types of stand-alone solar thermal power plants exhibited very low overall efficiency with many ecological advantages compared to the conventional thermal power plant based on fossil fuels. Besides, SAPG system with FS mode presented higher techno-economic indices and operation performance. An important reduction in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions could be obtained with SAPG system. Considering the hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly amount of saved fuel and reduced pollutants in the whole power plant, the SAPG system with FS mode can largely contribute to high ecological indices power generation. A thermal efficiency increased by 1.31% with specific equivalent fuel consumption decreased by 22.54 g/kWh was obtained with SAPG system. The coal consumption was reduced by 4.75% when SAPG system operates in FS mode.

Coal & Climate Change 2016  reveals that Turkey has been developing coal thermal plants in spite of the climate change, delivered INDC and even in spite of its transformer capacity. On the other hand, the country is developing a model for burning all of its coal reserves. While the coal-burning plants constitute one over six of the total emissions, the candidate plants will be responsible for almost half of 461 million tons increase given in the INDC. Furthermore, in spite of the total transformer capacity of electricity transmission company TEİAŞ until 2026, which equals 24,9 GW, the candidates being 29 GW.
Turkey is trying to expand its high-carbon economy in spite of the point where the climate change has reached and in spite of its electricity system capacity.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimate that the number of jobs in the U.S. coal industry currently totals about 53,000. This paper utilizes a combination of existing data from various government and industry sources and original research to derive a more accurate estimate of the current coal-dependent employment in the U.S. – taking into account the coal industry’s entire profile from mine development and construction, through operations, maintenance, product transportation, and end use. We estimate that the number of coal-dependent jobs is much larger than generally realized – as much as eight times larger, and totals approximately 420,000. We note that many of these jobs are concentrated in specific local areas where they comprise some of the highest paying jobs available and are critically important to these areas. Thus, the U.S. coal industry remains a major driver of the nation’s economy and employment. We discuss the industry job classification issues and the socio-economic factors that have fundamentally shifted much employment in the industry away from production to support services and away from direct employment to contractor, outsourced, and support roles. We believe this research is essential to improve decisions that are being made about U.S. economic, energy, regulatory, and regional development policies and the future of one of the nation’s basic industries. Policymakers must be provided with the best data available – data that is simply not currently available from existing sources. This research helps fill that void.

Considering the depletion of black coal resources, utilization of low rank coal currently is emerging to meet the growing of electricity consumption globally. Some coal fired power plants urge to use the domestic low rank coal due to some financial reasons. They are several coal drying technologies have been proposed. This study analyzes the utilization low rank coal to decrease the electricity cost production at Nagan Raya coal fired power plant. The Coal Moisture Control Fluidized Bed (CMC-FB) technology is selected as a basis for both technical and financial calculation. Based on the pilot project in Nagasaki, this technology is technically feasible and well suited for Nagan Raya power plant. A financial modeling shows that coal drying technology implementation can potentially decrease the electricity cost production for the utility and also make benefits for the investor. Further research is recommended to investigate other proven technologies. Additionally the effect of coal dr...

Coal ashes from seventeen mines were analyzed in terms of ash yield the percentages of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, MnO, NiO. The composition has been analyzed in terms of (1) contribution to ash contents; (2) acidic, amphoteric and basic oxides; (3) coordination number in solid-state; (4) fluxing components; (5) cement-constituting minerals; (6) Periodical Table. Significant correlations revealed when using the percentages in mole % or ion % and not in weight %. The decrease of basic oxides associated with the increase of acidic ones.

The air pollution situation in the northern part of China has become a threat to the current status of China's energy consumption. This situation has created pressure to relocate coal plants to the western section of the country. This paper applies a spatial panel data method to empirically examine the relations between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentration and precipitation and wind speed by using the sample data of 50 cities over 11 months. Based on the empirical parameters , the paper simulates the potential impacts of the proposed coal plants and the coal plants that are currently under construction on PM 2.5 concentrations across all cities when the coal plants are put into operation. The results show that the new capacities will increase PM 2.5 concentrations in northwest and northeast China, but the amount will remain at acceptable levels and still be lower than the levels of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong.

Much of the mercury contamination in aquatic biota originates from coal-fired power plants, point sources that release mercury into the atmosphere. Understanding mercury dynamics is primarily important because of the toxic threat mercury poses to wildlife and humans through the consumption of contaminated fish. In this study, we quantified the relative importance of proximity to coal-fired power plants on mercury accumulation in two fish species of different trophic positions. Fish, water and sediment were collected and analyzed from 14 lakes, seven near to (\10 km) and seven far from ([30 km) coal-fired power plants. Lower tissue mercury and higher tissue selenium concentrations were measured in fish collected near power plants. Moreover, mercury accumulation in fish was driven by biotic characteristics (e.g., trophic position, total length, age), waterbody characteristics (e.g., pH, dissolved organic carbon and sulfate) and distance from power plants. Proximity to an atmospheric point-source of mercury and selenium, such as a coal-fired power plant, affects the quantities of mercury and selenium accumulated in fish tissue. Differences in accumulation are hypothesized to be driven in part by selenium-mitigated reductions in fish tissue mercury near power plants. Although reduced fish tissue mercury in systems near power plants may decrease mercury-specific risks to human consumers, these benefits are highly localized and the relatively high selenium associated with these tissues may compromise ecological health.