Coal Mining

Currently almost 65 % of the coal in Australia is being produced by opencast mining methods. Mining equipments such as draglines, dredgers or bucket wheel excavators, trucks and shovels, and dozers are the main equipments employed for overburden removal and coal extraction. The choice of equipment for a particular mine depends on geological, geotechnical and economic factors and other site issues. This paper provides a general review of the main equipments used in Australia, including examples of some existing mines and the reasons for their choice of equipment. In addition, the paper discusses major geomechanical issues encountered and how these may influence the selection of appropriate equipments used in open cut mining operations.

China’s dazzling infrastructure and energy-driven Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a US$1 trillion investment across Eurasia and beyond, has lost its shine. Increasingly, China’s leveraging of the initiative is being perceived by a growing number of recipients and critics alike as a geopolitical power play, a tool to shape a new world order partly populated by autocrats and authoritarians, and progressively characterized by intrusive surveillance, potential debt traps, and perceived as a self-serving way to address domestic overcapacity

Tematyka problemów telekomunikacji w górnictwie podziemnym rozumiana jako: nadawanie, przesyłanie oraz odbiór informacji jakiejkolwiek natury (głosu, znaków, sygnałów, obrazów czy dźwięków) drogą przewodową, radiową czy optyczną jest poruszana na sesjach największej konferencji środowiska górniczego w Polsce: Szkole Eksploatacji Podziemnej już od kilkunastu lat.

Początkowo były to referaty poświęcone głównie zagadnieniom telekomunikacyjnych systemów bezpieczeństwa pracujących w
kopalniach, w tym w szczególności systemom łączności i alarmowania załogi, gazometrii, łączności radiowej, sejsmometrii i lokalizacji zasypanych górników. W miarę rozwoju systemów telekomunikacyjnych i wprowadzania do kopalń coraz to nowszych technologii telekomunikacyjnych pojawiały się referaty dotyczące iskrobezpiecznych systemów łączności ogólnozakładowej, łączności stosowanej w czasie prowadzenia akcji ratowniczych, systemów łączności dyspozytorskiej
i radiowej, szczególnie z wykorzystaniem kabla promieniującego.

Tak ważna problematyka sprawiła, że od kilku lat jedna z Sesji Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej, organizowana wspólnie z pracownikami Zespołu Atestacji Katedry Elektryfikacji i Automatyzacji Górnictwa Politechniki Śląskiej, jest poświęcona systemom telekomunikacyjnym eksploatowanym w kopalniach, w tym w szczególności systemom monitorowania procesów technologicznych.

Tematyka ta jest szczególnie aktualna w kontekście tworzenia dyspozytorni energomechanicznych, czyli stanowisk obserwacyjnych podstawowych maszyn i urządzeń górniczych eksploatowanych w kopalniach. Początkowym ograniczeniem w rozwoju tych systemów był słaby rozwój kopalnianych systemów teletransmisyjnych. Technika światłowodowa w wykonaniu przeciwwybuchowym bezpiecznym optycznie (najczęściej z cechą „op is”) oraz pokonanie problemów
technicznych związanych z naprawią włókien światłowodowych w wyrobiskach podziemnych umożliwiły również szybki rozwój i tego rodzaju usług telekomunikacyjnych.
Stoimy przed specyficznymi problemami (ograniczeniami) jakie stwarza środowisko techniczne podziemi kopalń. Do najważniejszych należy zaliczyć:
- konieczność stosowania urządzeń elektrycznych (telekomunikacyjnych) budowy przeciwwybuchowej, a w kopalniach niemetanowych o stopniu ochrony obudowy min IP54,
- nietypowa struktura wyrobisk objawiająca się małymi (kilkumetrowe) wy-
miarami porzecznymi, w stosunku do ich bardzo dużych (kilometrowych)
wymiarów podłużnych,
- duże nagromadzenie (w ograniczonych przestrzeniach) sieci i urządzeń elektroenergetycznych o bardzo dużych mocach,
- ograniczona ciągłość (pewność) zasilania urządzeń telekomunikacyjnych z sieci elektroenergetycznych, powodowana między innymi nieplanowanymi włączeniami, wywołanymi najczęściej zadziałaniem zabezpieczeń elektroenergetycznych czy metanometrycznych.

Zainteresowanie tą problematyką w czasie obrad każdej Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej jest ogromne, o czym świadczy ilości referatów nadsyłanych na tą sesję i ożywione dyskusje prowadzone w czasie ich prezentowania. To spowodowało, że zagadnieniom monitoringu w procesie eksploatacji złóż jest poświęcona druga już publikacja Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej. W publikacji tej zebrano przede wszystkim referaty poruszające zagadnienia monitoringu technologicznego w kopalniach podziemnych.
Zebrane referaty stanowią podsumowanie jednej z najważniejszych sesji Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej, pt.: Monitoring, sterowanie i wizualizacja procesów podziemnej eksploatacji złóż z lat 2011-2014, które od kilku lat z satysfakcją organizujemy.

Wierzymy, że ta sesja podobnie jak niniejsza MONOGRAFIA będzie cieszyła się tak dużym zainteresowaniem, jak dotychczas również i w przyszłości..

Two greenhouse experiments were focused on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in planting of high-biomass crops on reclaimed spoil banks. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of different organic amendments on growth of alfalfa and on the introduced microorganisms. While growth of plants was supported in substrate with compost amendment, mycorrhizal colonization was suppressed. Lignocellulose papermill waste had no negative effects on AMF, but did not positively affect growth of plants. The mixture of these two amendments was found to be optimal in both respects, plant growth and mycorrhizal development. Decreasing doses of this mixture amendment were used in the second experiment, where the effects of microbial inoculation (assumed to compensate for reduced doses of organic matter) on growth of two high-biomass crops, hemp and reed canarygrass, were studied. Plant growth response to microbial inoculation was either positive or negative, depending on the dose of the applied amendment and plant species.

Abstract Oxygen has long been recognized as a control on the acid-generating reactions which produce acid mine drainage, and great effort has been made to reduce oxygen recharge to mine spoil. To investigate O2 availability and the role of thermal convection in ...

Another example is the Surface Mining Control and containing a land area of 166 km 2 (63 mi 2), has a long history of in-Reclamation Act (SMCRA), which became law in 1977. dustrial development and attendant environmental abuses from both The SMCRA established mining performance and land land and water pollution practices. The water in Deckers Creek was sampled in 1974 at 29 locations along the main stem and resampled reclamation standards, including the assurance that "surin 1999-2000 to determine water quality changes over this 25-year peface coal mining operations are so conducted as to proriod. Water samples were analyzed for pH, acidity, alkalinity, iron, tect the environment." It also provided a mechanism and calcium at both times, while aluminum, manganese, zinc, and fewhere previously disturbed and abandoned, unreclaimed cal coliform (FC) bacteria densities were added in 1999-2000. Water land could be reclaimed to current standards. at almost all sampling points showed lower acidity and metal contents The effects of these two laws on water quality improvein 1999-2000 compared with 1974. Water pH increased at the mouth ments are often overlooked because changes in land from 5.4 in 1974 to 6.0 in 1999-2000. Acidity and iron concentrations and water resources over decades of time are forgotten were decreased an average of 70% in the upper stretches of the creek. or not passed on to succeeding generations. The Deckers However, one major untreated point source of water from an aban-Creek watershed has a long history of industrial develdoned underground mining complex continues to degrade the quality opment and associated environmental abuses from both of the creek in its lower stretches. In the upper section, the water quality in Deckers Creek has improved due to decreased surface and land and water pollution practices. This watershed is underground coal mining activities, reclamation of abandoned and re-used as an example to evaluate the changes of water cently permitted surface mined lands, and natural healing of past quality in the Appalachian region where resource extracland use scars from timbering and mining over time. The decrease in tion practices have occurred during the past 100 years. mineral extraction activities and the reclamation of disturbed lands has occurred due to the passage and enforcement of water quality DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND and land reclamation laws and regulations. More time and additional POLLUTION OF DECKERS CREEK reclamation projects will continue to enhance the water quality in the creek. Improved water chemistry in the majority of the creek, how-Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudept) series in the bot

The Water Framework Directive is the overarching driver for water quality in Europe and its implementation in the UK is critical to how we view minewater pollution. Its basic tenet is that we achieve good chemical or ecological status in all of our water bodies. The Environment Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, and the Coal Authority work together to

The present study is to assess the main causes of illness in the coal mining areas and to study the impact of pollution due to coal mining on human health. India is a tropical country which is zasa rich in mineral resources. Coal is one the main mineral resource of India. India is one of five countries with largest coal reserves. Largest amount in our GDP is contributed by coal. Many industries like iron and steel company, power sector, Cement Company and may other industries are dependent on coal. Coal sector plays an important role in electricity generation in our country. But on the other side its adverse effect on human health and environment has also become a main concern of our country. Environmental and health hazards due to air and water borne pollution of coal mining is making our lives miserable.

Objectives: Biering-Sorensen test is an isometric back endurance test. Biering-Sorensen test scores have varied in different cultural and occupational groups. The aims of this study were to collect normative data on Biering-Sorensen holding times, to determine the discriminative ability of the Biering-Sorensen test in Turkish coal miners, and to examine the association between Biering-Sorensen test result and functional disability. Methods: One hundred and fifty male coal miners participated in this study. Trunk extensor muscle strength was measured using the Biering-Sorensen test. Oswestry disability index was used to measure the functional disability level of low back pain. Results: The mean Biering-Sorensen holding time for the total subject group was 107.3 AE 22.5 s. The mean time of Biering-Sorensen test of the subjects with and without low back pain were 99.9 AE 19.8 and 128.6 AE 15.2 s, respectively. The difference between the subjects with and without low back pain was statistically significant ( p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between Oswestry functional disability score and Biering-Sorensen holding time (r ¼ À0.824, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Turkish coal miners have low mean back extensor endurance holding times. Biering-Sorensen test had a good discriminative ability in our study group. Trunk muscle strength has a significant effect on the disability level of low back pain. Thus trunk muscle endurance training exercise therapy may be effective for the reduction of disability in patients with low back pain.

Evidence regarding the extent of mental health problems and the associated characteristics within an employee population is necessary to inform appropriate and tailored workplace mental health programs. Mental health within male dominated industries (such as mining) has received recent public attention, chiefly through observations regarding suicide in such populations in Australia and internationally. Currently there is limited empirical evidence regarding the mental health needs in the mining industry as an exemplar of a male dominated workforce, and the relative contribution to such problems of individual, socio-economic and workplace factors. This study aimed to investigate the mental health and associated characteristics among employees in the Australian coal mining industry with a specific focus on identifying modifiable work characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted among employees (n = 1457) across eight coal mines stratified by key mine characteristics (state, ...

re searchers conducted a study to investigate the human response issues related to wearing a self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR). The goal was to develop training to educate miners on what they could expect from their units during an escape. Subjects included miners who had experience wearing SCSRs, manu facturers, and researchers. Results identified nine key areas of concern: (1) starting the unit, (2) unit heat, (3) induction of coughing, (4) unit taste, (5) difficulty in breathing while wearing the unit, (6) quality of the air supplied, (7) nose clips, (8) goggles, and (9) the behavior of the breathing bag. In addition, researchers reviewed the literature on human response under duress. This article describes the expectations training program, which comprises the findings of the SCSR study and what is known about the normal human response in an emergency. The authors present background on SCSRs and the SCSR switchover procedure mandated in the recent federal Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, which provided the impetus for the expectations training.

Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei County have been among the highest in China for both males and females, and have been causally associated with exposure to indoor smoky (bituminous) coal emissions that contain very high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There are numerous coal mines across the County. Although lung cancer risk is strongly associated with use of smoky coal as a whole, variation in risk by smoky coal subtype has not been characterized as yet. We conducted a population-based case-control study of 498 lung cancer cases and 498 controls, individually matched to case subjects on age (±2 years) and sex, to examine risk by coal subtype. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coal subtype were calculated by conditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Overall, smoky coal use was statistically significantly associated with lung cancer risk, as compared to use of smokeless coal or wood (OR=7.7, 95% CI=4.5 to 13.3). Furthermore, there was marked heterogeneity in risk estimates for specific subtypes of smoky coal (test for heterogeneity: p=5.17 × 10 −10 ). Estimates were highest for coal from the Laibin (OR=24.8, 95% CI=12.4 to 49.6) and Longtan (OR=11.6, 95% CI = 5.0 to 27.2) coal types, and lower for coal from other types. These findings strongly suggest that in Xuanwei and elsewhere, the carcinogenic potential of coal combustion products can exhibit substantial local variation by specific coal source.

The effectiveness of wetland treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) was assessed using three measures of performance: treatment efficiency, area-adjusted removal, and first-order removal. Mathematical relationships between these measures were derived from simple kinetic equations. Area-adjusted removal is independent of pollutant concentration (zero-order reaction kinetics), while first-order removal is dependent on concentration. Treatment efficiency is linearly related to area-adjusted removal and exponentially related to first-order removal at constant hydraulic loading rates (flow/area). Examination of previously published data from 35 natural AMD wetlands revealed that statistically significant correlations exist between several of the performance measures for both iron and manganese removal, but these correlations are potentially spurious because these measures are derived from, and are mathematical rearrangements of, the same operating data. The use of treatment efficiency as a measure of performance between wetlands is not recommended because it is a relative measure that does not account for influent concentration differences. Area-adjusted removal accounts for mass loading effects, but it fails to separate the flow and concentration comp-* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-570-961-7862; fax: +1-570-961-7858. 0925-8574/99/$ -see front matter © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 2 5 -8 5 7 4 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 1 1 4 -1 W.J. Tarutis Jr. et al. / Ecological Engineering 12 (1999) 353-372 354

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization indicated that a group of 29 closely related phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from a coal gasification site in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark, belonged to the genus Pseudomonas. The strains were isolated at two sampling occasions 2 years apart. The isolates were phenotypically different from any known species of the genus Pseudomonas and were therefore subject to further identification. Colonies were smooth and pale yellowish and did not produce pigments fluorescent in UV light when grown on King's B agar. Cells were rod-shaped, approximately 05-08W15-30 µm, and grew at 4 and 30 SC, but not 37 SC. The bacteria were oxidase-and catalase-positive, accumulated poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and denitrified, but did not utilize D-xylose. The mean GMC content was 596 mol%. Phenotypic data and 16S rDNA sequence data information for Pseudomonas amygdali and Pseudomonas corrugata, and 16S rDNA sequence data for Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas syringae showed close relationships to these strains. However, DNA-DNA hybridization data showed that the isolates belong to a new species, for which the name Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JAJ28 T (DSM 13022 T ).

The present article is based on the assessment of economic valuation of coal mining in the rural areas of Dhanbad and Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand.  The study is based on the valuation of loss of health in the area of study due to mining. The data have been collected from total of 100 households from four mining villages and 50 households from two non-mining (control) villages. The approach that has been used is Cost of illness (COI) approach to analyse the health impact of mining. On the basis of various evidences collected from various documents and reports, various interviews carried out with coal mining officials, doctors interviews based in the hospitals of coal mining areas, field observations of the area of study and interviews held with government department officials. It was found that villages falling into various mining areas were witnessing various health hazards as compared to the villages found in non-mining areas of Dhanbad and Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand. This article is based on various policy framework which are focussing on dealing with the problem of health occurring in the mining areas being considered as negative externality.

Knowledge of chemical mobility of heavy metals is fundamental to understanding their toxicity, bioavailability, and geochemical behavior. In this paper, two different methods, i.e. mineralogical means and sequential extractions, were employed to analyze the total contents, existing states, and chemical forms of heavy metals in coal mine spoils. The results demonstrate that the mobility of heavy metals in coal mine spoils depends not only on their existing states and the stability of their host minerals but also on the properties of the coal mine spoils. In the process of coal mine spoils-water interaction, sulfides that contain heavy metals first break down and release metals, which are then adsorbed and complexed by the iron oxyhydroxide colloid resulting from pyrite oxidization and organic matter. During the natural weathering of coal mine spoils, only a small fraction of these metals are released to the environment, and most of them still remains in the residual material #

A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Development Studies Supervisor: Dr. Horman Chitonge My appreciation goes to Jacinta Conselho and her family for hosting me in Moatize, and Mr. Pires Pinho and Belmiro for facilitating interviews in Moatize and Cateme. Last, my heartfelt gratitude goes to the Centre for African Studies and the Sociology Department staff at the University of Cape Town.

El 17 de febrer de 1911 es constituí la SA Carbones de Berga amb José E de Olano y Loyzaga (1858- 1934), comte de Fígols des de 1908, com a principal accionista. El document, juntament amb el plànol de la finca Capdevila a escala 1:1000, realitzat pel topògraf Juan Cabeza, i I' edició d'un magnífic àlbum amb fotografies de les instal·lacions industrials, són les fonts primàries per conèixer les colònies mineres el 1911.

The article examines a series of conflicts between coal miners and the Rio Grande do Sul mining companies in 1943, all of which were related to pressure to enforce laws. These conflicts had direct legal consequences, indicating that labor activists chose a political and legal strategy as a means of ensuring labor rights. This strategy combined apparent confidence in and support for the Getulio Vargas administration, as well as great joy with and praise for the creation of the Labor Court, associated with strong pressure for the implementation of social legislation and the active use of legal instruments.

Slope stability at open pit mining system for safety and economics element is critical issue with employees and equipment damage due to danger of slope failure at the mining environment. Commonly uncertainty on slope stability analysis consist of physical properties, mass movement, and structural geology. Slope stability monitoring with mass movement (displacement) considered to determine the stability of slope wall. Measurable real-time data monitoring provided to reduce risk of unstable slope wall involved with employees, equipment, and economics at the mining environmental. Slope Stability Radar as a monitoring instrument used in several of indonesian open pit mining. Accuration, realibilitation, intensity of SSR monitoring considered very realible to represent " real deformation " of slope wall. On Slope stability Radar data analysis, trend of graphics behaviour is " the key " of monitoring. Combined of trend deformation, velocity and inverse-velocity provide threshold with early warning system purpose. Geology structures fold and thrust fault deleterious stability of slope wall which a lot of case succeed as a " triggers " of failure occurs. By velocity and inverse-velocity rate represent the acceleration of the area with structural geology involved change rapidly. The case study conducted as an effort to help engineer boost " confident " to determine characteristic of failure by the data of slope stability radar and trend particularly with structural geology involved. Variety of graphics characteristic from 15 analysis data purpose to determine " threshold alarm " and proposed as reference on SSR monitoring system for the risk management program at coal mining environmental.

Geohazards caused by rising groundwater can have a considerable effect on the built environment, especially where this is underlain by former coal mines, such as those found in County Durham, UK. Reactivation of faults and the expulsion of gas are two specific geohazards that are known to occur and be potentially dangerous and threatening to human health. However, little substantive research has been undertaken into these problems to date. This paper will present research undertaken recently to understand the various potential geohazards that can be activated directly by rising groundwater associated with cessation of pumping from deep mine systems. The geohazards considered include landslides, ground subsidence, seismicity, gas emission, impacts on structures, salinisation and health hazards, and these will be examined in the context of the Durham Coalfield. Numerical modelling has allowed a detailed examination of the effect of rising groundwater on a variety of geohazards, and the results from this study will be presented in this paper.

"Private land conservation is becoming a popular policy approach, given the constraints of increasing public protected areas, which include reduced availability of land for purchase, insufficient budgets for acquisition, and escalating management costs of small, isolated reserves. Conservation covenants represent a common policy instrument, now prominent in the United States, Canada and Australia, employed to compliment the protected area network. When ‘topsoil’ and subsoil, or ‘mineral’ use rights are decoupled,
however, the security of covenants can become threatened if the country’s economic policies take priority over conservation policies and mining is permitted where covenants exist. We discuss this issue on a theoretical level, examining four potential scenarios in which use rights are decoupled or coupled. We demonstrate that decoupled use rights can create an imbalance in the costs and benefits, to landholders and the government, from conservation and mining activities on private properties. We then present a case study in Queensland, Australia, in which the discrepancy of biodiversity and mining policies is directly threatening the ecological outcomes of conservation covenants on private land. We also reflect on our own personal research with landholders in Queensland to highlight the social consequences of
such a policy position on the ability of State and Federal governments to meet their policy commitments. The conflicts we identify can be used to improve the transparency of private land conservation."

Mini-, micro-and main-frame computers and their associated software are being utilized to (1) analyze geologic and hydrologic data obtained during exploration, (2) select and replace equipment, develop alternate mining and reclamation plans, (4) establish technical and economic feasibility of various mining alternatives, (5) evaluate hydrologic impacts of mining, (6) develop management information systems for effective and efficient control of surface mining equipment and operations, and (7) train mine personnel. This paper briefly describes a variety of applications of computers in surface mining operations. Specific examples are given of five research projects involving development and use of new computer-based planning and management techniques.

The management of risk to personnel, equipment and continued production associated with slope instability is one of the key roles of geotechnical and mining engineers in open cut mines. The importance of slope angles, slope instability and striping ratios on the economics of open pit operations is well recognized, and it can be quickly appreciated that eliminating all probability of slope instability by reducing slope angles is usually economically prohibitive. Therefore, some degree of risk is usually accepted during the mine design process. The rock slope design role often incorporates some degree of risk management, either explicitly or implicitly in the design of pit slopes. Nevertheless, unexpected failures have occurred in the past and continue to do so today. These slope failures motivated the development of the slope stability radar (SSR)

HEALTH OF THE CHILD AND CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE EMERGENCY,  UNIMPLEMENTED 1988 NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF INDIA, UNFCCC GRAND FAILURE, THE RISE AND RISE OF COAL IN INDIA AND CHINA A GRAVE THREAT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, UNION CABINET APPROVES LUKEWARM APPROACH TO COP25 AND UNFCCC

Prolonged exposure to radon, the largest source (69%) of natural radioactivity, may cause lung cancer and bronchial tissue damage. So monitoring of radon at places of high radioactivity and in underground mines is important to assess the radiological hazards to occupational workers. For these reasons radon measurements were carried out in some coal mines of Baluchistan, Pakistan. The measurements were based upon passive detection of radon using CN-85 track detectors in Box Type Dosimeters. The radon concentration varied from 121 to 408 Bq m−3 in the mines under study. The computed radon dose varied from 1.38 to 4.67 mSv yr−1 with an average of 2.19±0.5 mSv yr−1. These coal mines have been found to be safe from radon-related health hazards.

From 1894 to 1934, a span of forty years that saw its parent company go from coal mining to oil drilling, the Texas Pacific Mercantile and Manufacturing Company operated and managed the various commercial and service enterprises essential to life in Thurber, Texas.

Thurber was a company town, wholly owned by the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, and the inhabitants viewed the “company store” with suspicion before and after unionization in 1903, believing it monopolistic and exploitative.  But to call the mercantile a monopoly, or a mere contrivance to exploit laborers, paints an incomplete portrait of the company store as it existed in Thurber and elsewhere.

With a keen eye for context—honed by a career in banking—Tucker reads the pages of ledgers in the same way most historians read diaries or newspapers.  In this thoroughgoing study he examines a wealth of company records, interviews, and newspaper accounts, presenting a case study not only of the microcosm of Thurber and TPM&M but of relations between labor and management in industrializing Texas, and a larger story of the complex role of the company store and company town in America.

Anthracite coal has been mined in Slieveardagh in east County Tipperary, Ireland, from at least the seventeenth century. The aim of this report is to identify, map, and list coal mining heritage sites and features in Slieveardagh in a gazetteer. The report is designed to aid further research, and assist the preservation and development of Slieveardagh’s coal mining heritage. A total of 791 sites and features have been identified. These include sites directly related to mining, including collieries, mine pits, adits, underground water drainage levels and their exits, mine buildings, engine houses, and machinery, the homes of miners and mine managers, a parish church built by miners, monuments, and the estate houses of mine owners. This report describes the methodology, criterion, sources of information, mapping software and work-flow used to compile the gazetteer. Sites and features are located on 69 individual maps. This report is a contribution to a larger project led by the Slieveardagh Mining Group to preserve and promote the heritage of coal mining in east Tipperary.

Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and ecosystem services, forests have not been restored on most Appalachian mined lands because traditional reclamation practices, encouraged by regulatory policies, created conditions poorly suited for reforestation. Reclamation scientists have studied productive forests growing on older mine sites, established forest vegetation experimentally on recent mines, and identified mine reclamation practices that encourage forest vegetation re-establishment. Based on these findings, they developed a Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) that can be employed by coal mining firms to restore forest vegetation. Scientists and mine regulators, working collaboratively, have communicated the FRA to the coal industry and to regulatory enforcement personnel. Today, the FRA is used routinely by many coal mining firms, and thousands of mined hectares have been reclaimed to restore productive mine soils and planted with native forest trees. Reclamation of coal mines using the FRA is expected to restore these lands&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; capabilities to provide forest-based ecosystem services, such as wood production, atmospheric carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and water quality protection to a greater extent than conventional reclamation practices.

Despite continued heavy state subsidies, Russian and Norwegian mining operations in the Svalbard archipelago occupy increased strategic importance given recent heightened tensions between the two nations. At the same time, the industries of scientifi c research and adventure tourism are growing in importance to Svalbard's economic self-suffi ciency. This chapter explores recent geoeconomic changes in the archipelago within the contexts of shifting relationships between Russia and Norway, and of a global Anthropocenic consciousness. Considering the histories of the archipelago's settlements of Barentsburg and Longyearbyen, and of the Russian (Arktikugol) and Norwegian (Store Norske) mining companies, the chapter explores linkages between the industries that fuel Svalbard's settlements, the international geopolitical interest in the region, and the symbolic and real value of resource extraction within broader Arctic geo-political discourse.

In the match factor, mining activity between the haulers and loader equipment dramatically affects each fleet&#39;s production. The purpose of this study is to simulate the sufficient number of transportation uses as an effort to achieve production targets using queuing theory. The research methods are quantitative and descriptive by analyzing the compatibility value of fleet, fleet production capability, queue number, and queue time. The data required is the time of the distribution, the distance from the mining front to the ROM, and the company&#39;s speed limit. The results of this research are beneficial to users of the transporter simulation to be applied based on the theory of the queue is six transport units in the Anggrek pit with a compatibility value of 1.01, five transport units in the Dahlia pit with compatibility value 0.98, and five units of transport in the pit Anggrek with compatibility value 1.04. The haulers&#39; recommendations were made by allocating two haulers ...

Khalashpir coal field is the 3 rd largest coal field in Bangladesh, where coal occurs at depths of 257m to 483m below the surface. Considering the Geological, Geo-environment and other related geoengineering information, underground mining have been selected there to extract the deposit. In this paper, our concern is about shaft sinking method for underground mining. Depths of the coal seams reveal the necessity of a vertical shaft underground which again needs deep excavation. The problem arises with the excavation because of nearly 138m thick Dupitila Sandstone Formation just 6m below the surface in the area. It is loose, water bearing, containing dominantly porous and permeable sandstone and experiences massive water flow. So, the major concern is that any excavation through this will readily collapse and suffer massive water inrush. This will totally disturb the whole mining work progression and cause economic loss as well. By analyzing the ground condition of the Khalashpir cola field, artificial ground freezing has been identified most appropriate as shaft sinking method to control the ground water and to stabilize the loose soil during excavation. Lawfulness of the method and reason of neglecting other two common shaft sinking methods has been pointed out in this paper.

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled. However, landfill sites are becoming more scarce and tipping fees are constantly increasing. It is, therefore, highly desirable to find beneficial reuses for these materials provided the environmental impacts are minimal and socially acceptable. Phase 1 results of a 4 and 1/2 year study to demonstrate large volume beneficial uses of FGD by-products are reported. The purpose of the Phase 1 portion of the project was to characterize the chemical, physical, mineralogical and engineering properties of the FGD by-product materials obtained from various FGD technologies being developed in the state of Ohio. Phase 1 also involved the collection of baseline economic data related to the beneficial reuse of these FGD materials. A total of 58 samples were collected and analyzed. Our results indicated the chemical composition of the FGD by-product materials were dominated by Ca, S, AI, and Si although the specific composition varies from one sample to another. Many of the elements regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reside primarily in the fly ash. The presence of excess sorbent and reaction products causes a dilution of the concentrations of these elements in the FGD by-product materials as compared to the fly ash alone. Concentrations of the eight metals (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se) regulated by the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) were below drinking water standards when measured by either the ASTM or TCLP leachate tests. Engineering tests revealed that samples made from the compacted FGD by-product materials were generally higher in strength and had greater stiffness than natural soils typically used in the construction of a highway embankment. Compacted densities were also lower than typical compacted soil densities. These data suggest that FGD by-product materials, used in construction of a highway embankment, would be lighter and require less right-of-way due to the possibility of constructing steeper slopes. Dry FGD by-products can react with with water to form ettringite, an expansive calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate mineral. This expansiion may affect how dry FGD byproduct is stockpiled and used by professional engineers and construction contractors. Based on analyses of the agricultural lime and supply demand relationships it was concluded that FGD by-product material, used as an agricultural lime substitute, would be entering a very competitive market. This substitution will be sensitive to transport distances and the FGD producer's willingness to subsidize its use in agricultural. In summary, Phase 1 results revealed that FGD by-product materials are essentially coal fly ash materials diluted with unreacted sorbent and reaction products. High volume beneficial reuses will depend on the economics of their substituting for existing materials for various types of applications (e.g. as an agricultural liming material, soil borrow for highway embankment construction, and reclamation of active and abandoned surface coal mines). Environmental constraints to the beneficial reuse of dry FGD byproduct materials, based on laboratory and leachate studies, seem to be less than for coal fly ash.

This paper deals with a wireless LAN of microcells. We focus on a single microcell, which consists of a base station and wireless terminals. We consider here a problem of the channel capacity allocation between the uplink (terminal-to-base) and downlink (base-to-terminal) communications for a wireless LAN with a TDD (time division duplex) channel. The ALOHA-Reservation protocol is selected as a MAC protocol for the uplink communication. The performance of the ALOHA-Reservation protocol with a TDD channel is analyzed in terms of throughput, average message delay, and average response time. Then, the effect of the uplink and downlink channel capacities on the performance is examined under various traffic conditions.