Canadian Communication Studies

Chapter 1 Introduction. Theorizing Knowledge Labor and the Information Society Chapter 2 Chapter 1. Labor Off the Air: The Hearst Corporation, Cross Ownership and the Union Struggle for Media Access in San Francisco Chapter 3 Chapter 2. Writing Off Workers: The Decline of the U.S. and Canadian Labor Beats Chapter 4 Chapter 3. The Librarian and the Univac: Automation and Labor at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair Chapter 5 Chapter 4. A Libratariat? Labor, Technology, and Librarianship in the Information Age Chapter 6 Chapter 5. Marketing Creative Labor: Hollywood "Making of" Documentary Features Chapter 7 Chapter 6. Commodification of Creativity: Reskilling Computer Animation Labor in Taiwan Chapter 8 Chapter 7. Glocalization in an Era of Globalization: Labor Relations in British Provincial Newpapers Chapter 9 Chapter 8. Spanish TV Production Goes Digital: Impact on Journalistic Routines, Workflow, and Newsroom Organization Chapter 10 Chapter 9. No Information Age Utopia: K...

Background  Launched in the early 1800s in Lyon, France, the Jacquard mechanism is often seen as the precursor for today’s software systems, enabling greater productivity in the automated industrial production of woven fabric.Analysis Based on archival research, this media archaeology article argues that the Jacquard mechanism enabled a new form of textile-based digital imaging. Lyon weavers used the mechanism to augment human imagination and strive for increased complexity in their quest for making textiles compete with the dominant media of the time (etching, printing, painting) and with the new medium of photography.Conclusion and implications  Such augmentation of human intelligence and imagination brings to light the possibility for alternative relationships between human bodies and brains and digital systems based on collaboration rather than subsumption.Contexte  On a souvent envisagé le métier Jacquard, créé à Lyon en France au début du 19ème siècle et permettant un meilleur...

Research on cultural industries suggests that the constant and rapid change to digital technologies used by creative practitioners requires that they continually upgrade their skills in order to remain relevant in their occupations. In this article, we present the results of an investigation into the mediation of Photoshop, focusing on how this digital imaging appli-cation software and its content are used to mediate access to cultural work. Teaching and learning Photoshop is presented as a key set of practices for digitally mediated cultural work, raising interesting paradoxes concerning Photoshop’s status as a digital imaging standard and how it is used by practitioners to negotiate access to occupations. The findings are drawn from two phases of an ongoing research project that includes interviews with practitioners in Canada and the United Kingdom and participant observation in a Greater Vancouver higher education institution.

Ellen Riordan & Eileen Meehan's Sex and Money: Feminism and Political Economy in the Media (2001) haunts the imagination of many women drawn to the study of communication today. Their edited volume is the best-known comprehensive overview of feminist political economy in ...

There are times when I have the feeling that ad talk is everywhere. It's not just because you can hardly watch any kind of TV, including PBS, without being confronted by some kind of commercial. Or that virtually all magazines and newspapers are chock full of ads in these halcyon days of Reagan's prosperity. Or even that going

This paper seeks to explain how crime victims have become increasingly visible in the criminal justice system and in media portrayals of crime by looking to the U.S. victims' rights movement and its strategic mobilization of a particular construction of "crime victim" into the public sphere. Through analysis of the movement's documentation of its media strategies and new forms of victim-oriented journalistic practice, the paper demonstrates how the movement portrays crime through its construction of crime victims as a class of citizens without rights, through which the families of murder victims become proxy-victims.

The unparalleled global distribution of books, television programs and other cultural products would seem to augur well for the diversity of ideas and creative expression. Yet ever more of this flow is concentrated in the hands of fewer giant corporations, significantly ...

This paper offers an analysis of a pilot project that examines the perceptions of English-language TV news among two racialized groups: self-identified Iranian-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians. This research indicates that, according to participants, mainstream Canadian English-language TV news does not necessarily offer racialized immigrant audiences a space through which to see themselves reflected accurately as part of Canada's rich social life beyond the celebration of ethnic events and festivals. Participants explained that they appreciated Canadian English-language television news, with important caveats. They would like to see the Canadian English-language television news media create spaces in which they could see their own ethnic, racial, cultural, and immigrant identities reflected within the backdrop of the Canadian multicultural state.

Luc Brunet • André Savoie La face cachée de l'organisation CROUPES, CLIQUES ET CLANS Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal Page 2. Luc Brunet • André Savoie La face cachée de l'organisation CROUPES, CLIQUES ET CLANS Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal ...

Minority languages have been oppressed, denied, and neglected for a long time, and their decline is accelerating. Whereas estimates show that half of the world's languages disappeared from 1450 to 1950, half of the remaining 6000 to 7000 languages could disappear in this century alone. Some observers include globalization and new media technologies among the factors contributing to this extinction. Some others, however, see new media, such as satellite television and the Internet, as the salvation of minority languages. This book is a solid and major contribution to our understanding of the complex relationship between media, language maintenance, and language development. Although the book mainly focuses on Western Europe, its eclectic range of topics could resonate with minority language situations around the world. The book serves the editors' ambitious project: to establish minority language media as a discrete field of study connected to, but independent of, media studies, and applied linguistics or sociolinguistics. Initially developed out of the First Mercator International Symposium on Minority Languages and Research, a 2003 symposium sponsored by the European Commission, the book consists of fourteen chapters. In addition to the excellent introductory and concluding chapters by editors Mike Cormack and Niamh Hourigan, there are twelve chapters organized into two sections. The first section sets the context, describing key terms (e.g., minority language), presenting a rich literature review of the field, and mapping the theoretical and methodological issues. This section also furnishes an insightful analysis of networks of campaigns for minority television, the "knowledge economy" of digital media and its implications for minority language media, and recording the history of minority language broadcasting. The second section contains incisive case studies featuring more specific issues: the empowering affordances of the Internet for minority cultures, the crucial role of local television in the Basque Country and Catalonia in language normalization ("the recovery of public use of [the minority] language in all fields") (p. 171), the representational affordances of local television in Wales, emphasizing the linguistic aspects of minority media production (e.g. translation, dubbing and subtitling), and finally, the struggle for putting sign language on British television. A common thread that connects these chapters is the belief that it is important to maintain and develop minority languages and the stance that the media have a crucial role to play in maintaining and developing minority languages. Minority language media are deemed

Les rapports de communication entre humains dans les sociétés contemporaines, aujourd'hui le plus souvent médiatisés par des dispositifs sociotechniques empruntant surtout aux technologies numériques, posent des interrogations fortes aux sociologues et aux autres spécialistes de la communication. Qu'en est-il, en effet, de la nature et des formes du lien qui s'instaure entre les individus, les groupes, les organisations, les communautés... dans et hors l'univers numérique? Il est révolu le temps où des critiques pessimistes opposaient la "virtualité" du monde en ligne à la "réalité" d'un monde qui serait déjà-là. Outre qu'une telle opposition comporte une erreur de type philosophique -la virtualité s'opposant plutôt à l'actualisationelle passe sous silence le fait que le monde en ligne fait aujourd'hui pleinement partie de la réalité vécue des personnes. Le monde en ligne est une réalité vécue par une grande majorité des membres des sociétés contemporaines, même si des inégalités dans l'accès aux technologies numériques perdurent, en particulier dans les pays du Sud.

L'éducation aux médias est au Canada (et au Québec) un objet de débat public depuis l'apparition de la presse de masse, d'abord en lien avec l'identité canadienne et la menace culturelle que posent les médias américains, puis comme outil potentiel de propagande dans les guerres et dans les élections (jusqu'à Trump), enfin comme terrain discursif de préventions multiples contre les effets indésirables de la médiatisation. Même sous des étiquettes plus récentes, telle celle de « littératie médiatique »-ou « trousse à outils cognitifs dont les individus disposeraient pour comprendre et utiliser les médias » (p. 52)-l'éducation aux médias est restée « étroitement associée aux controverses et aux inquiétudes portant sur les médias, au regard notamment de la violence, du sexisme, du racisme et de l'homophobie, des stéréotypes et des représentations du corps,

Spatial metaphor is central to the layout and development of McLuhan's thought on culture and technology. This paper adapts a framework drawn from cognitive linguistics to describe how McLuhan's concepts of visual and acoustic space serve as structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. In its ontological role, spatial metaphor provides the metaphysics for McLuhan's tetrad, which he came to regard as an alternative model for studying culture and technology.

Julia T. Wood's 10 th edition of Gendered lives does not really need an introduction. That it is a tenth edition is itself a testament to the significance of this text. For both academics and students alike, it is considered to be a foundational work-most especially for undergraduates. This review is therefore simply a reiteration as to why this book is, and should remain, an essential source for those teaching and studying gender issues, whether in the fields of cultural studies, media or visual studies, developmental or sociology studies. The book traverses a diversity of themes, from theoretical discourses framing the discussion of gender (masculinity[ies] and feminism(s) and queer theory, although post-feminism is notably absent) to gendered communication and gendered media, as well as practical or lived gendered lives (gender and work environs; gendered relationships; and gender and violence, for instance). The title of the book succinctly and accurately captures the contents and so, at a glance, the reader is immediately provided with insight into its subject matter. What makes this book exceptional, however, is that it grounds all the theory and academic discourse within the lived lives of everywo/man. By this I am referring directly to the way the book is structured: it has block quotes in which women and men comment on their own direct, personal experiences of gender issues, relating specifically to the topic being discussed. These accounts range from 'Andrea' (p. 3) relating her stance on feminism and why she refuses to call herself a 'feminist', to 'Keith' (p. 216) commenting on his masculine friendships and how he bonds with his male best friend. These are extremely significant, because Wood takes complex and intricate (often abstract) concepts and makes them accessible and relatable. This is not ivory tower philosophising, but the phenomenological positioning of the theory as it relates to us: you and me. By providing these intimate and often highly personal comments and shared experiences on gendered issues (from gendered rape to gendered domestic violence), it gives the reader a reference point, engages with us on a personal level, and in my opinion makes us think of gender issues in a completely new way. Wood encourages us to engage with the consequences of gendered concerns without being preachy or moralistic. These highly personalised accounts make gender real, raise our awareness of gender in our own societies and cultures, and in so doing challenge us to reflect on what we might often take for granted, or do not take cognisance of.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2009 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reality TV : remaking television culture / Edited by Susan Murray and Laurie Ouellette. — 2nd ed. ...

areas of empire formation in the western Sahel, eighth to sixteenth centuries. 41 2.3 Rainfall patterns in the West African rice region. 45 2.4 Mandinka women displaying bundles of African and Asian rice. Photo by author. 51 2.5 Diola woman hoeing rice field, Casamance, Senegal. Courtesy Paul Pélissier. 52 2.6 Temne woman parboiling rice in Sierra Leone. Courtesy David P. Gamble. 53 2.7 Mandinka women using the long-handled hoe, the baaro. Courtesy David P. Gamble. 54 2.8 Mandinka women in inland swamp with the short-handled hoe, the daba. Photo by author. 55 2.9 Manjak man using the long-handled kayendo in field preparation, Guinea-Bissau. Photo by author. 56 2.10 Rice cultivation along a landscape gradient: central Gambia. 57 2.11 Inland swamp system. Photo by author. 59 2.12 Use of palms for sluices in water control, inland swamp. Photo by author. 60 2.13 Diola women transplanting rice in The Gambia. Photo by author. 61 2.14 Tidal rice cultivation, seasonally saline river, The Gambia. Courtesy

Background  Launched in the early 1800s in Lyon, France, the Jacquard mechanism is often seen as the precursor for today’s software systems, enabling greater productivity in the automated industrial production of woven fabric.Analysis Based on archival research, this media archaeology article argues that the Jacquard mechanism enabled a new form of textile-based digital imaging. Lyon weavers used the mechanism to augment human imagination and strive for increased complexity in their quest for making textiles compete with the dominant media of the time (etching, printing, painting) and with the new medium of photography.Conclusion and implications  Such augmentation of human intelligence and imagination brings to light the possibility for alternative relationships between human bodies and brains and digital systems based on collaboration rather than subsumption.Contexte  On a souvent envisagé le métier Jacquard, créé à Lyon en France au début du 19ème siècle et permettant un meilleur...

areas of empire formation in the western Sahel, eighth to sixteenth centuries. 41 2.3 Rainfall patterns in the West African rice region. 45 2.4 Mandinka women displaying bundles of African and Asian rice. Photo by author. 51 2.5 Diola woman hoeing rice field, Casamance, Senegal. Courtesy Paul Pélissier. 52 2.6 Temne woman parboiling rice in Sierra Leone. Courtesy David P. Gamble. 53 2.7 Mandinka women using the long-handled hoe, the baaro. Courtesy David P. Gamble. 54 2.8 Mandinka women in inland swamp with the short-handled hoe, the daba. Photo by author. 55 2.9 Manjak man using the long-handled kayendo in field preparation, Guinea-Bissau. Photo by author. 56 2.10 Rice cultivation along a landscape gradient: central Gambia. 57 2.11 Inland swamp system. Photo by author. 59 2.12 Use of palms for sluices in water control, inland swamp. Photo by author. 60 2.13 Diola women transplanting rice in The Gambia. Photo by author. 61 2.14 Tidal rice cultivation, seasonally saline river, The Gambia. Courtesy

We have some excellent books awaiting your review to be published in CJC. Click on the Books for Review tab on cjc-online.ca's home page, choose your book, and follow the online instructions. Reviewers can be either faculty members or graduate students. Or, if you are keen to review a particular title that you have encountered and feel would benefit other readers, our Book Review Editors can request a review copy for you from the publisher.

While current mainstream media stories oscillate between Canadian troops in Afghanistan attempting to restore safety and democracy and the imminent threat of a war on terror on domestic soil, a sorely neglected story concerns the continued war on women in Canada. In this paper, we look at one site of this war-the case of missing and murdered women in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. Employing a frame analysis, we analyze 128 articles from The Vancouver Sun published between 2001 and 2006. We argue that prevailing and historically entrenched stereotypes about women, Aboriginality, and sex-trade work continue to demarcate the boundaries of 'respectability' and degeneracy, interlocking in ways that situate these women's lives, even after death, in the margins.

Background Social media can be powerful tools for rallying support for a social cause, political mobilization, and social commentary. They can also greatly contribute to incendiary discourses and social stereotypes—often through memes. This article explores the case of one American, known by the moniker of “Sweet Brown,” whose interview about a local fire made her an overnight celebrity in 2012.Analysis  A frame analysis of her portrayals in legacy and social media is conducted, and reveals that social media platforms facilitate and even encourage a reductionist approach to messaging.Conclusion and implications  Sweet Brown’s appearance, which conjures gender, race, and socio-economic class, became a powerful tool for circulating stereotypes. The interplay between legacy and social media can serve to reproduce stereotypes and marginalization, as is evident in the case of Sweet Brown.Contexte  Les médias sociaux peuvent être un outil puissant servant à gagner des appuis pour des caus...

Desperately Seeking the Audience By Ien Ang Millions of people all over the world are avid members of the television audience. Yet, despite the central place television occupies in contemporary culture, our understanding of its complex and dynamic role in everyday life remains surprisingly limited. Focusing on the television audience, Ien Ang asks why we understand so little about its nature, and argues that our ignorance arises directly out of the biases inherent in prevailing official knowledge about it. She sets out to deconstruct the assumptions of this official knowledge by exploring the territory where it is mainly produced-the television institutions. Ang draws on Foucault's theory of power/knowledge to scrutinize television's desperate search for the audience, and to identify differences and similarities in the approaches of American commercial television and European public service television to their audiences. She looks carefully at recent developments in the field of ratings research, in particular the controversial introduction of the `people meter' as an instrument for measuring the television audience. By defining the limits and limitations of these institutional procedures of knowledge production, Ien Ang opens up new avenues for understanding television audiences. Her ethnographic perspective on the television audience gives new insights into our television culture, with the audience seen not as an object to be controlled, but as an active social subject, engaging with television in a variety of cultural and creative ways.

Grounded in the philosophies of experience of Martin Heidegger, George Herbert Mead, and Alfred Schutz, this paper presents and emerging concept called the interactional self to illustrate how there are no clear phenomenological distinctions between the so-called “virtual world” and the dichotomously positioned “real world.” Instead, after presenting the two most predominant narrative trajectories that looked at Internet-mediated communication from this real/virtual split, the paper then explores how social interactional and phenomenological approaches can help the Internet researcher come to understand that a more nuanced reality is present in online social settings. Ultimately, the paper shows how the philosophies of experience of Heidegger, Mead, and Schutz can help the Internet researcher better conceptualize the tight intermingling of the online with the offline in Internet-mediated social settings. Such philosophies allow the communication researcher to delve more deeply into users’ phenomenologically-rooted use-contexts, performative practices, and intersubjective life-world experiences in Internet-mediated sociability.

This thesis presents an emerging concept called the interactional self to illustrate how, contrary to theories of “cyberspace” and “cyberselves,” there tend not to be sharp socio-phenomenological distinctions between “virtual” and offline sociability within one’s life-world. As such, using aspects of the philosophies of experience of Heidegger, Mead, Schutz, and Husserl as foundations, this thesis argues that social interactions online, for most, are extensions of and not apart from their everyday, situated life-worlds.
After briefly introducing the path towards our contemporary “will-to-virtuality” and various utopian and dystopian visions of “cyberspace,” an alternative conceptual picture of the interactional self is gradually revealed using the metaphor of a portrait painted on a “social-world canvas.” In this painting, the ontology of Heidegger’s Dasein supplies the first brushes for outlining the early sketches of the interactional self, showing that online, as in offline settings, we encounter the world and others from the position of beings deeply engaged in practical daily acts and “interpretative understandings.” These brushes are then dipped into Mead’s intertactionist colours and Schutz’s socio-phenomenological textures, eventually filling in the portrait. Illustrated via a case study of blogging practices, Mead’s theory of the “generalized other” highlights the notion that the interactional self does not concretely distinguish between offline and online social settings but instead, as in more traditional “off the network” situations, uses Internet-mediated communication for performative practices that afford self-expression and maintain social cohesion. Schutz’s phenomenology of the life-world gives further perspective to the interactional self, showing that online sociability should not be viewed as being apart from the “intersubjective” intersection of life-worlds rooted in everyday life. With some help from Husserl’s phenomenology, Schutz is subsequently relied on for understanding online textual embodiment, spatial extensions, community, role-playing, and fantasy, adding yet more socio-historical shadings to interactions online.
Ultimately, the picture that emerges is framed within the following four concluding hypotheses: 1) The interactional self encounters social acts, online and off, as part of its greater life-world, practicing performative and group-enforcing self-management through 2) varying and interlinked dimensions of sociability and 3) pragmatic yet meaningful uses of the communicational tools at hand in 4) contextually relevant degrees of self-disclosure.

This paper explores the construction of organizational crisis through the discourse of media. Using a critical sensemaking framework, the authors conclude that the media serve as a disproportionate influence in the creation of plausible organizational narrative after crisis. They implicate the practices of journalistic work and the relationships between news workers and those holding power in organizations. They use the 1992 explosion at the Westray coal mine in Nova Scotia, Canada, where 26 men died, to illustrate these contentions. They find that among available and plausible early narratives of this event, enactment of a discourse of natural disaster and tragedy has prevailed over those that incorporated human agency and organizational culpability. Résumé : Cet article explore la construction de crises organisationnelles faite par le discours médiatique. Utilisant un cadre critique pour interpréter les faits, les auteurs concluent que les médias ont une influence disproportionnée dans la création d'une narration organisationnelle plausible après une crise. Pour expliquer cette influence, les auteurs impliquent les pratiques du travail journalistique ainsi que les relations entre les travailleurs des médias et les détenteurs du pouvoir dans les organisations. Ils illustrent ces affirmations en se rapportant à l'explosion de 1992 dans la mine Westray en Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada, où 26 hommes sont morts. Ils trouvent que, parmi les premières narrations disponibles et plausibles de cet événement, la promulgation d'un discours de désastre naturel et de tragédie l'a emporté sur les discours incorporant l'action humaine et la culpabilité organisationnelle.