Breweries

SABMiller plc (www.sabmiller.com), publicly listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE:SAB) and
Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE:SAB), and available via the US OTC market (OTC:SBMRF), is a global brewing and bottling group. Founded in South Africa in 1895, SABMiller today is an international enterprise with a market value of £21 billion, producing a range of premium beers, including six numbering amongst the top 50 brands in the world: Pilsner Urquell, Peroni, Miller Genuine Draft, Miler Lite, Castle and Grolsch. The Grolsch brand, previously purveyed by 392-year-old Royal Grolsch NV,
was the target of a notable acquisition in the brewery industry in November of 2007, with SABMiller paying a premium €816 million ($1.2bn; £583m), an 84% premium over Grolsch’s then share price. A premium price for a premium band, the acquisition of Grolsch added a northern European product to
SABMiller’s portfolio and expanded its native and foreign market share. Riding a wave of merger mania in the brewing industry, hindsight and the global recession ask: was it worth it? This case study takes a close look at the fundamentals in addressing this question.

Summary
This paper is an English translation of a master’s thesis originally written in Danish in 2016 with the title” Ondsigt, Ondvittighed og Uoverbevisning - Bryggerfejden og den struenseeske trykkefrihed”
It deals with brewer Christian Bagge, one of the several figures of the Danish era of press freedom from 1770 to 1773. His numerous pamphlets in series 1, volume 8 of Luxdorph’s collection of press freedom writings have not previously been the subject of historical treatment. The thesis answers 19th-century historians, primarily Danish, who considered these press freedom writings worthless or even harmful, and contemporary historians who focus more on the pamphleteers’ mentality and picture of the world. Firstly, the thesis provides an assessment of the historical value of Bagge’s writings, especially which social problems they uncovered, and of his credibility judged by the preserved documents in the case. Secondly, it analyzes the response from the society represented by Bagge’s opponents, the press, and the judicial system.
The conclusion is that the writings extensively meet the intentions behind the King’s and Struensee’s press freedom ordinance by revealing abuse of power, negligence, and irrationality in the Copenhagen brewer’s guild and the surrounding society. But 18th century Denmark obsessed with honor, class, and façade had a different view of the freedom of the press than Bagge, who was convicted of libel by the courts. The analysis shows that in a society where value was judged mainly by rank and etiquette, the form of the debate was constitutive of the content. A blunt and unpolished language reflected the author's malicious intent, evil character, and untrustworthiness in contrast to the insight, conscience, and conviction assumed by the ordinance. Furthermore, the debate focused mainly on Bagge’s social status, his murky motives for writing, and a perceived threat to public order. His critics constructed an ideal public sphere consisting solely of sensible and cultivated readers in contrast to the mob, to which Bagge allegedly appealed.
But as history showed, the public might have benefitted from listening to Bagge instead of discarding him as an embarrassing troublemaker. When the monopoly of beer brewing was abolished thirty years later, many of his thoughts and observations were considered relevant by the commissions and administration.

A Miskolcon 2009-ben és 2010-ben rendezett konferenciákon elhangzott előadások írott változata Miskolc, 2014 FELNI SÖRBISZTRÓ -Budapest Jókai utca 1. Egész évben sörfesztivál -közel 70 fajta magyar és nemzetközi kézműves sörrel, házi készítésű sörkorcsolyákkal. Folyamatosan megújuló sörkínálat. Sportközvetítések. ASZTALFOGLALÁS: 06 30 568 0488 • FACEBOOK: FelniSorbisztro Epizódok a sörgyártás és sörfogyasztás történetéből

Project paper, Executive Master of Management, Norway Business School (BI), spring 2014: The craft beer trend discussed from three perspectives: customer segmentation, rhetorical approach and credibility. One of the conclusions is that there exists a knowledge barrier between the craft beer trend and regular consumers, having marketing implications for both segmentation and rhetorical approach. The craft beer discourse and its heavy focus on credibility create another such barrier. The paper compares the brewing industry with a relevant shift in polarization between independent record companies and the major companies from the 1970’s and up to today.

This chapter explores the re-emergence and evolution of independent, craft brewing in Australia from 1979. While craft brewing is currently booming in Australia, the path to this boom was slow and punctuated. Extensive data are introduced showcasing the entire population of entrants into the craft segment over the period 1979-2015. Three distinct periods are examined with mini-case studies of various path breaking ventures. I draw lessons regarding the nature of entrepreneurial motivations, the interaction of various contextual factors in both eliciting and constraining growth, and demonstrate the diversity of viable business models that have emerged in this vibrant but still small segment of the Australian beer market.

Forthcoming chapter in C. Garavaglia & J. Swinnen (eds), "Microbreweries: The Counterrevolution in the Global Beer Market", Palgrave Macmillan

The last 30 years of brewing history in Slovakia were the most turbulent ones. They were influenced by the liquidation of some beer production as well as privatization, integration and acquisitions of global beer producers. As a reaction to the uniform taste of beer produced by the global producers, numerous small craft breweries emerged in Slovakia trying to return the specific beer taste to the regions. Their importance may also be involved in the development of popular beer tourism through beer routes in addition to the fragmentation of the Slovak brewing industry. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Slovakia for the development of beer routes. The examination and assessment of the possibilities of creating beer routes in Slovakia required considering the historical context first, and then establishing a database comprising the list of craft breweries in Slovakia and the list of places where beer festivals are organised. Correspondence with the President of the Association of Small Independent Slovak Breweries was used for this purpose. Such a database was then verified, supplemented and compared to the database developed by our team based on information from field research, telephone interviews with thirty representatives of breweries, and an analysis of websites of Slovak breweries. The database was further transformed into space, using a map of isolines (equidistant) expressing the mutual distance of the craft breweries. In compiling the results, dynamic-comparative methods and cartographic presentation methods were also used. All together, we identified 70 craft breweries and proposed three beer routes thanks to their spatial distribution.

The numismatic collection of the Banat Museum in Timişoara includes two rare bronze medals dedicated to members of the well known Weifert family from Pančevo (Serbia). One is a medal dedicated to Ignaz Weifert on his 64th anniversary by his son Georg Weifert, crafted by the Austrian engraver Anton Scharff (1845-1903). The second one is dedicated to Georg Weifert on his 44th anniversary, created by the Austrian engraver Franz Xaver Pawlik (1865-1906). They were purchased in 1907 by the Banat Museum from Fejér József, antiquarian in Budapest, for the sum of 22 crowns. The medals were given inventory numbers 731 and 732 in the old register of the collections. 
The medal dedicated to Ignaz Weifert (1826-1911) is made of bronze, patinated (55.5 mm; inventory no 136; Pl. I.1-2). It is generally but wrongly dated in 1870. Given the marked date (MDCCCLXX), one considers that it had been realized on the occasion of Ignaz Weifert’s 20th year of industrial activity. Actually, one thousand eight hundred seventy represents the year of establishment for the Weifert brewery in Belgrade.
There are several arguments in favor of a correct dating of the coin (i.e. 1890): the age of Ignaz Weifert, marked on the obverse of the medal (LXIV), as he fulfilled 64 in the year 1890. Secondly, the medal is mentioned among the works of the engraver Anton Scharff from 1890 (in the same year Scharff had also realized a plaque, 136 mm in diameter, with the portrait of Ignaz Weifert). More so, Felix Milleker affirmed in his study on the Weifert family that in December 1890 Georg Weifert dedicated a medal to his father Ignaz, crafted by the Austrian engraver Anton Scharff (Milleker 1925, 11).
The second medal, dedicated to Georg Weifert (1850-1937) on his 44th anniversary is made of bronze, has 52.2 mm in diameter (inventory no 84; Pl. III.1-2) and was created by Franz Xaver Pawlik in 1894. The same engraver had molded a medal dedicated to Ignaz and Georg Weifert in 1903, in two variants: 25 mm and 140 mm in diameter. We know about the existence of a 25 mm medal as part of a private collection in Timişoara.
Originally from north Austria, the Weiferts settled in Banat during the first half of the 18th century, initially in Vršac … The name Weifert is also associated with the well-known numismatic collection owned by this family, of which three members were passionate collectors: Ignaz and his sons, Hugo and Georg. The one who settle the collection (around 1878) was Hugo (1852-1885). After his early death in 1885, aged only 33, the collection passed to his father Ignaz, who continued to gather coins. In 1911, after the death of Ignaz, the numismatic collection passed to Georg Weifert. All three of them had been members of the Numismatic Society in Vienna: Hugo from 1879, Ignaz from 1885 and Georg from 1889. Although the members of Weifert family collected all kind of Greek and Roman coins, it seems that Hugo was the one passionate for medals concerning Belgrade, Ignaz paid special attention to Viminacium issued coins while Georg was interested in 4th century AD Roman coins.
The numismatic collection held antique coins: Greek, Celtic and Roman, Byzantine coins, medieval Serbian ones, taler from Central Europe, medals concerning Belgrade etc. The Republican and Imperial Roman coins dated to 1st - 5th c. AD compose the largest part of the collection, including numerous rarities. There are also Roman colonial coins issued by the cities in the Balkans, especially Viminacium and from Asia Minor. Today we hold no longer information on the finding place of these coins, except for the golden Late Roman solidi found in the spring of 1879 near Borča, that are to be considered among the most valuable pieces of the collection.
The PMS COL VIM type coins, issued between 239 and 255 AD in Viminacium (today Stari Kostolac, Serbia) are also important, although the collection ….

T. H. Marshall in his famous tract Citizenship and Social Class wrote briefly about what he called ‘industrial citizenship’, a type of belonging rooted in the workplace. Here Marshall’s ideas are developed alongside a consideration of Durkheim’s Professional Ethics and Civic Morals together with research material from the Guinness Company. It shows the way the Company actively sought to create ‘Guinness citizenship’ within its London Brewery. The article draws out the ways in which the significance and potential of work based citizenship for ameliorating the ills of industrial society are clearly articulated in mid-twentieth century Britain and echo earlier neglected Durkheimian sociological ideas on work. These ideas have real potential to inform contemporary academic and policy debates about the nature of capitalism and the form and content of work now and in the future.

Agriculture is the largest freshwater consumer, accounting for 70% of the world's water withdrawal. Water footprints (WFs) are being increasingly used to indicate the impacts of water use by production systems. A new methodology to assess WF of wine was developed in the framework of the V.I.V.A. project (Valutazione Impatto Viticoltura sull'Ambiente), launched by the Italian Ministry for the Environment in 2011 to improve the Italian wine sector's sustainability. The new methodology has been developed that enables different vines from the same winery to be compared. This was achieved by calculating the gray water footprint, following Tier III approach proposed by Hoekstra et al. (2011). The impact of water use during the life cycle of grape-wine production was assessed for six different wines from the same winery in Sicily, Italy using both the newly developed methodology (V.I.V.A.) and the classical methodology proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN). In all cases green water was the largest contributor to WF, but the new methodology also detected differences between vines of the same winery. Furthermore, V.I.V.A. methodology assesses water body contamination by pesticides application whereas the WFN methodology considers just fertilization. This fact ended highlights the highest WF of vineyard 4 calculated by V.I.V.A. if compared with the WF calculated with WFN methodology. Comparing the WF of wine produced with grapes from the six different wines, the factors most greatly influencing the results obtained in this study were: distance from the water body, fertilization rate, amount and eco-toxicological behavior of the active ingredients used.

Die unterirdischen Mühlsteinbrüche von Niedermendig/Deutschland. Historische Kartographie
und Detailinventarisierung
Die Niedermendiger Basaltlava wird seit dem frühen Mittelalter zur Mühlsteinherstellung genutzt. Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert
bis in das 20. Jahrhundert hinein erfolgte der Abbau unter Tage. Eine Auswertung historischen Kartenmaterials
belegt deutlich eine Wanderung des Abbaus von West nach Ost. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden die verlassenen
Steinbrüche von bis zu 28 Brauereien als Gär- und Lagerkeller genutzt.
Ein »alter Keller« im Altbergbaubereich und ein Brauereikeller des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden exemplarisch untersucht
und inventarisiert. Dazu wurden sämtliche Elemente wie Schächte, Abbauspuren, Inschriften, Fasslager, Sicherungen
etc. kartiert und dokumentiert. Eine Analyse der Abbaurichtungen anhand der Keilrillen ermöglichte die Rekonstruktion
der unterirdischen Abbaufelder und der Abbaudynamik sowie die Bestimmung der zugehörigen Förderschächte.

The Millstone Mines of Niedermendig/Germany. Historical Cartography and Detailed Inventory
The basaltic lava of Niedermendig has been used for millstone production since the early Middle Ages. From the 16th
century onwards extraction took place in mines until the 20th century. Evaluation of historical maps clearly shows a shift
of the extraction area from west to east. In the 19th century the abandoned quarries were used by up to 28 breweries
as fermenting and storage cellars.
An »old cellar« within the original mining district and a 19th century brewery cellar were examined as representative
samples and inventoried. All elements such as pits, extraction traces, inscriptions, barrel storage areas, safety devices
etc. were mapped and documented. Analysis of the orientations of extraction on the basis of wedge grooves allowed
a reconstruction of the underground extraction fields and of the dynamics of extraction as well as a determination of
the associated extraction shafts.

Die Idee der Verstärkung regionaler Wirtschaftskreisläufe hat in der Diskussion um die Entwicklung ländlicher Räume einen hohen Stellenwert erlangt. Doch welche Ziele sollen damit erreicht werden? Welche Theorien stehen hinter diesem Ansatz? Und ist eine Umsetzung in die Praxis möglich? Grundsatzfragen wie diese werden am konkreten Beispiel der Brauereien in der Fränkischen Schweiz und der Hersbrucker Alb untersucht.

The case  was originally drafted and developed by a group of scholars in their monumental book " Business Policy: Managing Strategic Processes ". In that book, Bower, Bartlett, Uyterhoeven, and Richard highlight many cases that are worth reading by the Strategist. In all cases, these cases cover over 20 pages of fine print. This paper highly summarizes these many pages into a little over two pages. Principally, the Asahi Breweries case highlights strategic maneuvers that a Breweries company engaged in to get the dominant share of the Japanese market. These lessons are valuable for every strategist, despite different contexts and circumstances that confront them.

In medieval times water was often undrinkable, hence beer was a daily drink. Remnants of medieval breweries are scarce. One of the few completely preserved examples is the 16th century brewery of the monastery of Windesheim (prov. of Overijssel).