Charter

BOGDAN IANCU biannual monitoring within the framework of the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism and the Venice Commission by way of an collaborative expert opinion 1. There are, to be sure, notable differences between the two instances of external Constitution intervention, concerning the status of the concerned institutions and the strictly legal nature and effect of the acts involved. The Venice Commission, a consultative body of the Council of Europe, adopted, after the fact, an opinion on the "compatibility with the with constitutional principles and the rule of law" of the actions taken, in view of expediting the impeachment process, by the Parliament and the Government in power. This opinion is drafted in primarily narrative form and detached, normative-constitutional terms. Indeed, the document reads on occasion much like a professorial brief on the compatibility of the Romanian Constitution with general "constitutional principles". Nominally, the act has no binding legal traction in Romania. However, recent judicial and jurisprudential events-references to documents issued by the Venice Commission in high-stake constitutional adjudication and a number of official letters by the Constitutional Court to the Commission, soliciting the latter's help against domestic political pressures-have raised the actual relevance of such interventions, including their potential manipulation in local political contests. Moreover, the EU Commission cited in its last progress report the findings in the Venice opinion. Perhaps aware of their enhanced status, the members of the Venice Commission, in spite of the purported, relatively modest purview of the act, undertook not only to assess the impugned legal actions, but also suggest a number of remedies, among which various amendments to the Romanian Constitution as such. Conversely, the EU Commission is a supranational administrative institution. Its documents are formal acts adopted within a EU law mechanism, upon a legal basis in the Act of Accession 2 , and designed to monitor the progress undertaken by the two last members of the Union, Romania and Bulgaria, in terms of judicial and anti-corruption reforms (Bulgaria is also monitored with respect to progress in combating organized crime). The exact effects and status of the monitoring are somewhat unclear, given that, in spite of the three-year deadline set forth in the Accession Act (Arts. 36-38) and the specific benchmarks itemized in the initial 2006 decision of the Commission, the monitoring has not yet been lifted, whereas-paradoxically-its initial purview has seeped into ever further areas of interest and inquiry. In spite of these differences between the two bodies and their respective systemiclegal contexts, a comparative treatment is warranted by the methodological constraints and epistemological endeavor of this argument, namely, seeking a qualified answer as to whether and to what extent older conceptual frameworks of references are useful if detached and abstracted from the context of nation-state constitutionalism. The argument will proceed by a brief introduction of the general problematics of constitutionalization and constitutionalism beyond the classical nation-state, continuing with a summary chronology of the Romanian events over the summer of 2012, and closing with an analysis of the international reactions to this crisis.

BOGDAN IANCU biannual monitoring within the framework of the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism and the Venice Commission by way of an collaborative expert opinion 1. There are, to be sure, notable differences between the two instances of external Constitution intervention, concerning the status of the concerned institutions and the strictly legal nature and effect of the acts involved. The Venice Commission, a consultative body of the Council of Europe, adopted, after the fact, an opinion on the "compatibility with the with constitutional principles and the rule of law" of the actions taken, in view of expediting the impeachment process, by the Parliament and the Government in power. This opinion is drafted in primarily narrative form and detached, normative-constitutional terms. Indeed, the document reads on occasion much like a professorial brief on the compatibility of the Romanian Constitution with general "constitutional principles". Nominally, the act has no binding legal traction in Romania. However, recent judicial and jurisprudential events-references to documents issued by the Venice Commission in high-stake constitutional adjudication and a number of official letters by the Constitutional Court to the Commission, soliciting the latter's help against domestic political pressures-have raised the actual relevance of such interventions, including their potential manipulation in local political contests. Moreover, the EU Commission cited in its last progress report the findings in the Venice opinion. Perhaps aware of their enhanced status, the members of the Venice Commission, in spite of the purported, relatively modest purview of the act, undertook not only to assess the impugned legal actions, but also suggest a number of remedies, among which various amendments to the Romanian Constitution as such. Conversely, the EU Commission is a supranational administrative institution. Its documents are formal acts adopted within a EU law mechanism, upon a legal basis in the Act of Accession 2 , and designed to monitor the progress undertaken by the two last members of the Union, Romania and Bulgaria, in terms of judicial and anti-corruption reforms (Bulgaria is also monitored with respect to progress in combating organized crime). The exact effects and status of the monitoring are somewhat unclear, given that, in spite of the three-year deadline set forth in the Accession Act (Arts. 36-38) and the specific benchmarks itemized in the initial 2006 decision of the Commission, the monitoring has not yet been lifted, whereas-paradoxically-its initial purview has seeped into ever further areas of interest and inquiry. In spite of these differences between the two bodies and their respective systemiclegal contexts, a comparative treatment is warranted by the methodological constraints and epistemological endeavor of this argument, namely, seeking a qualified answer as to whether and to what extent older conceptual frameworks of references are useful if detached and abstracted from the context of nation-state constitutionalism. The argument will proceed by a brief introduction of the general problematics of constitutionalization and constitutionalism beyond the classical nation-state, continuing with a summary chronology of the Romanian events over the summer of 2012, and closing with an analysis of the international reactions to this crisis.

The maritime industry has witnessed numerous challenges in recent years after the global pandemic, primarily characterized by sharp fluctuations in the daily charter rates. Considering an unpredictable business environment, this study aims to suggest a financial forecasting model on charter rates, creating added value for the stakeholders of the maritime trade business. The empirical analysis utilized the data from the Clarksons Research Portal, which encompassed 7,409 charter chartering transactions of container ships from 01.01.2018 to 10.03.2023. After examining seven different linear and ensemble regressions, it was revealed that the XGBoost regressor resulted in the least RMSE value of 0.1833 with an R2 of 0.9015. The selected predictors were the TEU, container fixture type, charter time, charter time multiplied by TEU, ship age, laycan year, and laycan month, respectively. In addition to coping with the limitations of linear regression, the model revealed that the laycan years, charter time, and charter time multiplied with TEU were the essential variables in charter rate prediction. As a result, the model developed in the study can be used as an important decision support tool for stakeholders in the container shipping industry.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE charter school with a number, in order of receipt, a function that was initially intended to ensure that the total number of charter schools within the state does not exceed the legislative cap of 100. Although the law mandates a cap of 100, the State Board of Education has been waiving the cap on a case-by-case basis since 1996. Charter schools are a subject of intense interest across the country. Because California's charter law has been in place for a long time compared with those of most other states, many of the state's charter schools have been in operation long enough to enable researchers to draw preliminary conclusions about the effectiveness of their organizational arrangements and other practices.

Background Scholars widely acknowledge that politics help explain why policies are adopted and how they play out in states, districts, and schools. To date, political analyses of education reform tend to isolate a particular policy and examine the politics of its adoption or implementation, but pay less attention to the effects of the politics of surrounding reforms and broader issues. Purpose In this article, I use the instrumental case of the Los Angeles Public School Choice Initiative (PSCI) to demonstrate the ways in which the political dynamics of other policy issues in the same local environment greatly affect the form and fate of a reform. The article examines what led to the adoption of PSCI and what explains its implementation and adaptation over time. Research Design The study employed an embedded case study design and gathered 3 years of data from leader interviews, observations, interviews, and focus groups in nine case study schools, media articles, and documents. I dre...

Notably, social-psychological approaches such as relative deprivation theory (personal and collective) and social exchange theory posit that there exists a negative association between women discrimination in HRM practices and organizational commitment. It is pertinent to note that the study of organizational commitment is significant across behavioral and attitudinal perspectives as well as differing conceptualizations. Considering this, the present study aims to investigate the causal linkages between women discrimination in HRM practices and the three-component model (TCM) of organizational commitment in the Indian banking sector. To test the hypothesized relationships, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used on a sample of 394 women employees from the following banks in Northern India-State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Housing and Development Finance Corporation Bank, and Jammu and Kashmir Bank. The results obtained revealed that women discrimination in HRM practices has a significant negative impact on all three components of the TCM approach of organizational commitment-affective Article

African states rushed to adopt the International Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, and at the same time set up an African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 1990, after justifying the need for an instrument that took account of the social and cultural realities of African children's rights. Using documentary techniques, the results of our research show that the African Charter is based on the general principles of children's rights, namely the right to non-discrimination, the right to the best interests of the child, the right to life, survival and development, the right to protection against all forms of exploitation, and the right to participation or the right to be heard. In application of these general principles, the African States wanted a response that kept in mind the historical context of the social realities of children's rights, especially children under the apartheid regime, but also the situation of children whose mothers are imprisoned, the situation of child begging, the exploitation of children, and so on. In spite of this initiative, African states are reluctant to implement their demands to the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, in addition to the delay in ratifying or acceding to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, which has not been the case with ratification of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the production of reports to its protection body.

The Milan Charter on Urban Obesity highlights the challenges of urban environments as a battleground for human health, as cities are often organized to subvert public health goals, and promote rather than prevent the development of obesity and consequent non-communicable diseases. The Charter articulates ten principles which detail actions and strategies through which general practitioners, diverse medical specialists, related healthcare professionals, administrators and healthcare practice managers, policy actors – within health systems and at a national level – along with experts across disciplines, and citizens, can work in cooperation to meet this challenge and improve public health. The Charter urges the adoption of decisions that deliver the following: (i) policies which enable our cities to become healthier and less obesogenic, more supportive of well-being and less health-disruptive in general, and (ii) policies that fully support primary prevention strategies, that address ...

This study focused on a lately constructed survey instrument that was intended to test the family perspective on a home visiting program and school. The four areas investigated were parentteacher communications, student-teacher interactions, the parent's perception of the school and the parents' understanding of the home visiting program. The participants were selected from parents/guardians of 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th grade students at a Charter school in a southwestern major city in Texas, the United States of America. Twenty-two questions were asked to evaluate parent's viewpoint with the four designated areas of interaction and communication of among school-parent-teacher. The findings showed that 73.5% of the students' families living were in low income. The outcomes for reliability were promising ( = .909). Yet, the factor analysis outcomes of a rotated four-factor solution were insufficient to assess validity. This might be related to a small sample size (n = 45).

The paper is the first to the knowledge of the authors to apply copula models to reconstructing joint distribution of time charter rates for dry bulk ship. Based on the Clarksons dataset for the last 20 years it is claimed that Gumbel copula is enough to perform the mentioned objective. To arrive at the conclusion the homogenous dataset in terms of copula-off f forecast criteria is implemented. The evidence suggests dry bulk time charter rates weekly returns exhibit symmetric distribution. As an auxiliary output stands for the result of copula fit accounting for time dynamics and not. For the purpose of conservative analysis (i.e. risk-management) approach disregarding time-dynamics should be preferred as yielding the least number of value-at-risk breaches. From the risk budgeting perspective non-conservative approach (accounting for time dynamics) might be preferred as reflecting the rapidly changing value-at-risk.

This article focuses on the issue of market concentration in the VLCC tanker sector and its significance for freight rates during 1993(1)-2010(12). It explores the nature of changes in freight rate volatility along business cycles and finds that freight rate volatility generally increases during both upswings and downswings of the market, but becomes evidently more intense during market upswings. Industrial concentration in the VLCC sector is measured via application of concentration measures that are well founded in the literature. The empirical results obtained reveal a significant increase in market concentration post-1993. Subsequently, the effect of changes in market structure upon the formation and volatility of VLCC spot and time charter freight rates is investigated. We substantiate a positive relationship between spot freight rates and market concentration over the period examined, concluding that expectations regarding the future course of concentration are critical for forecasting the direction of freight rates in the future.

The Study Group on Hospital Hygiene of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health (GISIO-SItI) and the Local Health Authority of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, after the National Convention "Safe water in healthcare facilities" held in Vieste-Pugnochiuso on 27-28 May 2016, present the "Vieste Charter", drawn up in collaboration with experts from the National Institute of Health and the Ministry of Health. This paper considers the risk factors that may affect the water safety in healthcare facilities and reports the current regulatory frameworks governing the management of installations and the quality of the water. The Authors promote a careful analysis of the risks that characterize the health facilities, for the control of which specific actions are recommended in various areas, including water safety plans; approval of treatments; healthcare facilities responsibility, installation and maintenance of facilities; multidisciplinary approach; ed...

The Council of Europe (CoE) has attached great importance to local governments and local self-government in constructing an integrated Europe and, as a sign of this, has created an international convention entitled "the European Charter of Local Self-Government (ECLSG)". The core aim of this investigation is to evaluate the local government legislation of Türkiye and Azerbaijan, which are contracting parties, within the framework of the principles and standards of the ECLSG. The assessment found that some of the articles/sub-articles on which both countries had made reservations have disappeared in practice, while some approved articles/sub-articles have yet not been incorporated into domestic legislation. Ultimately, Türkiye accepted twenty sub-articles (the minimum number required to accept the Charter) and made reservations for ten sub-articles. However, Türkiye is not applying the three articles it accepted and is actually applying nine of the ten articles for which it made reservations. On the other hand, Azerbaijan accepted twenty-six sub-articles and made reservations to four sub-articles. Like Türkiye, Azerbaijan does not apply the four articles it accepted, but actually applies three of the four articles to which it made reservations.

, and my friends Okelo and Ambani, and all the other classmates, who created an adequate working atmosphere for me during this programme. Finally, I thank my late father Kaba Sidibe for opening my eyes, my mother Meckon Camara, for helping me trough and God the Almighty for giving me the use of my right hand. v Dedication This work is dedicated to my beloved daughter, Aminata Sagesse Sidibe.

To identify and discuss the scientific production on Health-Promoting Schools in Latin America published in indexed databases, by understanding the scope of the health education initiatives reported in the programs or interventions. Methods: This was a scientific literature review study, performed in LILACS, MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases, using as the main search term 'Health Promoting School', followed by 'Latin America'. It covered the period from 1996 to 2009, situating the start point ten years after the publication of the Ottawa Charter and one year after the official launch of the Health-Promoting Schools Regional Initiative (Iniciativa Regional de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde-IREPS) by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO). Inclusion criteria were defined, articles were retrieved in English, Portuguese and Spanish, and data was processed in three arrays of analysis. Results: The application of search keys led to 2,429 documents, reduced to 28 after applying the filter for Latin America, on which the inclusion criteria were applied, resulting in eight articles. Most of them stressed the importance of effectiveness studies, and half focused on the reduction of some specific morbidity, without prioritization of the conceptual axes contained in the Ottawa Charter. Conclusion: The publications addressed mainly the effectiveness of the interventions, conceptual coherence between the interventions and the health promotion principles, and the education process of the actors involved. Qualitative approaches, including documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews, focal group and participant observation, were the predominant methodological procedures. Intersectoral coordination was pointed out as the main strategy for sustainability of the experiences.

To identify and discuss the scientific production on Health-Promoting Schools in Latin America published in indexed databases, by understanding the scope of the health education initiatives reported in the programs or interventions. Methods: This was a scientific literature review study, performed in LILACS, MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases, using as the main search term 'Health Promoting School', followed by 'Latin America'. It covered the period from 1996 to 2009, situating the start point ten years after the publication of the Ottawa Charter and one year after the official launch of the Health-Promoting Schools Regional Initiative (Iniciativa Regional de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde-IREPS) by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO). Inclusion criteria were defined, articles were retrieved in English, Portuguese and Spanish, and data was processed in three arrays of analysis. Results: The application of search keys led to 2,429 documents, reduced to 28 after applying the filter for Latin America, on which the inclusion criteria were applied, resulting in eight articles. Most of them stressed the importance of effectiveness studies, and half focused on the reduction of some specific morbidity, without prioritization of the conceptual axes contained in the Ottawa Charter. Conclusion: The publications addressed mainly the effectiveness of the interventions, conceptual coherence between the interventions and the health promotion principles, and the education process of the actors involved. Qualitative approaches, including documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews, focal group and participant observation, were the predominant methodological procedures. Intersectoral coordination was pointed out as the main strategy for sustainability of the experiences.

Objetivo: Identificar e discutir a produção científica publicada em bases indexadas sobre Escolas Promotoras de Saúde na América Latina, através da compreensão do escopo das iniciativas relatadas de educação para a saúde nos programas ou intervenções. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão que utilizou como bases indexadas de busca a LILACS, o MEDLINE e o SCOPUS; e, como termo principal de busca, Health Promoting School, seguido de Latin America. Foi contemplado o período de 1996 a 2009, pois, em 1996, completava-se dez anos da publicação da Carta de Ottawa e um ano do lançamento oficial da Iniciativa Regional de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde (IREPS) pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS). Foram definidos critérios de inclusão e recuperados artigos em inglês, português e espanhol, além dos dados tratados em três matrizes de análise. Resultados: A aplicação das chaves de busca resultou em 2.429 documentos, reduzidos para 28 após a aplicação de filtro para Latin America, sobre os quais se aplicaram os demais critérios de inclusão, resultando em oito artigos. A maioria ressaltou a importância dos estudos de efetividade e metade focou na redução de alguma morbidade específica, sem a priorização dos eixos conceituais contidos na Carta de Ottawa. Conclusão: As publicações tratavam de verificar a efetividade das ações, analisar a coerência conceitual das práticas com os eixos da promoção da saúde ou verificar o processo de capacitação dos atores envolvidos. Houve predominância do uso de métodos qualitativos, envolvendo análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupo focal e observação participante. A intersetorialidade foi apontada como estratégia central na sustentabilidade das experiências.

Workplace health promotion (WHP) is important to prevent work-related diseases, reduce workplace hazards, and improve personal health of the workers. Health promotion projects were launched through the centers of WHP funded by the Taiwan Bureau of Health Promotion since 2003. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of WHP programs intervention from 2003 to 2007. The intervention group consisted of 838 business entities which had ever undergone counseling of the three centers in northern, central, and southern Taiwan from 2003 to 2007. The control group was composed of 1000 business entities randomly selected from the business directories of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan. The questionnaire survey included general company profiles and the assessment of workplace health according to the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. We have received 447 (53.3%) questionnaires from the intervention group and 97 questionnaires from the control gro...

Over the last decade or so, federal and state education policymakers embraced the use of value-added models (VAMs) to evaluate teachers’ performance and make highstakes employment decisions (e.g., tenure, merit pay, * Mark A. Paige, J.D., Ph.D., is an associate professor of public policy at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth. Before becoming a professor, he was an education law attorney representing school districts. ** Audrey Amrein-Beardsley, Ph.D., is currently a Professor in Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. Her research interests include educational policy, educational measurement and research methods. † Kevin Close, M.Ed., is a doctoral candidate and graduate assistant researcher at the Arizona State University.

The need to understand efficacy and outcomes from grant-funded activity is common to funders, the academic community, and the public. Yet, few articles in the research administration corpus offer details on and considerations of applying the concept of return on investment (ROI) to grant activity. To determine the volume of material available aside from publications specific to research administration that considers systematic assessment of ROI for grants, a review was undertaken of the periodic literature available on the ProQuest database. A Boolean search for "grant" AND "return on investment" produced over 2,700 results. Following review, 34 of these sources were found to be relevant to a discussion of the systematic application of ROI to grant activity. These articles make it clear that interest in ROI for grants is not isolated to a few disciplines or areas of professional practice and that two categories of use are common for ROI with respect to grants: "econometric calculation" (Frank & Nason, 2009, p. 528) and "impact of…activities" (Weiss, 2007, p. 206). A second substantial theme in the literature is the misalignment of fiscal return on investment and assessment of grant-supported projects. Establishing assessment patterns that consider benefits derived is a preferable pattern. While government agencies in a number of countries have initiated processes of this type, their foci will not facilitate local, institution-specific benefit analysis. Two patterns for measuring and assessing impacts of grant-funded activity are recommended: Uttam and Venugopal's "assessment of benefits from sponsored research" (2008, p. 57) (developed for the Indian National Chemical Laboratory) and the rubric-based, balanced scorecard approach commonly employed in business settings.

Systemic banking crises often result from widespread imprudent lending, driven by strong incentives for risk taking and connected lending. This paper identi…es a counterbalancing incentive for individual banks to act prudently in the face of widespread risk taking among its competitors. In general, the value of a banking charter is enhanced by reduced competition. Hence a deliberate policy of promoting takeovers of weaker institutions by solvent banks has the e¤ect of increasing the charter value of solvent banks, and grants the managers of better banks an incentive to pursue less pro…table but safer lending strategies, thus breaking down the strategic externality of risktaking strategies. A temporary phase of concentration in banking can thus reinforce stability and pre-emptive closures may in fact reduce the risk of a systemic banking crisis. We also address the case where banking authorities face pressure for an ex post bailout in a context where many banks are in trouble at the same time.

Social and political processes taking place in the modern Ukrainian society are reflected, among other things, in the language of our mass media. The study of the language question is important not only due to the constant discourse regarding the status of the official language and the supposed number of official languages, but also as the subject matter of reflecting the national identity of the citizens of our state. As of 2001, the population of Ukraine was estimated at 48, 2 million people, being representatives of 107 nationalities. Support and preservation of ethnic and cultural as well as linguistic consciousness of ethnic groups is an important goal of every multiethnic and multilingual country. Ukraine signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on May 2, 1996 (hereafter — the Charter), ratified it in 2003, though it came into effect only since 2006. The introduction of the above mentioned document into the national legislation testifies respect and willi...

Construction industry workers were long regarded as enjoying not unfavourable working conditions. While their work was hard, the rewards included a high level of job security, decent pay, and various bonuses. This state of affairs was knocked off balance by the free movement of labour in an eastwards enlarged Europe where job competition among European building workers triggered a downward wage spiral as well as deteriorating working and safety conditions. European legislation put an end to the idea that accidents are inevitable in the construction sector. However, job competition between European workers has undone much of the progress made with regard to prevention measures.

Patient rights Charter formalized to ensure appropriate care of patients. In this regards, increased satisfaction of patients related to promoting the quality of health care and this can be achieved by implementing patient rights Charter. This study aimed to evaluate the patients' awareness and their satisfaction of implementing patient rights at Kowsar Hospital in Qazvin. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 565 female patients during 2014-2015. Data collection tool consisted of a questionnaire in 3 sections including demographic information, awareness of the rights and satisfaction of implementing the charter of rights. The questionnaire validity and reliability was confirmed by content validity and split-half method respectively (r=0.87).Data were analyzed by using Descriptive statistics and non-parametric test (Spearmans correlation test, kruskal-wallis test) through SPSS software. Results: based on results, the average of awareness score and satisfaction score was 7.325±2.4 and 3.89± 1.8 respectively, which represent a moderate awareness and poor satisfaction. The results showed that satisfaction in different age groups was not statistically significant difference with awareness (P=0.991) but there is a significant difference in satisfaction between different age groups (P=0.000). There is also a statistically significant difference between different levels of education with awareness (P=0.000), but there is not a significant difference in satisfaction between different educational levels (P=0.122). Finally, there was no statistically significant relationship between awareness and satisfaction scores (P = 0.158, r= 0.059). Conclusions: patients awareness and satisfaction of patient rights provision was not appropriate, so, educational planning for promoting knowledge and attitude of patient about patient right Charter by hospital quality managers is necessary. This change in patient's attitude will increase the demand for implementing patient right Charter and thus increase the level of satisfaction.

This work is of the historical discourse about the constitution Medina of law with the Medina Charter of The Prophet Muhammad as the content analysis and tends to find out moral massages, values, and principles therein to be implemented for the development of highly-plural Indonesian people. The history of the establishment of the Medina Law is closely related to the discourse about the charter of Medina which is still relevant to speak about. To sharpen the analysis of this work, I quote words from both western scholars and moslem ones and then understand them in the context of social life of the citizens of Indoenesia, especially in resolving social conflicts among peoples and ethnics. In additions, it may be suggested to be a resolution of religious conflicts at local, regional, and international levels. This work has, of course, relevance for the values in the Medina charter as a principle of the establishment of law-based nation are very important to be applicable in Indonesia....

The theory of the Just War initiated by St. Augustine must absolutely seek peace. To avoid this being the case, two phases are defined: Jus ad Bellum; the Jus in Bello. Thus, self-defense as a just cause is a concept often addressed in international law and its explicit recognition in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter has made it even more present. But, from the adoption of the Charter to today, there are many examples of actions or arguments of states based on self-defense that are more or less in phase with each other. The most recent references to the concept of self-defense have developed in a particularly volatile international context since the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the consequences that ensued. The relationship between the just war and self-defense raises some questions: can the anti-terrorism war, the preventive war and the war against non-state actors be considered part of the principle of self-defense? What are the criteria for Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello considered during the Self-defense?

This report presents the results of a short programme of fieldwork targeted towards the investigation of the archaeological and geographical setting of the Chamak copperplate charter. This inscription, unearthed in the modern village of Chamak in 1868, records the grant of land to a group of Brahmins living in the village of 'Charmaka'. These have long been assumed to be the same place, but the archaeological contexts of the find spot of the charter had never been explored. Preliminary surveys in and around Chamak have revealed a considerable amount of archaeological material, which is presented here.

Appendix I. List of EOSC Projects 7.2 Appendix II. SDG's and their specific targets applicable to FNS-Cloud Food Nutrition Security Cloud D8.1 FNS-Cloud Charter This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 863059. 5 This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 863059. 24 5 FNS-Cloud Charter We propose to be adopted by FNS-Cloud General Assembly the following Charter.

The_Pilgrims
The_Narrator -  The narrator makes it quite clear that he is also a character in his book. Although he is called Chaucer, we should be wary of accepting his words and opinions as Chaucer’s own. In the General Prologue, the narrator presents himself as a gregarious and naïve character. Later on, the Host accuses him of being silent and sullen. Because the narrator writes down his impressions of the pilgrims from memory, whom he does and does not like, and what he chooses and chooses not to remember about the characters, tells us as much about the narrator’s own prejudices as it does about the characters themselves.

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to

Background Co-creation approaches, such as codesign and co-production, aspire to power-sharing and collaboration between service providers and service users, recognising the specific insights each group can provide to improve health and other public services. However, an intentional focus on equitybased approaches grounded in lived experience and epistemic justice is required considering entrenched structural inequities between service-users and service-providers in public and institutional spaces where co-creation happens. Objectives This paper presents a Charter of tenets and principles to foster a new era of 'Equity-based Co-Creation' (EqCC). Methods The Charter is based on themes heard during an International Forum held in August 2022 in Ontario, Canada, where 48 lived experience experts and researchers were purposively invited to deliberate challenges and opportunities in advancing equity in the co-creation field. Results The Charter's seven tenets-honouring worldviews, acknowledging ongoing and historical harms, operationalising inclusivity, establishing safer and brave spaces, valuing lived experiences, 'being with' and fostering trust, and cultivating an EqCC heartset/mindset-aim to promote intentional inclusion of participants with intersecting social positions and differing historic oppressions. This means honouring and foregrounding lived experiences of service users and communities experiencing ongoing structural oppression and socio-political alienation-Black, Indigenous and people of colour; disabled, Mad and Deaf communities, women, 2S/ LGBTQIA+ communities, people perceived to be mentally ill and other minoritised groups-to address epistemic injustice in co-creation methodologies and practice, thereby providing opportunities to begin to dismantle intersecting systems of oppression and structural violence. Conclusions Each Charter tenet speaks to a multilayered, multidimensional process that is foundational to shifting paradigms about redesigning our health and social systems and changing our relational practices. Readers are encouraged to share their reactions to the Charter, their experiences implementing it in their own work, and to participate in a growing international EqCC community of practice.

Since it emergence on the international scene more than two decades ago, Hamas has stuck to its guns, labouring tirelessly to establish a Muslim state based upon the principles of Jihad, and to propagate Jihadi values in all aspects of life as outlined in its 1988 Charter. On its path to realize its ultimate goals, and acting upon the credo that "Islam is the Solution," Hamas has persisted in killing and maiming Israelis, civilians and soldiers alike, through a variety of violent means. This article explores the Hamas as a longstanding terrorist organization and its instrumentality of violence in the Middle East. The argument is presented that although it is seen by some as a legitimate political and social movement Hamas has not departed from its violent practices in order to achieve its political objectives, and does not seem to qualify as a new and dynamic actor in the Middle East simply because it was elected to govern in Gaza.

742 The central aim of the Department of Health’s recently released Draft Charter of the Public and Private Health Sectors (CPPHS) is to address the legacy of apartheid regarding access to health care for all South Africans. It commits the public and private sectors to create ‘a health care system that is coherent, costeffective and quality driven ... for the benefit of the entire population’ and to work together ‘to improve the scope, accessibility and quality of care at all levels’. These are laudable goals and we express our wholehearted support for them.

The wizards and the gatekeepers were unhappy. There were many reasons for their unhappiness. They worked hard but felt that too much was being demanded of them. The poorly people's charter was resulting in unrealistic expectations, and changes in the apprenticeship for wizards were putting great strain on their mentors. The wizards enjoyed their work less and less, and it was getting difficult to find new gatekeepers. On the other hand, the way the system worked meant that there had to be plenty of goblins and the number ofscrolls that had to be filled in was rising sharply. The wizards and gatekeepers tried to point out ways to improve things that would ensure that poorly people were better treated, but there was no easy solution. With the ominous sign that the recruitment of wizards and gatekeepers was becoming more difficult, an answer was neededand soon.

Cevresel adalet, cevresel kaynaklarin kullaniminda insan doga iliskisine ve cevre sorunlari nedeniyle ortaya cikan toplumsal maliyetin toplumun cesitli kesimleri arasinda adil bicimde dagitimina vurgu yapan bir kavramdir. Ulusal ve yerel duzeyde alinan ekonomik gelismeye iliskin kararlar, planlama kararlari ve cevresel politika kararlarinda cevresel kaynaklarin surdurulebilirliginin, sosyal maliyetin paylasilmasi ve kaynak paylasiminda toplumsal kesimler arasinda dengenin gozetilmesini gerektirir. Ancak bu denge merkezi ve yerel duzeyde alinan cesitli planlama ve yer secim kararlari ile hem cevresel degerler hem de dezavantajli toplumsal gruplar aleyhine bozulmaktadir. Cevresel adalette dengenin bozulmasi, ozellikle sosyo ekonomik acidan cesitlilik gosteren ve hem demografik hem de cografi olarak giderek buyuyen kentlerde daha belirgin bicimde gozlenmektedir. Ozellikle kentsel kaynaklarin kullanimina ve cesitli kentsel hizmetlerin gorulmesine iliskin yerel duzeyde alinan kararlarda,...

This interview with Coumba Toure, feminist, Pan-African activist, and educator took place as part of a debriefing session at the end of a three day strategic planning workshop that brought together activists, artists, trade unionists, educators and organisations fighting imperialism, sexism and the privatisation of water in the face of the upcoming World Water Forum to be hosted in Dakar Senegal in 2021. The gathering was co-hosted by the Blue Planet Project, an international water justice coalition with whom Koni Benson does organising and education work, and by Africans Rising, a Pan-African movement of people and organisations working to build a continent-wide solidarity for a self-determined future, coordinated by Coumba Toure. This interview inquires about how Coumba thinks about strategies for building connected bottom-up movements across Senegal, and across Africa, that are feminist, Pan-Africanist and intergenerational. Coumba's political journey to achieve this approach to her work is the main focus of the interview where she exemplifies the rejection of conventional boundaries between fields of expertise that often begin to mould and professionalise gender justice experts, teachers, NGO activists and published writers. What accounts for the ways in which she applies the principles of the African Feminist Charter, and the politics of Pan-African liberation to her daily life and work? We discuss why we are opposing and attempting to build a People's Alternative to the World Water Forum which aims to open up Africa's water to marketplaces of the global North. The interview unpacks how Coumba came to employ the approach of bringing older and younger activists, artists, students and communities into the daunting space of water specialists and professionalised NGOs, and what we hope to build through these spaces of connection, opposition and alternatives.