Azilian
19 Followers
Recent papers in Azilian
Les civilisations émergent, disparaissent et d’autres leur succèdent : il en est de même pour les grandes cultures européennes de la fin du Paléolithique. Dans un contexte de bouleversement global des écosystèmes, l’apparition et le... more
Les civilisations émergent, disparaissent et d’autres leur succèdent : il en est de même pour les grandes cultures européennes de la fin du Paléolithique. Dans un contexte de bouleversement global des écosystèmes, l’apparition et le développement de l’Azilien marquent une rupture progressive mais importante, voire irréversible, avec l’ensemble
des traditions qui précèdent. Dans certaines régions, ce sont des pans entiers du bagage technique qui disparaissent pour ne plus réapparaître. C’est une véritable révolution qui balaye l’Europe magdalénienne et ses épigones septentrionaux. À travers l’analyse technologique des productions lithiques, cet ouvrage s’interroge sur la façon dont les phénomènes culturels s’ajustent à des contextes géographiques et
environnementaux contrastés. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’évolution des sociétés magdaléniennes et aziliennes et aux transformations des industries lithiques, ainsi qu’à la signification paléohistorique de ces changements. Les séquences tardiglaciaires
de l’abri de La Fru (Saint-Christophe-la-Grotte, Savoie) constituent un corpus de choix pour mener une réflexion de cet ordre.
Cette étude, qui intègre les aspects technologiques, typologiques et économiques des industries lithiques, confronte les résultats obtenus sur une douzaine d’ensembles archéologiques à ceux des ensembles actuellement les mieux documentés des régions limitrophes. Cela permet, notamment, de mettre en évidence une phase pionnière dans
la reconquête magdalénienne des Alpes du nord, qui a été suivie d’une seconde vague de peuplement aboutissant à une stabilisation de l’occupation. C’est l’un des rares modèles publiés de recolonisation de territoire pour le Paléolithique, hormis quelques études américaines et britanniques. Nous proposons aussi un scénario relatant l’apparition
de l’Azilien dans les Alpes. Cette azilianisation est ainsi perçue comme un phénomène d’adoption allochtone, et non comme l’adaptation locale des groupes magdaléniens régionaux aux changements environnementaux. En sus de renouveler considérablement nos connaissances sur les sociétés tardiglaciaires des Alpes du nord françaises, secteur encore méconnu malgré son indéniable potentiel
documentaire, cette étude permet de s’interroger sur les conditions d’apparition des innovations qui marquent les sociétés magdaléniennes, puis aziliennes, entre 14 000 et 11 000 ans avant le présent, et, plus généralement, de leur périodisation dans une perspective diachronique.
SOCIETIES IN MOVEMENT
Évolution of Magdalenian and Azilian societies in the northern french Alps
Civilizations emerge, disappear, and are succeeded by others: this is the case of the great European cultures at the end of the Paleolithic. The appearance and development of the Azilian took place in a context of a global upheaval of the ecosystems and marked a progressive and important, even an irreversible, rupture with all of the traditions which preceded it. A great deal of technical knowledge disappeared in some regions and never reappeared again. A veritable revolution swept across Magdalenian Europe and its northern epigones.
Based on a technological analysis of lithic production, this book questions the way in which cultural phenomena adapt to very different geographical and environmental contexts. This study is particularly focused on the evolution of Magdalenian and Azilian societies and the transformation of the lithic industries, as well as the paleohistorical significance of these changes. The Late Glacial sequences of the La Fru shelter (SaintChristophe-la-Grotte, Savoie) offer a choice corpus for reflection on these issues. This study, which integrates the technological, typological and economic aspects of the lithic industries, confronts the results obtained from a dozen archaeological sets
with those of the best documented sets currently known in the limitrophe regions. This makes it possible to show a pioneer phase in the Magdalenian reconquest of the northern Alps, which was followed by a second wave of settlement resulting in the stabilization of the occupation. With the exception of some American and British studies, this is one of the rare models published on the recolonization of territory in the Paleolithic. We also propose a scenario relating the apparition of the Azilian in the Alps. Azilianization is perceived here as a phenomenon of allochthonous adoption, not as the local adaptation of regional Magdalenian groups to environmental changes. In addition to shedding a considerable amount of new light on our knowledge of Late Glacial societies in the northern Alps, a still little known sector despite its undeniable documentary potential, this study allows one to wonder about the conditions of the appearance of the innovations which marked the Magdalenian, and later, the Azilian societies between 14 000 and 11 000 BP, and, more generally, their periodization from a diachronic perspective.
des traditions qui précèdent. Dans certaines régions, ce sont des pans entiers du bagage technique qui disparaissent pour ne plus réapparaître. C’est une véritable révolution qui balaye l’Europe magdalénienne et ses épigones septentrionaux. À travers l’analyse technologique des productions lithiques, cet ouvrage s’interroge sur la façon dont les phénomènes culturels s’ajustent à des contextes géographiques et
environnementaux contrastés. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’évolution des sociétés magdaléniennes et aziliennes et aux transformations des industries lithiques, ainsi qu’à la signification paléohistorique de ces changements. Les séquences tardiglaciaires
de l’abri de La Fru (Saint-Christophe-la-Grotte, Savoie) constituent un corpus de choix pour mener une réflexion de cet ordre.
Cette étude, qui intègre les aspects technologiques, typologiques et économiques des industries lithiques, confronte les résultats obtenus sur une douzaine d’ensembles archéologiques à ceux des ensembles actuellement les mieux documentés des régions limitrophes. Cela permet, notamment, de mettre en évidence une phase pionnière dans
la reconquête magdalénienne des Alpes du nord, qui a été suivie d’une seconde vague de peuplement aboutissant à une stabilisation de l’occupation. C’est l’un des rares modèles publiés de recolonisation de territoire pour le Paléolithique, hormis quelques études américaines et britanniques. Nous proposons aussi un scénario relatant l’apparition
de l’Azilien dans les Alpes. Cette azilianisation est ainsi perçue comme un phénomène d’adoption allochtone, et non comme l’adaptation locale des groupes magdaléniens régionaux aux changements environnementaux. En sus de renouveler considérablement nos connaissances sur les sociétés tardiglaciaires des Alpes du nord françaises, secteur encore méconnu malgré son indéniable potentiel
documentaire, cette étude permet de s’interroger sur les conditions d’apparition des innovations qui marquent les sociétés magdaléniennes, puis aziliennes, entre 14 000 et 11 000 ans avant le présent, et, plus généralement, de leur périodisation dans une perspective diachronique.
SOCIETIES IN MOVEMENT
Évolution of Magdalenian and Azilian societies in the northern french Alps
Civilizations emerge, disappear, and are succeeded by others: this is the case of the great European cultures at the end of the Paleolithic. The appearance and development of the Azilian took place in a context of a global upheaval of the ecosystems and marked a progressive and important, even an irreversible, rupture with all of the traditions which preceded it. A great deal of technical knowledge disappeared in some regions and never reappeared again. A veritable revolution swept across Magdalenian Europe and its northern epigones.
Based on a technological analysis of lithic production, this book questions the way in which cultural phenomena adapt to very different geographical and environmental contexts. This study is particularly focused on the evolution of Magdalenian and Azilian societies and the transformation of the lithic industries, as well as the paleohistorical significance of these changes. The Late Glacial sequences of the La Fru shelter (SaintChristophe-la-Grotte, Savoie) offer a choice corpus for reflection on these issues. This study, which integrates the technological, typological and economic aspects of the lithic industries, confronts the results obtained from a dozen archaeological sets
with those of the best documented sets currently known in the limitrophe regions. This makes it possible to show a pioneer phase in the Magdalenian reconquest of the northern Alps, which was followed by a second wave of settlement resulting in the stabilization of the occupation. With the exception of some American and British studies, this is one of the rare models published on the recolonization of territory in the Paleolithic. We also propose a scenario relating the apparition of the Azilian in the Alps. Azilianization is perceived here as a phenomenon of allochthonous adoption, not as the local adaptation of regional Magdalenian groups to environmental changes. In addition to shedding a considerable amount of new light on our knowledge of Late Glacial societies in the northern Alps, a still little known sector despite its undeniable documentary potential, this study allows one to wonder about the conditions of the appearance of the innovations which marked the Magdalenian, and later, the Azilian societies between 14 000 and 11 000 BP, and, more generally, their periodization from a diachronic perspective.
A stratigraphic review of the Santimamiñe Cave strata was performed between 2004 and 2006 as part of an overall study, conservation and dissemination programme of this archaeological site. The stratigraphic survey conducted affected the... more
A stratigraphic review of the Santimamiñe Cave strata was performed between 2004 and 2006 as part of an overall study, conservation and dissemination programme of this archaeological site. The stratigraphic survey conducted affected the innermost section of the antechamber and provided a 6 metre deep sequence with 27 stratigraphic units, divided into four sets based on geoclimatic and palaetnologic criteria. The lower set accommodates two levels with palaeontological content (Arb-o and Arg-o), developed during MIS 3-MIS 2, and dating from c. 27000 to 20000 BP. Above sits the flood level, a powerful layer of sterile silt and clay, deposited in all likelihood, during GI-2. The upper-meso level is characterised by the significant presence of cryoclastic processes, referring to Csn-Camr, Slnc and Arcp levels, formed during the Late Glacial Period (GS-2, GI-1d and GS-1). These three phases of climate worsening saw the first human occupation of the cave of Santimamiñe: late lower Magdalenian, late upper Magdalenian and Azilian, between c. 14700 and 10000 BP. Finally, the top level was deposited during the first half of the Holocene, with Mesolithic (very mild), Neolithic and Chalcolithic-Bronze occupation, between c. 7600 and 3700 BP. The present study rules out, at least in the area assessed, the existence of human occupation from the early and middle Upper Palaeolithic.
During the second half of the Upper Paleolithic, Europe seems to have been divided in two vast techno-cultural entities with their particular chronological sequence: the Western Europe “classical sequence” and the Epigravettian sequence... more
During the second half of the Upper Paleolithic, Europe seems to have been divided in two vast
techno-cultural entities with their particular chronological sequence: the Western Europe “classical
sequence” and the Epigravettian sequence in the South. Essentially because of an imbalance of data
and differences in methodologies between these two regions, their Upper Paleolithic sequences have
rarely been compared. Thanks to the development of lithic technology in Europe and a recent active
research about the Late-Glacial, it is today possible to attempt such a challenging exercise of
comparing these two long sequences. In this paper, we solely focus on the Late Glacial. If the rare
existing attempts of comparison focused on typology of lithic assemblages, our paper aims for a more
global approach of lithic industries, based on recent technological studies. This approach allows
highlighting key elements in term of human behaviors. Our data suggest a similar process of change
between Western Europe and the Epigravettian during GI-1 (BøllingeAllerød). All the criteria of the
so called “azilianization process” are actually present in the Epigravettian evolution sequence. This
similar trend within both evolution sequences stopped abruptly, during the GS-1 (Younger Dryas).
During this period and the very beginning of the Holocene (Preboreal), a massive return of blades and
bladelets with high qualitative standards occurred in Western Europe while the simplification process
is still in course in the Epigravettian region. In this paper, we attempt to compare the various
responses of vegetation to the major climatic instability of the Late Glacial across Europe using a
critical survey of the available environmental data. Considering the boundary that could have represented
the Alps between Epigravettian and the Western Europe sequence, two high-resolution
environmental sequences from north and south of the Alps are especially examined. Are the differences
in terms of environmental changes between these two areas significant? Did they play a role in
human behaviors and motivate technological changes? The comparison of palaeoenvironmental data
with archaeological results tends to comfort some hypothesis of environmental determinism proposed
by scholars, but also provide new elements moderating regional models that cannot really be
applied at a continental scale. Climatic correlations with socioeconomic changes highlighted in this
paper are no more than one possible way of investigation that will need to be tested and discussed in
further research.
techno-cultural entities with their particular chronological sequence: the Western Europe “classical
sequence” and the Epigravettian sequence in the South. Essentially because of an imbalance of data
and differences in methodologies between these two regions, their Upper Paleolithic sequences have
rarely been compared. Thanks to the development of lithic technology in Europe and a recent active
research about the Late-Glacial, it is today possible to attempt such a challenging exercise of
comparing these two long sequences. In this paper, we solely focus on the Late Glacial. If the rare
existing attempts of comparison focused on typology of lithic assemblages, our paper aims for a more
global approach of lithic industries, based on recent technological studies. This approach allows
highlighting key elements in term of human behaviors. Our data suggest a similar process of change
between Western Europe and the Epigravettian during GI-1 (BøllingeAllerød). All the criteria of the
so called “azilianization process” are actually present in the Epigravettian evolution sequence. This
similar trend within both evolution sequences stopped abruptly, during the GS-1 (Younger Dryas).
During this period and the very beginning of the Holocene (Preboreal), a massive return of blades and
bladelets with high qualitative standards occurred in Western Europe while the simplification process
is still in course in the Epigravettian region. In this paper, we attempt to compare the various
responses of vegetation to the major climatic instability of the Late Glacial across Europe using a
critical survey of the available environmental data. Considering the boundary that could have represented
the Alps between Epigravettian and the Western Europe sequence, two high-resolution
environmental sequences from north and south of the Alps are especially examined. Are the differences
in terms of environmental changes between these two areas significant? Did they play a role in
human behaviors and motivate technological changes? The comparison of palaeoenvironmental data
with archaeological results tends to comfort some hypothesis of environmental determinism proposed
by scholars, but also provide new elements moderating regional models that cannot really be
applied at a continental scale. Climatic correlations with socioeconomic changes highlighted in this
paper are no more than one possible way of investigation that will need to be tested and discussed in
further research.
This paper, the last of four papers on Atlantis – Discovery, Sinking, Marduk and Destruction – examines the extent of the tsunami of 9,577 BC. It compares calculated flood levels with actual flood levels in Europe, Morocco, and the... more
This paper, the last of four papers on Atlantis – Discovery, Sinking, Marduk and Destruction – examines the extent of the tsunami of 9,577 BC. It compares calculated flood levels with actual flood levels in Europe, Morocco, and the Americas. It explains significant extinctions in Britain and France. The analysis encountered two previous tsunamis, one in 10,392 BC from the Arctic Ocean, the second off the coast of South Carolina above the Blake Escarpment around 14,000 BC. It found the trigger for the Atlantis tsunami was a rogue planet called Marduk-Nibiru-Storm. In addition to sinking Atlantis, satellites of Marduk ablated all the ice off the north half of Antarctica.
https://web.rgzm.de/publikationen/details-neuerscheinungen/article/neuerscheinung-resilience-and-reorganisation-of-social-systems-during-the-weichselian-lateglacial-i/ At the end of the Pleistocene, hunters and gatherers had to adapt... more
https://web.rgzm.de/publikationen/details-neuerscheinungen/article/neuerscheinung-resilience-and-reorganisation-of-social-systems-during-the-weichselian-lateglacial-i/
At the end of the Pleistocene, hunters and gatherers had to adapt themselves and their social systems in North-West Europe to abrupt climate and significant environmental changes. This adaptation process is reconstructed in detail based on 25 archaeological sites and in connection with high-resolution climate and environmental archives.
Based on this rigorous correlation, a chronological relation between climatic, environmental, and cultural change is established that for the first time allows founded statements about cause and effect. This study reveals that the Pleistocene social systems could cope with the significant climate changes but that they were stretched beyond their limits by quickly changing environmental conditions.
For an Open Access PDF you can also go there: https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/catalog/book/735?lang=de
At the end of the Pleistocene, hunters and gatherers had to adapt themselves and their social systems in North-West Europe to abrupt climate and significant environmental changes. This adaptation process is reconstructed in detail based on 25 archaeological sites and in connection with high-resolution climate and environmental archives.
Based on this rigorous correlation, a chronological relation between climatic, environmental, and cultural change is established that for the first time allows founded statements about cause and effect. This study reveals that the Pleistocene social systems could cope with the significant climate changes but that they were stretched beyond their limits by quickly changing environmental conditions.
For an Open Access PDF you can also go there: https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/catalog/book/735?lang=de
The site of Chaloignes (Mozé-sur-Louet, Maine-et-Loire) was excavated in 1999 over surface of 9200 m2. This work led to the first description of a complex habitat of the Final Palaeolithic on the Armorican Massif and clarified our image... more
The site of Chaloignes (Mozé-sur-Louet, Maine-et-Loire) was excavated in 1999 over surface of 9200 m2. This work led to the first description of a complex habitat of the Final Palaeolithic on the Armorican Massif and clarified our image of Azilian technical choices. The immediate environment was strongly influenced by the Loire River, with 10 km of banks accessible within a range of 5 km. Three small thalwegs converge in this “basin”, which is closed by a narrow outlet associated with a quartz vein. This natural deposition favoured the preservation of Tardiglacial levels, sometimes under a Middle La Tène habitat (northern part of the site), and sometimes directly under the topsoil (southern part of the site). The habitats are sealed by colluviums in all the valleys. Geomorphological and micromorphological analyses show evidence for a first phase of erosion during a periglacial climatic period, followed by a complex phase of silt deposits with Azilian remains lying on top of them. The deposition of this level at this moment attests to improvement in climatic conditions that we correlate with the Alleröd interstadial. These deposits later show elements indicating a new period of cold conditions (Late Dryas) and sedimentary truncations.
The lithic artefacts that can be attributed to the Azilian were found within ten homogeneous loci, two homogeneous zones and two others with a strong Azilian component along with posterior intrusions. There is an additional locus dated to the Final Neolithic. The spatial units cover 25 m2 to 70 m2. There is construction, hearth, rubified zone or wall effect is perceptible. The preservation of organic materials is compromised by the acidity of the sediments of the Armorican Massif. The flint knappers at Chaloignes most often acquired their raw materials from the closest sources. These materials consist essentially of cobbles from the Loire terraces, the closest of which were located less than 2 km away. In variable proportions in the loci, we also identified ten materials with a non-rolled cortex that originate from the sedimentary basins. Ochre was gathered from the Armorican sandstone formations, located around 10 km north of the site, perhaps under the current city of Angers or more to the north on the edge of the Armorican Massif. The objectives of the lithic production sequence were double: to produce small, rectilinear blade blanks to be transformed into projectile weapon elements and short flakes with a consistent thickness to be transformed into scrapers. The debitage is mostly bipolar and realized with hard stone hammer and little striking platform preparation. The principal tools in this Azilian assemblage from Chaloignes are asymmetric monopoints with an arched back (Azilian Points), a few backed bladelets, burins on a truncation or break, thumbnail scrapers and end scrapers on blades. This industry presents a sufficient number of elements to attribute it to either to a late phase of the Azilian, or to the monopoint phase at the end of the Alleröd interstadial (around 10,800 BP, or 11,000 BC).
All of the tool types are represented at all of the loci; a detailed analysis of the proportions of types nonetheless indicates a possible spatial segmentation of activities. A functional analysis showed that in addition to the hunting activities directly demonstrated by the presence of weapon elements, the technical processes identified were mostly associated with skin and bone working. Many of the lithic objects were abandoned in place without having been used. Locus 11 is the only one that yielded three cobbles engraved with fine, parallel lines. These objects were found in a clear stratigraphic position and can thus be associated with certitude to the Azilian occupation. The functioning of the loci was probably discontinuous in time. The “basin” of Chaloignes, which was sheltered from the wind and contained a spring, must have offered certain advantages to groups exploiting this side of the Loire Valley: the forest cover was perhaps more developed here than on the step with Poaceae described by palynological analyses in the Mayenne department. The economic territory was influenced by the Loire, which composed a vast intersection between several rivers.
The lithic artefacts that can be attributed to the Azilian were found within ten homogeneous loci, two homogeneous zones and two others with a strong Azilian component along with posterior intrusions. There is an additional locus dated to the Final Neolithic. The spatial units cover 25 m2 to 70 m2. There is construction, hearth, rubified zone or wall effect is perceptible. The preservation of organic materials is compromised by the acidity of the sediments of the Armorican Massif. The flint knappers at Chaloignes most often acquired their raw materials from the closest sources. These materials consist essentially of cobbles from the Loire terraces, the closest of which were located less than 2 km away. In variable proportions in the loci, we also identified ten materials with a non-rolled cortex that originate from the sedimentary basins. Ochre was gathered from the Armorican sandstone formations, located around 10 km north of the site, perhaps under the current city of Angers or more to the north on the edge of the Armorican Massif. The objectives of the lithic production sequence were double: to produce small, rectilinear blade blanks to be transformed into projectile weapon elements and short flakes with a consistent thickness to be transformed into scrapers. The debitage is mostly bipolar and realized with hard stone hammer and little striking platform preparation. The principal tools in this Azilian assemblage from Chaloignes are asymmetric monopoints with an arched back (Azilian Points), a few backed bladelets, burins on a truncation or break, thumbnail scrapers and end scrapers on blades. This industry presents a sufficient number of elements to attribute it to either to a late phase of the Azilian, or to the monopoint phase at the end of the Alleröd interstadial (around 10,800 BP, or 11,000 BC).
All of the tool types are represented at all of the loci; a detailed analysis of the proportions of types nonetheless indicates a possible spatial segmentation of activities. A functional analysis showed that in addition to the hunting activities directly demonstrated by the presence of weapon elements, the technical processes identified were mostly associated with skin and bone working. Many of the lithic objects were abandoned in place without having been used. Locus 11 is the only one that yielded three cobbles engraved with fine, parallel lines. These objects were found in a clear stratigraphic position and can thus be associated with certitude to the Azilian occupation. The functioning of the loci was probably discontinuous in time. The “basin” of Chaloignes, which was sheltered from the wind and contained a spring, must have offered certain advantages to groups exploiting this side of the Loire Valley: the forest cover was perhaps more developed here than on the step with Poaceae described by palynological analyses in the Mayenne department. The economic territory was influenced by the Loire, which composed a vast intersection between several rivers.
This article synthesises recent zooarchaeological studies and techno-typological analyses of Azilian assemblages from southwestern France. This data, occasionally complemented by information from bone tools and mobiliary art, allows the... more
This article synthesises recent zooarchaeological studies and techno-typological analyses of Azilian assemblages from southwestern
France. This data, occasionally complemented by information from bone tools and mobiliary art, allows the variability of the
various Azilian industries to be discussed and sheds new light on the diachronic evolution of Lateglacial societies in the region. Situated
chronologically between the Early Azilian and the Laborian, faunal assemblages from the Late Azilian and its regional manifestations on
both sides of the Garonne Plain are investigated in order to better understand questions concerning the exploitation of the environment.
-
lying Magdalenian in regards both the lithic industry (bipoints and backed points interpreted as hunting weapons, and small, regular
blades with scalariform retouch) and the faunal spectrum (reindeer replaced by horse). Overlying this Early Azilian occupation, the
less dense Late Azilian occupation is represented by less well-prepared, backed points on blades associated with a faunal assemblage
dominated by rabbit and red deer.
The long stratigraphic sequence of Pont d’Ambon includes several layers attributed to the Magdalenian, Early Azilian, Late Azilian
and Laborian. Differences in knapping techniques suggests that the Late Azilian can be divided into two assemblages representing
!
"
"
#
$
"%
!
"
$
"
debitage modes differ between the two assemblage types. The Laborian is characterised by several particular artefacts – backed points
with truncated bases on small, very regular blades and tools on fairly regular blades – demonstrating a higher technical investment than
is evident with the Late Azilian assemblage.
More general aspects of the Early, Late Azilian and Laborian lithic industries are also discussed by taking into account others sites of
the northern Aquitaine region such as Rochereil, Roc d’Abeilles, Pégourié, Pagès, Le Morin and Le Cuzoul de Gramat. Compared to
the Early Azilian, Late Azilian assemblages show simpler production modes, although some technical traditions persist (blade production
and châine opératoires). In terms of faunal exploitation, the combination of ungulates such as red deer and smaller game such as
&
+
#
;
#
&
!
<==
>
$
"
$
">
-
$
">
$
" !
"
"
?
K
! #
$
"#
!
&
<==
>
! !
!
!
>
Margineda (Early Azilian, an Azilian with harpoons, Final Azilian). A major difference with Troubat lies in the preferential use of local
#
$
[
[
%$
#
phases of Rhodes II (level ‘Foyer 5’: Early Azilian, level ‘Foyer 6’ intermediate, ‘Foyer 7’: Late Azilian with harpoons), but remains
consistent at Balma Margineda (level 10 and 9: Early Azilian, level 8: Typical Azilian, level 7: Final Azilian). Although the Azilian is
easily distinguishable from other regional industries, its internal variability remains to be documented and its early and late phases are
Laborian sites in the central Pyrenees are less typical than those from the northern Aquitaine with the best-preserved assemblages being
those from Gouërris, Manirac and Buholoup. Laborian material is present on other regional sites such as Troubat, Mas d’Azil or La
Tourasse; however, no clear occupation layers have been documented. As in the northern Aquitaine, red deer remains the major prey
]
" #%
-
larly at Troubat, were rarely captured and consumed. The presence of other game in the faunal spectrum such as the ibex, indicative of
more mountainous terrains, demonstrates the exploitation of a variety of different biotopes.
France. This data, occasionally complemented by information from bone tools and mobiliary art, allows the variability of the
various Azilian industries to be discussed and sheds new light on the diachronic evolution of Lateglacial societies in the region. Situated
chronologically between the Early Azilian and the Laborian, faunal assemblages from the Late Azilian and its regional manifestations on
both sides of the Garonne Plain are investigated in order to better understand questions concerning the exploitation of the environment.
-
lying Magdalenian in regards both the lithic industry (bipoints and backed points interpreted as hunting weapons, and small, regular
blades with scalariform retouch) and the faunal spectrum (reindeer replaced by horse). Overlying this Early Azilian occupation, the
less dense Late Azilian occupation is represented by less well-prepared, backed points on blades associated with a faunal assemblage
dominated by rabbit and red deer.
The long stratigraphic sequence of Pont d’Ambon includes several layers attributed to the Magdalenian, Early Azilian, Late Azilian
and Laborian. Differences in knapping techniques suggests that the Late Azilian can be divided into two assemblages representing
!
"
"
#
$
"%
!
"
$
"
debitage modes differ between the two assemblage types. The Laborian is characterised by several particular artefacts – backed points
with truncated bases on small, very regular blades and tools on fairly regular blades – demonstrating a higher technical investment than
is evident with the Late Azilian assemblage.
More general aspects of the Early, Late Azilian and Laborian lithic industries are also discussed by taking into account others sites of
the northern Aquitaine region such as Rochereil, Roc d’Abeilles, Pégourié, Pagès, Le Morin and Le Cuzoul de Gramat. Compared to
the Early Azilian, Late Azilian assemblages show simpler production modes, although some technical traditions persist (blade production
and châine opératoires). In terms of faunal exploitation, the combination of ungulates such as red deer and smaller game such as
&
+
#
;
#
&
!
<==
>
$
"
$
">
-
$
">
$
" !
"
"
?
K
! #
$
"#
!
&
<==
>
! !
!
!
>
Margineda (Early Azilian, an Azilian with harpoons, Final Azilian). A major difference with Troubat lies in the preferential use of local
#
$
[
[
%$
#
phases of Rhodes II (level ‘Foyer 5’: Early Azilian, level ‘Foyer 6’ intermediate, ‘Foyer 7’: Late Azilian with harpoons), but remains
consistent at Balma Margineda (level 10 and 9: Early Azilian, level 8: Typical Azilian, level 7: Final Azilian). Although the Azilian is
easily distinguishable from other regional industries, its internal variability remains to be documented and its early and late phases are
Laborian sites in the central Pyrenees are less typical than those from the northern Aquitaine with the best-preserved assemblages being
those from Gouërris, Manirac and Buholoup. Laborian material is present on other regional sites such as Troubat, Mas d’Azil or La
Tourasse; however, no clear occupation layers have been documented. As in the northern Aquitaine, red deer remains the major prey
]
" #%
-
larly at Troubat, were rarely captured and consumed. The presence of other game in the faunal spectrum such as the ibex, indicative of
more mountainous terrains, demonstrates the exploitation of a variety of different biotopes.
- by Magdatis project and +6
- •
- Zooarchaeology, Lithic Technology, Pyrenees, Azilian
Les années 1980 correspondent aux dernières études de synthèse sur l'Épipaléolithique dans les Landes et les Pyrénées occidentales. Depuis, de nouveaux sites ont été découverts tandis que nos conceptions sur la transition entre... more
Les années 1980 correspondent aux dernières études de synthèse sur l'Épipaléolithique dans les Landes et les Pyrénées occidentales. Depuis, de nouveaux sites ont été découverts tandis que nos conceptions sur la transition entre Paléolithique et Mésolithique ont beaucoup évolué. A la lumière d’un réexamen des données et des séries lithiques, un nouvel aperçu des sites épipaléolithiques des Pyrénées occidentales est présenté ici et les attributions chronoculturelles de chaque ensemble sont discutées sur la base de données pluridisciplinaires. Parce que la chaîne pyrénéenne n'a pas constitué une frontière étanche, nous abordons aussi les sites des provinces espagnoles de Navarre et du Guipúzcoa. Nous tentons de définir des critères pertinents permettant de caractériser l’Azilien et les autres techno-complexes épipaléolithiques. Nous proposons pour finir une vision plus complexe et plus nuancée des industries épipaléolithiques étudiées.
The last summary reports about the Epipalaeolithic period in the Landes and the western Pyrénées were brought during the 1980s. Since then, new archaeological sites and analysis methods have changed our conceptions about the transition between Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ages. After reconsidering data and lithic series, a new outline on epipalaeolithic sites on the south of Aquitaine is proposed here and we discuss the chronological and cultural attributions of each group, based on multidisciplinary data. Because the Pyrénées have never been an impenetrable barreer, the sites of Navarre and Guipuzcoa from the Spanish area are also considered. This summary is also the opportunity to define relevant criteria allowing the characterization of Epipalaeolithic techno-complexes.
The series of the cliff of the Pastou (Duruthy, Dufaure and Grand Pastou) are first studied through a multidisciplinary analysis considering bone industry, lithic technology and symbolic evidences. This study shows occupations during Azilian period and the very final Magdalenian one.
A new study of the lithic series from the Landes, collected on outdoor sites and considered from the Epipalaeolithic age, suggest a human occupation during the Azilian period and maybe the Laborian one. Techniques of knapping and tools composition (full of polymorphic backed points and short or unguiform scrapers, without any Magdalenian tool) bring the evidence of such an occupation, raising the question of the link between these settlements and the neighbouring area loaded with silica resources.
Lithic technology, bone industry and symbolic evidences in Bourrouilla in Arancou, Isturitz and Leherreko-ziloa today complete the data about the Arudy valley. They show the complexity of assemblages after the upper Magdalenian. Therefore, the absence of bone industry, the extreme rarity of symbolic evidences, the general implementation of blade productions with hammerstones and the presence of polymorph and “fusiforme” backed points conclude to a final Magdalenian occupation in Bourrouilla. The Azilian seems undeniable in a site like the Arudy valley (Espalungue) and maybe in Isturitz where it could be mixed with Laborian.
The Navarre and the Guipuzcoa are mentioned through the bibliography. These works bring essentially a typological approach of lithic and bone industry technologies, often completed with stratigraphic data. Despite the obvious existence of local features (scraper numerous than burin), the application of the analytical grid built on the northern mountainside shows that it is undeniable that Azilian settlements existed (Abauntz d, Berroberria 6B, Anton Koba VIII and Atabo), that Laborian presence needs to be confirmed (Berroberria D sup.). A similar industry as the one found in the layer A in Arancou does seem to exist in Berroberia D inf., Zatoya II and IIb excavated in 1997. The discussions are more difficult with the other sites, or because data are incomplete or because a certain amount of signs reminds of crossings between Epipalaeolithic and Mesolithic occupations.
The results confirm that it is a stage in human history whose perception is confused by several elements: from data often incomplete (Old excavations, studies partly done, not well-preserved levels, …), to different ways of thinking, with a lack of stratigraphic sequences on the whole period, and technology, economics and/or local variation in human behaviours. It is nonetheless not impossible to propose a more complex and subtle vision of Epipalaeolithic technologies studied.
The last summary reports about the Epipalaeolithic period in the Landes and the western Pyrénées were brought during the 1980s. Since then, new archaeological sites and analysis methods have changed our conceptions about the transition between Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ages. After reconsidering data and lithic series, a new outline on epipalaeolithic sites on the south of Aquitaine is proposed here and we discuss the chronological and cultural attributions of each group, based on multidisciplinary data. Because the Pyrénées have never been an impenetrable barreer, the sites of Navarre and Guipuzcoa from the Spanish area are also considered. This summary is also the opportunity to define relevant criteria allowing the characterization of Epipalaeolithic techno-complexes.
The series of the cliff of the Pastou (Duruthy, Dufaure and Grand Pastou) are first studied through a multidisciplinary analysis considering bone industry, lithic technology and symbolic evidences. This study shows occupations during Azilian period and the very final Magdalenian one.
A new study of the lithic series from the Landes, collected on outdoor sites and considered from the Epipalaeolithic age, suggest a human occupation during the Azilian period and maybe the Laborian one. Techniques of knapping and tools composition (full of polymorphic backed points and short or unguiform scrapers, without any Magdalenian tool) bring the evidence of such an occupation, raising the question of the link between these settlements and the neighbouring area loaded with silica resources.
Lithic technology, bone industry and symbolic evidences in Bourrouilla in Arancou, Isturitz and Leherreko-ziloa today complete the data about the Arudy valley. They show the complexity of assemblages after the upper Magdalenian. Therefore, the absence of bone industry, the extreme rarity of symbolic evidences, the general implementation of blade productions with hammerstones and the presence of polymorph and “fusiforme” backed points conclude to a final Magdalenian occupation in Bourrouilla. The Azilian seems undeniable in a site like the Arudy valley (Espalungue) and maybe in Isturitz where it could be mixed with Laborian.
The Navarre and the Guipuzcoa are mentioned through the bibliography. These works bring essentially a typological approach of lithic and bone industry technologies, often completed with stratigraphic data. Despite the obvious existence of local features (scraper numerous than burin), the application of the analytical grid built on the northern mountainside shows that it is undeniable that Azilian settlements existed (Abauntz d, Berroberria 6B, Anton Koba VIII and Atabo), that Laborian presence needs to be confirmed (Berroberria D sup.). A similar industry as the one found in the layer A in Arancou does seem to exist in Berroberia D inf., Zatoya II and IIb excavated in 1997. The discussions are more difficult with the other sites, or because data are incomplete or because a certain amount of signs reminds of crossings between Epipalaeolithic and Mesolithic occupations.
The results confirm that it is a stage in human history whose perception is confused by several elements: from data often incomplete (Old excavations, studies partly done, not well-preserved levels, …), to different ways of thinking, with a lack of stratigraphic sequences on the whole period, and technology, economics and/or local variation in human behaviours. It is nonetheless not impossible to propose a more complex and subtle vision of Epipalaeolithic technologies studied.
Related individuals grouped under the name of Villabruna cluster (14 – 7 Kya) were found throughout Europe during the Bølling-Allerød warming period and are considered to be one of the main elements constituting the European... more
Related individuals grouped under the name of Villabruna cluster (14 – 7 Kya) were found throughout Europe during the Bølling-Allerød warming period and are considered to be one of the main elements constituting the European population before the migration of the Near Eastern population (c. 8 Kya). Genetics, linguistics and archaeology tend to demonstrate that the group was composed of Gravettians who participated to Solutrean and Epigravettian who later installed in Lesser Caucasus diffusing locally their mixed cultural background. However, a conflict with the local population has triggered a return in Europe and a migration in India diffusing the same epic. Nevertheless, if the conflict favoured the group originated from Lesser Caucasus (Karabakh) who later migrated along the Fertile Crescent, the local European input remained a major component for the Fertile Crescent. In Caucasus, Europe and India, the oral transmission of the conflict became a crucial factor of kingship legitimacy.
Après le LGM, le recul des glaciers pyrénéens a libéré de nouveaux espaces désormais disponibles pour les populations végétales et animales. A travers les données de l'archéozoologie, cet article aborde la fréquentation du versant nord... more
Après le LGM, le recul des glaciers pyrénéens a libéré de nouveaux espaces désormais disponibles pour les populations végétales et animales. A travers les données de l'archéozoologie, cet article aborde la fréquentation du versant nord des Pyrénées par les hommes de la fin du Paléolithique. Jusqu'à 15 000 cal BP environ, presque toutes les occupations sont situées dans la zone de piémont, en dessous de 500m d'altitude. Des occupations situées entre 500m et 1000m deviennent ensuite plus fréquentes. Faiblement exploités avant 15 000 cal BP, les gibiers de montagne et en particulier le Bouquetin prennent de l'importance à partir du Magdalénien supérieur, ce qui explique sans doute en partie la fréquentation d'altitudes plus élevées. La chasse à la Marmotte bien documentée dans les Alpes, n'a pas d'équivalent dans les Pyrénées. La rareté de ce rongeur dans les Pyrénées pourrait avoir contribué à la faible fréquentation des altitudes élevées. LABURPENA Azken glaziazioaren amaieran, Pirinioetako glaziarrek atzerakada izatean, orduan landare-eta animalia-populazioek hartzen zituzten es-pazioak okupaziorik gabe gelditu ziren. Artikulu honetan, Pirinioen iparraldeko aldean Paleolitoaren amaierako gizakiak bertan zenbateraino ibiltzen ziren aztertu dugu datu faunistikoen bidez. 15.000 cal BP ingurura arte, aztarnategi gehienak Pirinioen inguruetan daude, 500 m-tik beherako altitudean. Ondoren, ohikoagoak dira 500-1000m-an kokatutako aztarnategiak. 15.000 cal BP baino lehen gutxi aprobetxatzen ziren mendiko harrapakinak, bereziki basahuntza, baina garrantzi handiagoa hartu zuten Goi Magdaleniar garaitik aurrera eta horrek azaltzen du, ziurrenik, altitude garaiagoetako presentzia. Marmotaren ehiza ondo dokumentatuta dago Alpeetan, baina ez du baliokiderik Pirinioetan. Baliteke karraskari hori Pirinioetan bakana izateak zerikusia izatea goi-altitudeetako presentzia txikiarekin. ABSTRACT After the Late Glacial Maximum, the retreat of Pyrenean glacier release new areas for vegetal, animal and human populations. The search of mountain animal resources could have played an important role in the human recapture of high areas at the end of the Paleolithic. About twenty sites with zooarchaeological data, occupied between c. 21 000 and 12 000 cal BP and located at an altitude over 200m were analyzed. Before c. 15 000 cal BP (GS-2b and GS-2a), almost all of the occupations are located in the piedmont, under 500m. During the GI-1 they seem to be deserted for new places higher in the mountain but always under 1000m. However, a difference seems to appear between the West of the chain, where the glaciers very early disappeared, and the East, where they stayed in low altitude until the GI-1. In the Arudy basin (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) for example, the same sites, located around 500m, were occupied during all the period. No datum of seasonality is available for the oldest phases. During the Middle Magdalenian, while we could expect a frequenting of the Pyrenean sites during the good season, it is on the contrary the bad season which is the best represented. It may suggest that few parameters could have limited the installation of human population at high altitude in summer. From the GI-1, seasonality data are more various and suggest that the Pyrenees could have been frequented all year round. During the Badegoulian and the Old Magdalenian, Reindeer is the more frequent game in all the sites. It stays the first prey during the Middle Magdalenian, especially in the East. Horse is also dominant in some sites of the Middle and West Pyrenees. Mountain games are not very exploited. During the Upper Magdalenian, Reindeer is still present in many sites but it's never the first game. Horse or Red deer are sometimes Exploitation du milieu montagnard sur le versant nord des Pyrénées entre 20 000 et 12 000 cal BP: que nous apprend la faune? Mountain resources exploitation in the northern Pyrenees during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late Glacial: a focus on faunal remains
El estudio del Aziliense en el Cantábrico, especialmente en Asturias, fue una de las líneas de investigación principales del profesor Juan Antonio Fernández-Tresguerres. Tomando como excusa su colaboración en el diseño de la exposición... more
El estudio del Aziliense en el Cantábrico, especialmente en Asturias, fue una de las líneas de investigación principales del profesor Juan Antonio Fernández-Tresguerres. Tomando como excusa su colaboración en el diseño de la exposición permanente del Museo Arqueológico de Asturias, este estudio presenta una síntesis del trabajo de Juan sobre el momento final del Paleolítico superior. Se aprovecha también para revisar la plasmación material del discurso científico sobre el Aziliense en Asturias en el Museo desde el punto de vista museológico y museográfico.
The study of the Cantabrian Azilian, particularly in Asturias, was one of the main research lines of Prof. Juan Antonio Fernández-Tresguerres. Taking his contribution to the design of the permanent exhibition of the Museo Arqueológico de Asturias as a starting point, this essay offers a synthesis of Juan's work on the final stage of the Upper Paleolithic. It also revises how the scientific speech about the Azilian in Asturias has been expressed in the museum from a museologic and museographic point of view.
The study of the Cantabrian Azilian, particularly in Asturias, was one of the main research lines of Prof. Juan Antonio Fernández-Tresguerres. Taking his contribution to the design of the permanent exhibition of the Museo Arqueológico de Asturias as a starting point, this essay offers a synthesis of Juan's work on the final stage of the Upper Paleolithic. It also revises how the scientific speech about the Azilian in Asturias has been expressed in the museum from a museologic and museographic point of view.
Une enquête collective concernant les industries lithiques contemporaines du Tardiglaciaire permet de révéler soixante-huit sites (neuf sites majeurs, onze sites confirmés et quarante-huit indices) sur le Massif armoricain, inédits pour... more
Une enquête collective concernant les industries lithiques contemporaines du Tardiglaciaire permet de révéler soixante-huit sites (neuf sites majeurs, onze sites confirmés et quarante-huit indices) sur le Massif armoricain, inédits pour leur grande majorité. L’étude insiste sur deux d’entre eux, les Chaloignes (Mozé-sur-Louet, Maine-et-Loire) et La Cadiais (Bourg-des-Comptes, Ille-et-Vilaine). Deux vastes entités techniques se distinguent clairement par leurs caractères techniques et par leur mode d’occupation du territoire : l’Azilien et le « techno-complexe des industries à pointes à dos rectiligne », dénomination provisoire pour rendre compte d’un ensemble d’assemblages lithiques encore mal placé dans la chrono-typologie. Une hypothèse chronologique est proposée pour les organiser, qui permet plus aisément de comprendre le passage de l’Azilien au Mésolithique ancien, en comblant un hiatus incompréhensible dans l’Ouest.
- by Grégor Marchand and +2
- •
- Late Palaeolithic, Final Paleolithic, Azilian
Les recherches consacrées au Magdalénien de la zone pyrénéo-cantabrique ont beaucoup progressé dans les vingt dernières années et se tournent désormais vers les secteurs de marges puisqu’ils recèlent des informations précieuses sur la... more
Les recherches consacrées au Magdalénien de la zone pyrénéo-cantabrique ont beaucoup progressé dans les vingt dernières années et se tournent désormais vers les secteurs de marges puisqu’ils recèlent des informations précieuses sur la nature des relations entretenues entre « régions culturelles » : s’agit-il d’une diffusion des idées ? d’échanges ? de déplacements des individus ? Dans quels sens se sont tissés ces liens ? … Or les Pyrénées occidentales se trouvent au carrefour de trois de ces « régions culturelles » magdaléniennes (les Pyrénées, les Cantabres mais aussi le Périgord-Charente). Les fouilles programmées qui se déroulent à Arancou depuis 1998, et la révision du matériel découvert au pied de la falaise du Pastou à l’occasion d’une exposition qui s’est tenue dans les Landes à l’automne 2006, ont été l’occasion de mieux percevoir les occupations de la fin du Paléolithique supérieur dans les Pyrénées occidentales. La finesse et la qualité de l’enregistrement à Bourrouilla éclaire en effet d’un jour nouveau les dernières implantations humaines à Duruthy, Dufaure, au Grand Pastou et Petit Pastou.
Bulletin Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest -n° 22/2014-2 134 l'Etat (Musée d'Archéologie Nationale) par le propriétaire du site. La collection vient de rejoindre le Musée national de préhistoire (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac), après un long dépôt à... more
Bulletin Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest -n° 22/2014-2 134 l'Etat (Musée d'Archéologie Nationale) par le propriétaire du site. La collection vient de rejoindre le Musée national de préhistoire (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac), après un long dépôt à l'abbaye de Brantôme. Le reste de la collection et de nombreuses archives (notes de fouilles et correspondances) sont conservés par la famille Jude.
En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta metodológica y la creación de un catálogo para el estudio completo de los cantos y placas decoradas, de cronologías de Final del Paleolítico y Aziliense. Los resultados marcan tendencias claras en... more
En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta metodológica y la creación de un catálogo para el estudio completo de los cantos y placas decoradas, de cronologías de Final del Paleolítico y Aziliense. Los resultados marcan tendencias claras en la elección del soporte y de la decoración de acuerdo con el periodo que invitan a profundizar en su estudio. A partir de este análisis basado principalmente en la literatura clásica se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un estudio detallado de estas piezas de arte mueble y por lo tanto también de los contextos de la mismas. Esto nos ayudará a aclarar aspectos de la transición del Paleolítico al Neolítico
Les informations recueillies dans la cuvette sédimentaire des Chaloignes (Mozé-sur-Louet, Maine-et-Loire) lors d’une fouille préventive menée en 1999 permettent de recréer un espace d’habitat azilien, en cherchant des indicateurs... more
Les informations recueillies dans la cuvette sédimentaire des Chaloignes (Mozé-sur-Louet, Maine-et-Loire) lors d’une fouille préventive menée en 1999 permettent de recréer un espace d’habitat azilien, en cherchant des indicateurs pertinents pour l’analyse spatiale (matières premières, fragmentation des chaînes opératoires dans l’espace, remontages et raccords entre pièces lithiques). La topographie a favorisé la conservation des niveaux tardiglaciaires, parfois sous un niveau d’habitat qui a fonctionné aux 3ème et 2ème siècle avant J.-C. (partie septentrionale du site), parfois sous la seule terre végétale (partie méridionale du site). Une fréquentation sporadique du site durant le Mésolithique et le Néolithique est enregistrée dans différentes unités sédimentaires, venant parfois s’amalgamer aux vestiges aziliens. Les matériaux employés pour la fabrication de l’outillage azilien sont très majoritairement d’origine locale, mais des roches exogènes nous montrent des déplacements atteignant 75 km. Leur rareté plaide pour une arrivée au gré des mouvements humains. Des locus homogènes (2, 4 et 13) sont décrits et illustrés afin d’aider à la définition des caractères typologiques et techniques de l’Azilien. L’étude de zones moins homogènes (locus 10 et zone 5) mais placées au coeur du site permet de compléter les informations. Plusieurs modèles de fonctionnement du site sont proposés, qui tous convergent pour montrer l’intégration du site dans un réseau.
Le Tardiglaciaire du Grand-Ouest de la France fait l'objet de nouvelles recherches depuis quelques années. La situation de cette région à la fin du Pléistocène était en effet totalement méconnue il y a encore vingt ans ce qui a valu au... more
Le Tardiglaciaire du Grand-Ouest de la France fait l'objet de nouvelles recherches depuis quelques années. La situation de cette région à la fin du Pléistocène était en effet totalement méconnue il y a encore vingt ans ce qui a valu au Grand-Ouest d'être systématiquement écarté des grandes synthèses françaises et européennes sur le sujet. La reprise de collections anciennes à l'attribution chrono-culturelle incertaine et la mise en place de nouvelles opérations ont néanmoins permis de restructurer le Paléolithique supérieur régional. Ces travaux ont dans un premier temps amené à proposer un nouveau modèle d'organisation des industries. Conséquence de cette révision, certains ensembles, longtemps considérés comme magdaléniens, ont été rajeunis de quelques millénaires et placés à l'extrême fin du Tardiglaciaire. Ce sont ces industries dénommées ici « post-aziliennes » qui font plus précisément l'objet de cet article. En nette rupture avec les temps qui l'encadrent, cette période voit l'objectif lamino-lamellaire reprendre une place prépondérante au sein de la production. Ces supports, réguliers et normés, ont été obtenus à partir de méthodes de débitage élaborées sur des matériaux de bonne qualité. Les lamelles ont été transformées en différentes gammes de pointes de projectile. Si les armatures axiales tiennent une place essentielle au sein des carquois, nos analyses ont également mis en évidence le développement de projectiles à tranchants transversaux. La représentation de ces différentes gammes d'armatures diffère d'une région à l'autre de l'Europe et suggère l'existence de différentes traditions. Dans le Grand-Ouest, comme dans le Sud-Ouest de la France et le Bassin parisien, les éléments laboriens / épilaboriens sont omniprésents. Cette région livre cependant aussi des pointes, encore méconnues dans la moitié ouest de la France et caractéristiques du Nord de l'Europe. Si la composition des carquois de ces groupes de chasseurs-collecteurs varie d'un secteur à l'autre de l'Europe, l'étude du sous-système lithique permet de mettre en évidence une large diffusion de concepts techniques forts en termes d'objectifs et de méthodes de production lithique. Ce phénomène nous amène à proposer l'hypothèse d'un grand techno-complexe paneuropéen composé de différentes traditions techniques pas toujours strictement contemporaines et aux limites plus ou moins perméables. Cette nouvelle vision des sociétés de la fin du Tardiglaciaire permet peu à peu de développer des réflexions quant à l'organisation socio-économique de ces groupes humains dans un contexte environnemental en pleine mutation.
The development of the Azilian in Western Europe 14,000 years ago is considered a " revolution " in Upper Paleolithic Archaeology. One of the main elements of this rapid social restructuring is the abandonment of naturalistic... more
The development of the Azilian in Western Europe 14,000 years ago is considered a " revolution " in Upper Paleolithic Archaeology. One of the main elements of this rapid social restructuring is the abandonment of naturalistic figurative art on portable pieces or on cave walls in the Magdalenian in favor of abstract expression on small pebbles. Recent work shows that the transformation of human societies between the Magdalenian and the Azilian was more gradual. The discovery of a new Early Azilian site with decorated stones in France supports this hypothesis. While major changes in stone tool technology between the Magda-lenian and Azilian clearly mark important adaptive changes, the discovery of 45 engraved schist tablets from archaeological layers at Le Rocher de l'Impératrice attests to icono-graphic continuity together with special valorization of aurochs as shown by a " shining " bull depiction. This evidence suggests that some cultural features such as i...
The stratigraphic review programme of the archaeological deposits of Santimamiñe (2004-2006) has brought to light a 6 metre deep sequence with 27 stratigraphic units hosting seven phases of human occupation between the second part of the... more
The stratigraphic review programme of the archaeological deposits of Santimamiñe (2004-2006) has brought to light a 6 metre deep sequence with 27 stratigraphic units hosting seven phases of human occupation between the second part of the Tardiglacial and middle Holocene periods. It presents a synthesis of the evolution of the landscape and exploitation strategies from the lower Magdalenian period to the Calcolithic-Bronze Age.
A stratigraphic review of the Santimamiñe Cave strata was performed between 2004 and 2006 as part of an overall study, conservation and dissemination programme of this archaeological site. The stratigraphic survey conducted affected the... more
A stratigraphic review of the Santimamiñe Cave strata was performed between 2004 and 2006 as part of an overall study, conservation and dissemination programme of this archaeological site. The stratigraphic survey conducted affected the innermost section of the antechamber and provided a 6 metre deep sequence with 27 stratigraphic units, divided into four sets based on geoclimatic and palaetnologic criteria. The lower set accommodates two levels with palaeontological content (Arb-o and Arg-o), developed during MIS 3-MIS 2, and dating from c. 27000 to 20000 BP. Above sits the flood level, a powerful layer of sterile silt and clay, deposited in all likelihood, during GI-2. The upper-meso level is characterised by the significant presence of cryoclastic processes, referring to Csn-Camr, Slnc and Arcp levels, formed during the Late Glacial Period (GS-2, GI-1d and GS-1). These three phases of climate worsening saw the first human occupation of the cave of Santimamiñe: late lower Magdalenian, late upper Magdalenian and Azilian, between c. 14700 and 10000 BP. Finally, the top level was deposited during the first half of the Holocene, with Mesolithic (very mild), Neolithic and Chalcolithic-Bronze occupation, between c. 7600 and 3700 BP. The present study rules out, at least in the area assessed, the existence of human occupation from the early and middle Upper Palaeolithic
Dans le cadre du projet Magdatis, nous avons pu réévaluer la série emblématique de l'abri Morin (Gironde). Ce gisement, fouillé dans les années 1950 par R. Deffarge, est célèbre pour sa richesse en oeuvres d'art mais aussi pour ses... more
Dans le cadre du projet Magdatis, nous avons pu réévaluer la série emblématique de l'abri Morin (Gironde). Ce gisement, fouillé dans les années 1950 par R. Deffarge, est célèbre pour sa richesse en oeuvres d'art mais aussi pour ses industries lithique et osseuse et sa faune aussi abondante que diversifiée. La séquence archéologique du Morin semblait accréditer le modèle d'azilianisation progressive des populations humaines du Tardiglaciaire dans la vallée de la Dordogne proposé par F. Bordes et D. de Sonneville-Bordes. Ces auteurs privilégiaient en effet l'hypothèse d'un enrichissement en éléments aziliens au sein d'industries attribuées au Magdalénien final. Ce paradigme d'une azilianisation interne au Magdalénien s'oppose à celui défendu aujourd'hui grâce aux données acquises par G. Célérier lors de ses travaux au Pont-d'Ambon et confirmées par les fouilles menées au Bois-Ragot sur la base de la caractérisation d'une phase ancienne de l'Azilien, dépourvue d'éléments magdaléniens. La réévaluation des faunes et du matériel lithique et la réalisation de datations radiocarbone sur vestiges fauniques déterminés et industrie osseuse nous permettent de proposer une critique du scénario établi il y plus de trente ans pour ce site. Nos résultats montrent ainsi que les subdivisions stratigraphiques établies par R. Deffarge ne peuvent être retenues et que, dès lors, l'enrichissement progressif du Magdalénien en éléments aziliens relèverait plus de facteurs taphonomiques que de facteurs culturels. Jusqu'ici considérée comme appartenant à un Magdalénien final, l'archéostratigraphie supérieure du Morin devait être beaucoup plus dilatée, renfermant non seulement des occupations de différentes phases de l'Azilien mais aussi du Laborien.
A critic review of the archaeological record from Cueva Oscura de Ania has allowed us explain the nature of her Azilian levles. This cave can be included in the group of sites where it is found a transitional period from Upper... more
A critic review of the archaeological record from Cueva Oscura de Ania has
allowed us explain the nature of her Azilian levles. This cave can be included in the group of sites where it is found a transitional period from Upper Magdalenien to Classic Azilian, labelled as Older Azilian. In this paper it is also introduced a regional sinthesis about the archaeological knowledge of the Azilian in the asturian Nalón basin.
La revisión crítica de los materiales arqueológicos exhumados en Cueva
Oscura de Ania ha permitido definir las características generales de su
depósito Aziliense, al tiempo que incorporar definitivamente esta cueva
a la nómina de yacimientos donde se documenta un horizonte de transición
entre el Magdaleniense superior final y el Aziliense clásico, conocido como
Aziliense antiguo. Se aprovecha esta circunstancia para realizar una síntesis
historiográfica sobre el conocimiento del origen y el desarrollo del Aziliense
en la cuenca hidrográfica del Nalón.
allowed us explain the nature of her Azilian levles. This cave can be included in the group of sites where it is found a transitional period from Upper Magdalenien to Classic Azilian, labelled as Older Azilian. In this paper it is also introduced a regional sinthesis about the archaeological knowledge of the Azilian in the asturian Nalón basin.
La revisión crítica de los materiales arqueológicos exhumados en Cueva
Oscura de Ania ha permitido definir las características generales de su
depósito Aziliense, al tiempo que incorporar definitivamente esta cueva
a la nómina de yacimientos donde se documenta un horizonte de transición
entre el Magdaleniense superior final y el Aziliense clásico, conocido como
Aziliense antiguo. Se aprovecha esta circunstancia para realizar una síntesis
historiográfica sobre el conocimiento del origen y el desarrollo del Aziliense
en la cuenca hidrográfica del Nalón.
O faseamento do Magdalenense definido no Sudoeste francês, estabelecido com base na tipologia da indústria em osso, tem vindo a ser adotado em Portugal (Zilhão 1997, Bicho 1997, Gameiro 2012). Relativamente à transição do Pleistoceno para... more
O faseamento do Magdalenense definido no Sudoeste francês, estabelecido com base na tipologia da indústria em osso, tem vindo a ser adotado em Portugal (Zilhão 1997, Bicho 1997, Gameiro 2012). Relativamente à transição do Pleistoceno para o Holoceno, tem-se considerado que, apesar da existência de pontas azilenses, a ausência de indústria óssea em território nacional, bem como a inicialmente defendida continuidade tecnológica entre o Magdalenense e o Azilense franco-cantábricos, torna impossível a caracterização de um período azilense (Zilhão 1997). O estudo das indústrias líticas de sítios do Baixo Côa (Fariseu, Cardina, Quinta da Barca Sul) e a continuação dos estudos em França e no norte da Península Ibérica conduziram ao abandono da perspectiva de continuidade tipo-tecnológica entre o Magdalenense e o Azilense. As mudanças tecnológicas das indústrias do Vale do Côa, bem como as convenções morfotécnicas e temáticas das representações artísticas a elas associados, aproximam-se do faseamento identificado na região franco-cantábrica entre o fim do Tardiglaciar e o início do Holoceno.
Desde finales del Pleistoceno, y especialmente durante los primeros milenios del Holoceno, parece observarse a lo largo de toda la Región Cantábrica una ocupación de las zonas de interior y de altura, posiblemente relacionada con el fin... more
Desde finales del Pleistoceno, y especialmente durante los primeros milenios del Holoceno, parece observarse a lo largo de toda la Región Cantábrica una ocupación de las zonas de interior y de altura, posiblemente relacionada con el fin de las condiciones glaciales y la consiguiente mejora climática. En el caso de la cuenca alta del río Asón, en el oriente de Cantabria, existen algunos indicios que podrían indicar la presencia humana en esta zona desde los comienzos del Holoceno, aunque la evidencia disponible es aún muy fragmentaria. Desde su descubrimiento en los años 50 del siglo XX, el abrigo de Cubera ha sido considerado una de estas evidencias, ya que el yacimiento fue inicialmente adscrito al Aziliense y/o Mesolítico a partir de los escasos restos materiales recuperados. Con el objetivo de concretar la cronología del depósito, decidimos llevar a cabo una revisión de los materiales arqueológicos existentes en el Museo de Prehistoria y Arqueología de Cantabria, así como la datación del nivel de conchero adherido a la pared del abrigo, que supone la parte superior de aquel. Esta datación ha permitido situar el final de la ocupación humana de Cubera en el Mesolítico. No obstante, la escasa información disponible impide analizar el papel que jugó este yacimiento en los patrones de movilidad y ocupación del territorio de los grupos de cazadores-recolectores del final del Pleistoceno y comienzos del Holoceno en la cuenca Alta del Asón.
At the Final Palaeolithic (Federmessergruppen) sites of Niederbieber (Area I & IV), Andernach-Martinsberg 3 and Berlin-Tegel IX, a combination of different methods of spatial analysis reveals indica tions for the presence of dwelling... more
At the Final Palaeolithic (Federmessergruppen) sites of Niederbieber (Area I & IV), Andernach-Martinsberg 3 and Berlin-Tegel IX, a combination of different methods of spatial analysis reveals indica tions for the presence of dwelling structures. All four find scatters are very dense and show a marked, sudden decrease at their edges. The distribution of larger objects and refitting lines between artefacts respect the edges of the find scatters. In some cases bones are not found within the artefact find scatter. The find concentrations differ in their degree of blurring of small scale artefact accumulations, which indicate the locations of working areas. The dwelling features discussed in this paper are smaller than trapezoid dwellings of the Magdalenian and the early Federmessergruppen. We could nevertheless identify some features common to both: the trapezoidal floor plan, partitioning into rich and poor sectors and a clearly defined area with a high density of finds around the hearth.
----------
Für die Fundkonzentrationen der Federmessergruppen von Niederbieber I & IV, Andernach-Martinsberg 3 und Berlin-Tegel IX lassen sich jeweils Kombinationen von Indizien für das Vorhandensein von Behausungen aufzeigen. Alle vier Konzentrationen sind relativ kompakt und weisen am Rand einen deutlichen Abfall der Fundmenge auf: Teils ist die Verteilung größerer Objekte und der Verbindungslinien von Artefaktzusammenpassungen auf die Ränder bezogen, teils sind die Artefaktkonzentrationen von der Verteilung größerer Knochen ausgespart. Die Fundkonzentrationen unterscheiden sich im Hinblick auf den Grad der Verwischung kleinräumiger Artefakthäufungen, die Arbeitsbereiche anzeigen. Diese Verwischung könnte möglicherweise als ein Hinweis für die Aufenthaltsdauer herangezogen werden. Die von uns zur Diskussion gestellten latenten Behausungsbefunde nehmen eine geringere Fläche ein als die Trapezzelte des Magdalénien und der frühen Rückenspitzengruppen. Sie haben aber z.T. einige Merkmale mit diesen gemein: den trapezförmigen Grundriss und die Aufteilung in fundreiche und fundarme Hälften sowie einen deutlich begrenzten fundreichen Bereich um die Feuerstelle.
----------
Pour les concentrations d’objets lithiques de Federmessergruppen dans les sites de Nieberbieber I et IV, Andernach-Martinsberg 3 et Berlin-Tegel IX, la présence d’habitats humains peut être démontrée par la combinaison de différents indices. Chacune des ces quatre concentrations est relativement compacte tandis que la quantité des objets lithiques diminue rapidement en périphérie: en partie la distribution des objets de taille supérieure et des lignes de raccordement entre les remontages se rapportent à la périphérie de l’étendue lithique, en partie la concentration d’objets lithiques se trouve sans rapport avec la répartition des ossements. Les concentrations d’objets lithiques se distinguent concernant le degré de dispersion des petites accumulations de pièces retouchées qui indiquent des zones d’activités spécialisées. Cette dispersion des zones d’activités pourrait probablement constituer un indice pour la durée de l’occupation du site. L’étude concerne des preuves latentes d’une existence d’habitats humains qui occupent une surface inférieure à celle des structures trapézoïdales du Magdalénien et des groupes précoces aux pointes à dos courbe avec lesquelles elles partagent néanmoins quelques caractéristiques: le plan trapézoïdal, la division en parties riches et pauvres en objets lithiques ainsi qu’une zone riche et clairement délimitée autour du foyer.
----------
Für die Fundkonzentrationen der Federmessergruppen von Niederbieber I & IV, Andernach-Martinsberg 3 und Berlin-Tegel IX lassen sich jeweils Kombinationen von Indizien für das Vorhandensein von Behausungen aufzeigen. Alle vier Konzentrationen sind relativ kompakt und weisen am Rand einen deutlichen Abfall der Fundmenge auf: Teils ist die Verteilung größerer Objekte und der Verbindungslinien von Artefaktzusammenpassungen auf die Ränder bezogen, teils sind die Artefaktkonzentrationen von der Verteilung größerer Knochen ausgespart. Die Fundkonzentrationen unterscheiden sich im Hinblick auf den Grad der Verwischung kleinräumiger Artefakthäufungen, die Arbeitsbereiche anzeigen. Diese Verwischung könnte möglicherweise als ein Hinweis für die Aufenthaltsdauer herangezogen werden. Die von uns zur Diskussion gestellten latenten Behausungsbefunde nehmen eine geringere Fläche ein als die Trapezzelte des Magdalénien und der frühen Rückenspitzengruppen. Sie haben aber z.T. einige Merkmale mit diesen gemein: den trapezförmigen Grundriss und die Aufteilung in fundreiche und fundarme Hälften sowie einen deutlich begrenzten fundreichen Bereich um die Feuerstelle.
----------
Pour les concentrations d’objets lithiques de Federmessergruppen dans les sites de Nieberbieber I et IV, Andernach-Martinsberg 3 et Berlin-Tegel IX, la présence d’habitats humains peut être démontrée par la combinaison de différents indices. Chacune des ces quatre concentrations est relativement compacte tandis que la quantité des objets lithiques diminue rapidement en périphérie: en partie la distribution des objets de taille supérieure et des lignes de raccordement entre les remontages se rapportent à la périphérie de l’étendue lithique, en partie la concentration d’objets lithiques se trouve sans rapport avec la répartition des ossements. Les concentrations d’objets lithiques se distinguent concernant le degré de dispersion des petites accumulations de pièces retouchées qui indiquent des zones d’activités spécialisées. Cette dispersion des zones d’activités pourrait probablement constituer un indice pour la durée de l’occupation du site. L’étude concerne des preuves latentes d’une existence d’habitats humains qui occupent une surface inférieure à celle des structures trapézoïdales du Magdalénien et des groupes précoces aux pointes à dos courbe avec lesquelles elles partagent néanmoins quelques caractéristiques: le plan trapézoïdal, la division en parties riches et pauvres en objets lithiques ainsi qu’une zone riche et clairement délimitée autour du foyer.
Les dix derniers millénaires d’occupation humaine paléolithique ont laissé d’abondants témoignages le long du versant nord-pyrénéen. Si les fluctuations climatiques et leurs conséquences environnementales ont pu conditionner... more
Les dix derniers millénaires d’occupation humaine paléolithique ont laissé d’abondants témoignages le long du versant nord-pyrénéen. Si les fluctuations climatiques et leurs conséquences environnementales ont pu conditionner l’exploitation de certains territoires en altitude, le piémont semble en revanche avoir constitué un vaste espace favorable à l’implantation humaine entre des reliefs et vallées progressivement libérées des glaces, l’ouverture de la plaine aquitaine, les littoraux atlantiques et méditerranéens. À partir de travaux récemment aboutis ou en cours, et d’ensembles de sites clés révisés, nous proposons une synthèse sur les principales évolutions des équipements lithiques et osseux et sur des comportements originaux (économie littorale, consommation des petits gibiers) entre 21000 et 11000 cal BP. Les différents segments chronoculturels sont représentés de façon très inégale. Au-delà de ce constat, nous évoquerons les raisons possibles de cette situation contrastée (co...
Lovitura de stat de la 11 septembrie 1973 a pus capăt idilei care se înfiripa între regimurile de la Bucureşti şi Santiago de Chile. Generalul Augusto Pinochet şi ceilalţi membri ai juntei militare au acţionat rapid împotriva posibililor... more
Lovitura de stat de la 11 septembrie 1973 a pus capăt idilei care se înfiripa între regimurile de la Bucureşti şi Santiago de Chile. Generalul Augusto Pinochet şi ceilalţi membri ai juntei militare au acţionat rapid împotriva posibililor opozanţi, iar printre aceştia s-a aflat Luis Corvalán, secretarul general al Partidului Comunist din Chile.
Din informaţiile aflate în stenograma şedinţei din 3 octombrie 1973 a Prezidiului Permanent al C.C. al P.C.R. (document pe care îl edităm în continuare) poate să rezulte un scenariu plauzibil, însă greu de demonstrat cu probe indubitabile deoarece participanţii la şedinţa respectivă au trecut la cele Sfinte şi nu au lăsat în urmă mărturii scrise despre modul în care au fost implicaţi de Nicolae Ceauşescu în planul de aducere în România a lui Luis Corvalán şi oferirea de azil politic pentru acesta. Concret, putem considera că Ştefan Andrei a aflat câteva idei pe care algerianul Houari Boumédiène urma să le prezinte la deschiderea celei de-a 28-a sesiuni a Adunării Generale a O.N.U. (1973-1974). Printre acestea a existat şi o referire la secretarul general al Partidului Comunist din Chile, care fusese capturat după lovitura de stat de la 11 septembrie 1973 şi ţinut în detenţie de către autorităţile de la Santiago de Chile.
Din informaţiile aflate în stenograma şedinţei din 3 octombrie 1973 a Prezidiului Permanent al C.C. al P.C.R. (document pe care îl edităm în continuare) poate să rezulte un scenariu plauzibil, însă greu de demonstrat cu probe indubitabile deoarece participanţii la şedinţa respectivă au trecut la cele Sfinte şi nu au lăsat în urmă mărturii scrise despre modul în care au fost implicaţi de Nicolae Ceauşescu în planul de aducere în România a lui Luis Corvalán şi oferirea de azil politic pentru acesta. Concret, putem considera că Ştefan Andrei a aflat câteva idei pe care algerianul Houari Boumédiène urma să le prezinte la deschiderea celei de-a 28-a sesiuni a Adunării Generale a O.N.U. (1973-1974). Printre acestea a existat şi o referire la secretarul general al Partidului Comunist din Chile, care fusese capturat după lovitura de stat de la 11 septembrie 1973 şi ţinut în detenţie de către autorităţile de la Santiago de Chile.
DES SOCIÉTÉS EN MOUVEMENT : nouvelles données sur l'évolution des comportements techno-économiques des sociétés magdaléniennes et aziliennes des Alpes du nord françaises (14 000 -11000 BP)
This paper introduces a preliminary report of the Oscura de Ania Cave with Azilian lithic industry (Levels 1 and 2). Level 2 (Layers Oc and Ob) it is characterized for: (1) a high percentage of bladelet tools group, (2) more endscrappers... more
This paper introduces a preliminary report of the Oscura de Ania Cave with Azilian lithic industry (Levels 1 and 2). Level 2 (Layers Oc and Ob) it is characterized for: (1) a high percentage of bladelet tools group, (2) more endscrappers than burins, and (3) a low percentage of substratum tools group. Level I (Layers O and Oa) shows as characteristic traits: (1) a fiodest representation of bladelet tools group, (2) decreasing percentages of endscrappers, and noticeable increase in burins representation; and (3) higher proportion of the substratum tools group.
Se ofrece un estudio sobre la variabilidad de la industria lítica aziliense de Cueva Oscura de Ania (Niveles 1 y 2). El Nivel 2 (Horizontes Oc y Ob) se caracteriza por (1) un porcentaje elevado de utillaje microlaminar, (2) dominio de raspadores sobre buriles y (3) representación poco consistente de útiles de substrato. El Nivel 1 (Horizontes O y Oa) ofrece como rasgos más destacados: (1) una representación modesta del componente microlaminar, (2) disminución acusada de la importancia de raspadores y aumento apreciable del buriles; y (3) proporción más elevada del utillaje de substrato.
Se ofrece un estudio sobre la variabilidad de la industria lítica aziliense de Cueva Oscura de Ania (Niveles 1 y 2). El Nivel 2 (Horizontes Oc y Ob) se caracteriza por (1) un porcentaje elevado de utillaje microlaminar, (2) dominio de raspadores sobre buriles y (3) representación poco consistente de útiles de substrato. El Nivel 1 (Horizontes O y Oa) ofrece como rasgos más destacados: (1) una representación modesta del componente microlaminar, (2) disminución acusada de la importancia de raspadores y aumento apreciable del buriles; y (3) proporción más elevada del utillaje de substrato.
We present in this work the integral study of the portable art of Fariseu (Côa Valley). Eighty-five engraved pieces and four painted ones form the studied collection. The chronological attribution to the Late Dryas/ beginning of the... more
We present in this work the integral study of the portable art of Fariseu (Côa Valley). Eighty-five engraved pieces and four painted ones form the studied collection. The chronological attribution to the Late Dryas/ beginning of the Pre-boreal is perfectly assured by the stratigraphic origin of the pieces. The technical and stylistic attributes of the figures are similar to some of the rock art of the Côa valley, making the collection an important chronological referent to a vast number of engraved and painted panels of the region. Those technical and stylistic attributes are also similar to others from Southwest Europe that are dated from the end of the Late glacial period, which denotes the affiliation of this rock art facies in a graphic tradition of a broader geographic range.
During the LGM, Europe starts being split in two main large cultural entities: the Epigravettian complex and the Western Europe sequence. In this paper, we focus on the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and more precisely on the period... more
During the LGM, Europe starts being split in two main large cultural entities: the Epigravettian complex and the Western Europe sequence. In this paper, we focus on the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and more precisely on the period between the Allerød and the beginning of the Holocene. This period is particularly marked by several climatic changes and is thus a perfect “laboratory” to study the interactions between societies and paleoenvironment. Our paper essentially focuses on lithics. This material allows to study the socio-economic system of a society by analyzing an assemblage in a globalDuring the LGM, Europe starts being split in two main large cultural entities: the Epigravettian complex and the Western Europe sequence. In this paper, we focus on the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and more precisely on the period between the Allerød and the beginning of the Holocene. This period is particularly marked by several climatic changes and is thus a perfect “laboratory” to study the...
- by Nicolas Naudinot and +1
- •
- Upper Paleolithic, Magdalenian, Epigravettian, Azilian
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Après un bref exposé de l'historique des travaux consacrés à l'abri n° 1 de Chinchon (Saumanes, Vaucluse), la position chronologique du niveau C est discutée. Il apparaît être plus ancien que l'interstade de Bôlling. Il ne peut donc... more
Après un bref exposé de l'historique des travaux consacrés
à l'abri n° 1 de Chinchon (Saumanes, Vaucluse), la position
chronologique du niveau C est discutée. Il apparaît être plus
ancien que l'interstade de Bôlling. Il ne peut donc s'agir d'un
Magdalénien VIa. L'industrie du niveau C est rapprochée du
Tardigravettien ligure (Arene Candide). Les résultats d'une
analyse des correspondances suggèrent que les industries magdalénoïdes du Vaucluse (abri de Chinchon n° l, abri Soubeyras) sont issues du Tardigravettien
à l'abri n° 1 de Chinchon (Saumanes, Vaucluse), la position
chronologique du niveau C est discutée. Il apparaît être plus
ancien que l'interstade de Bôlling. Il ne peut donc s'agir d'un
Magdalénien VIa. L'industrie du niveau C est rapprochée du
Tardigravettien ligure (Arene Candide). Les résultats d'une
analyse des correspondances suggèrent que les industries magdalénoïdes du Vaucluse (abri de Chinchon n° l, abri Soubeyras) sont issues du Tardigravettien
Lower Azilian at Cueva Oscura de Ania (Las Regueras, Asturias, Spain) Recent definition of the Cantabrian Lower Azilian has turned the Late Upper Magdalenian/Azilian transition into one of the most interesting archaeological ages in the... more
Lower Azilian at Cueva Oscura de Ania (Las Regueras, Asturias, Spain)
Recent definition of the Cantabrian Lower Azilian has turned the Late Upper Magdalenian/Azilian transition into one of the most interesting archaeological ages in the area. This period is considered representing the earliest Azilian groups in Asturias. Critic review of Cueva Oscura de Ania record, in the center of Asturias, has allowed us to give full details of the Lower Azilian archaeological characteristics. Cueva Oscura de Ania archaeological collection shows archaic traits, close to those fromCue va de Los Azules and Cueva de La Riera, two eastern asturian sites. These likenesses suggest a high stylistic and technical uniformity in distant areas during a critical period, when Palaeolithic groups changed their subsistence strategies. Cueva Oscura de Ania archaeological and polinic records suggest that this deposit was built at the beginning of the paleoclimatic phase known as Alleröd/Cantabrian VIII (12,000–10,800 BP), when numerous cantabrian sites suffered high erosion processes. All these circumstances convert Cueva Oscura de Ania in a fundamental site to get a best knowledge of the origin and development of the Cantabrian Azilian. The study of its bone collection allows us outline new hypothesis about this archaeological period.
L’évolution progressive depuis les dernières sociétés magdaléennes jusqu’aux premières communautés aziliennes suscite un intérêt tout particulier en raison de l’éclaircissement de la définition d’Azilien ancien. En effet, cet horizon industriel est défini aujourd’hui comme étant l’ensemble archéologique
représentatif des complexes aziliens les plus anciens des Asturies. La révision critique des matériaux archéologiques provenant de Cueva Oscura de Ania (Asturies) a contribué à une meilleure détermination des renseignements typologiques de ce nouvel horizon. La présence constante de lamelles à dos double, de petites pointes à dos double, de petits harpons sans percement et de gravures réticulées sur un autre harpon sont des éléments essentiels pour justifier la similitude de l’Azilien de Cueva Oscura de Ania avec l’Azilien ancien connu jusqu’à présent dans l’orient asturien. Ces similitudes
confirment aussi l’homogénéité stylistique et technologique avec des sites relativement éloignés comme Cueva de Los Azules et Cueva de La Riera et où cette période serait caractérisée par une réorganisation des stratégies des communautés paléolithiques cantabriques. Les dates 14C et les données
paléoclimatiques disponibles par les dépôts archéologiques en question pour chaque site prouvent l’existence d’une phase transitionnelle située aux alentours de l’époque climatique Alleröd (12.000–10.800 BP). Cette époque correspond à des phénomènes de démantèlement dans de nombreux
dépôts sédimentaires de la région cantabrique. Toutes ces données font de Cueva Oscura de Ania un site primordial pour mieux connaître les origines et le processus de développement de l’Azilien cantabrique.
Recent definition of the Cantabrian Lower Azilian has turned the Late Upper Magdalenian/Azilian transition into one of the most interesting archaeological ages in the area. This period is considered representing the earliest Azilian groups in Asturias. Critic review of Cueva Oscura de Ania record, in the center of Asturias, has allowed us to give full details of the Lower Azilian archaeological characteristics. Cueva Oscura de Ania archaeological collection shows archaic traits, close to those fromCue va de Los Azules and Cueva de La Riera, two eastern asturian sites. These likenesses suggest a high stylistic and technical uniformity in distant areas during a critical period, when Palaeolithic groups changed their subsistence strategies. Cueva Oscura de Ania archaeological and polinic records suggest that this deposit was built at the beginning of the paleoclimatic phase known as Alleröd/Cantabrian VIII (12,000–10,800 BP), when numerous cantabrian sites suffered high erosion processes. All these circumstances convert Cueva Oscura de Ania in a fundamental site to get a best knowledge of the origin and development of the Cantabrian Azilian. The study of its bone collection allows us outline new hypothesis about this archaeological period.
L’évolution progressive depuis les dernières sociétés magdaléennes jusqu’aux premières communautés aziliennes suscite un intérêt tout particulier en raison de l’éclaircissement de la définition d’Azilien ancien. En effet, cet horizon industriel est défini aujourd’hui comme étant l’ensemble archéologique
représentatif des complexes aziliens les plus anciens des Asturies. La révision critique des matériaux archéologiques provenant de Cueva Oscura de Ania (Asturies) a contribué à une meilleure détermination des renseignements typologiques de ce nouvel horizon. La présence constante de lamelles à dos double, de petites pointes à dos double, de petits harpons sans percement et de gravures réticulées sur un autre harpon sont des éléments essentiels pour justifier la similitude de l’Azilien de Cueva Oscura de Ania avec l’Azilien ancien connu jusqu’à présent dans l’orient asturien. Ces similitudes
confirment aussi l’homogénéité stylistique et technologique avec des sites relativement éloignés comme Cueva de Los Azules et Cueva de La Riera et où cette période serait caractérisée par une réorganisation des stratégies des communautés paléolithiques cantabriques. Les dates 14C et les données
paléoclimatiques disponibles par les dépôts archéologiques en question pour chaque site prouvent l’existence d’une phase transitionnelle située aux alentours de l’époque climatique Alleröd (12.000–10.800 BP). Cette époque correspond à des phénomènes de démantèlement dans de nombreux
dépôts sédimentaires de la région cantabrique. Toutes ces données font de Cueva Oscura de Ania un site primordial pour mieux connaître les origines et le processus de développement de l’Azilien cantabrique.
El Cierro Cave possesses one of the few sequences in SW Europe in which archaeological levels cover the transition from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. Information contributed by the palynological and anthracological studies... more
El Cierro Cave possesses one of the few sequences in SW Europe in which archaeological levels cover the transition from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. Information contributed by the palynological and anthracological studies indicates that this transition was marked by a steady expansion of broadleaf woodland and a reduction in herbaceous-shrub communities. Archaeofaunal studies reveal continuity in subsistence strategies throughout the sequence. This was based on specialisation in hunting red deer, fishing, and gathering molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderm species on rocky shores. The difference between the Azilian and Mesolithic occupations lies in the replacement of some marine invertebrate species and the decrease in limpet https://doi.
Le gisement du Closeau (Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine) est le gisement de référence pour la fin du Tardiglaciaire du nord de la France. La répartition, au sein de plusieurs horizons stratigraphiques, de 79 concentrations de vestiges... more
Le gisement du Closeau (Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine) est le gisement de référence pour la fin du Tardiglaciaire du nord de la France. La répartition, au sein de plusieurs horizons stratigraphiques, de 79 concentrations de vestiges permet d'envisager avec une certaine acuité la compréhension des mutations techniques, économiques et sociales qui marquent les sociétés humaines depuis la fin du Bølling (niveau inférieur) jusqu'à l'extrême fin du Dryas récent (secteur sud RN13). Les problématiques sous-jacentes aux derniers temps de l'Azilien sont expressément posées au Closeau par la présence d'au moins une unité d'occupation attribuée au Laborien (Locus 25 : Bodu dir. 1998 ; Bodu 2000 ; Debout 2000), localisée dans un horizon stratigraphique où l'on retrouve également des concentrations plutôt d'affinités aziliennes (locus 36, 41, 45 pour les principales). D'ailleurs, si l'on se penche sur ces assemblages, on ne peut que relever la diversité des comportements techno-économiques qui les caractérisent (Bodu dir. 1998 ; Kildea 1998 ; Debout 2000 entre autres références). Dans le cadre de cet article, nous souhaitons rediscuter de la diversité des tendances techno-économiques des assemblages localisés stratigraphiquement au sommet des dépôts sableux de l'Allerød. D'une part en proposant une synthèse des données déjà acquises (cadres chronologique, stratigraphique, études lithiques) et, d'autre part, en présentant des données inédites collectées à partir de l'étude des séries lithiques des locus 36 et 34 qui ont livré des assemblages se démarquant nettement de la majorité des concentrations attribuées à l'Azilien récent du Closeau. Abstract: Le Closeau revisited. New data and new approaches to the Final Azilian occupations at Closeau (Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine, France). The discovery of the site of Closeau in the mid-1990s turned our knowledge of post-Magdalenian societies in the Paris basin upside down. Up until then, all the data were from sites situated on the fringes of this region (the Somme Valley: Seuil du Poitou: Le Bois Ragot, Chollet and Dujardin dir. 2005). Level III.1 of Pincevent, positioned in the first part of the Allerød by C 14 , was one of the exceptions concerning the discovery and the excavation of an occupation level attributed to the Azilian (Gaucher dir. 1996; Bodu, Orliac, Baffier 1996). Thus, the excavation of Closeau, with 79 loci explored over 29,000 m², comprising occupations from the end of the Bølling until the recent Dryas, profoundly modified our perception of this phase. In view of the potential of the site, the numerous works on Tardiglacial societies, conducted over the past fifteen years (, it is now possible to apply a palethnographic approach to the occupations of this site, as was attempted during the 1998 monograph report (). Based on abundant previously acquired data, on significant ongoing intra and inter locus refitting, we can now legitimately undertake a discussion of the social and economic organization of Azilian populations in the northern half of France. In sum, we can now consider a wide-scale Azilian palethnography. Here, we present the first results of an analysis highlighting the technical variability of the industries attributed to the Allerød Azilian and the consequences of this on the periodization of this technical tradition. In order to do so, we will analyze in detail several loci between the so-called intermediate " levels " and the indeterminate levels of the site. Several assemblages present very different operational sequences, which are sometimes spatially disjointed within the same loci.-Do these represent diachronic occupations within zones artificially delimited by the excavation?-Do they, on the contrary, denote levels with different technicity – linked for example to diversified, strictly contemporaneous production aims?-Do these data nuance the somewhat caricatural perception we have of the Azilian and its evolution throughout time?-Do these data lead to a more marked hierarchization of the Azilian in comparison to previous assumptions, particularly through the identification of an intermediary marker? Averbouh A., Bonnet-Jacquement P., Cleyet-Merle J.-J. (dirs.) L'Aquitaine à la fin des temps glaciaires-Aquitaine at the end of the Ice Age Les sociétés de la transition du Paléolithique final au début du Mésolithique dans l'espace Nord aquitain
Nur aus der Anfangsphase des untersuchten Beobachtungszeitraums, der sich von 15000 v. Chr. bis 5000 v. Chr. erstreckt, sind Behausungen anhand direkter Funde erkennbar. Bei anderen Fundstellen können nur die Fundkonzentrationen... more
Nur aus der Anfangsphase des untersuchten Beobachtungszeitraums, der sich von 15000 v. Chr. bis 5000 v. Chr. erstreckt, sind Behausungen anhand direkter Funde erkennbar. Bei anderen Fundstellen können nur die Fundkonzentrationen Rückschlüsse auf die Form und Aufteilung möglicher Behausungen geben.
Sechs solcher Fundstellen werden in dieser Studie präsentiert: Dazu gehören die Lagerplätze des Magdalénien in Cepoy im Pariser Becken und in Orp-Ost in Brabant, sowie die Fundkonzentrationen der Federmessergruppen Rekem 10 in Belgien, Geldrop 3-2 in den südlichen Niederlanden, Berlin-Tegel IX und aus dem Mesolithikum Hartmannsdorf 26-1 in Brandenburg.
Durch Kartierungen von Artefakten wurden die Arbeitsbereiche innerhalb der Wohnplätze charakterisiert und die erzielten Ergebnisse mit anderen ausgewählten Fundstellen verglichen. *****
Accumulations of lithic artefacts and burnt fragments of hearth stones can be interpreted as evidence for late glacial and postglacial habitation structures without surviving constructional elements when a number of factors coincide to permit recognition of a former delimitation of the find concentration fram its surraundings, i.e. to show the original graund plan of the dwelling. The discussed artefact concentrations are characterized by a clear reduction in the amount of material at their periphery. A rise in the quantity of finds from the centre to the immediate edge of a find concentration associated with a drastic fall in the amount of finds beyond this point merely represents a particularly favourable example of this phenomenon. The density of find distribution of many smaller concentrations of finds, with a maximum diameter of some 4 m, does not decrease gradually with the distance fram the centrally placed hearth but instead tends to appear as a plateau which breaks off rapidly at the edge. The identification of this peripheral decrease in find density becomes clearer in direct relation to the number and small size of the excavation units with wh ich the fine fraction of the material - which generally forms the largest component - was recovered. In the case of larger objects, the measurement of individual finds allows an optimal investigation of their distribution
patterns. In conjunction with the clear demarcation of the find concentration and the decrease in material at its edge, which can be represented particularly weil by find density isopachs, the location of former effective boundaries can also be shown by the positions of refitting lines and lithic tools relative to these. The presence immediately outside the concentration of specific objects such as large bones or unwieldy blocks of stone which would have formed hindrances within the dwelling space can also show the location of a wall. The combination of commonly accepted analytical methods for the investigation of Stone Age settlement structures and their synthetic graphic depiction enable the direct comparison of their differing evidence for irregularities in find distribution patterns. In this way it is possible to investigate those dwelling sites which are not amenable to meaningful analysis by the popular Ring-and-Sector Method, either because they are not circular in form or because their structure can not be subdivided due to their small size.
Six concentrations of finds were analysed within the framework of this study. In three ca ses it was possible to demonstrate the presence of a dwelling structure by the combination of previously established strands of evidence. At Orp Ost, a hexagonal Magdalenian dwelling structure was identified with a length of 5.5 m, a width of 3.8 m and a surface area of some 14 m2 . This structure had a central hearth, close to which were located a further small hearth, two pits and two shallow depressions recognizable due to their content of finds. Thus there existed a centrally located hearth complex of a type previously known only from large Magdalenian tents at Gönnersdorf and Andernach, where the presence of paved areas favoured their preservation, and fram Andernach IV. In the case of the Federmessergruppen site Rekem 10, R. Lauwers had already postulated the possible presence of a dwelling due to a ring of large stone blocks peripheral to the concentration of finds, a suggestion which was lent further weight by M. De Bie with his recognition of a clear rise in the number of finds towards the edge of the concentration in association with a fall in numbers beyond this. The shape of the tent ground plan can be more accurately reconstructed by the numerous refitting lines between conjoined finds. Rekem 10 appears as a trapezoidal zone distinct from the surrounding area measuring some 5 m in length and 4.5 m in breadth with a surface area of appraximately 18 m2. A trapezoidal form was also established for a Federmessergruppen tent at Berlin-Tegel IX, which in this case measured 4 m in length and at most 4 m in breadth with a surface area of only some 15 m2. Parallel to this study, other colleagues have recognized further Federmessergruppen tent ground plans on the basis of find distribution patterns, so that the number of dwelling structures known from the Allerød Interstadial has increased greatly over the past few years. In their ground plan and size, these tents correspond to those described here: Andernach 3 (hexagonal, 14 m2 surface areal, Niederbieber I (narrow trapezoid, 12 m2 surface areal and Niederbieber IV (trapezoidal, 15 m2 surface areal. The late Federmessergruppen dwelling at Bad Breisig might have had a polygonal or circular ground plan with a diameter of ca. 5 m and a surface area of 20 m2 All of these structures are appreciably smaller than the large trapezoidal tents of the Magdalenian and early Backed-Point Complexes marked by peripheral rings of large stones (tent weights?) which have surface areas of 25 m2 and the still larger constructions of the Magdalenian with a polygonal ground plan covering an area of 35-40 m2. Tents with a trapezoidal ground plan and a generally similar internal organisation are also found during the Mesolithic, for which structures with circular and indeed rectangular forms up to 24 m2 in area are also known. While tents with a trapezoidal ground plan might be interpreted as possible evidence for surviving traditions of a dwelling construction, the great diversity in the shape of contemporary structures cannot be overlooked.
Two further find concentrations are interpreted as open air localities. Neither the Magdalenian find concentration around a hearth at Cepoy nor the concentration of artefacts at Geldrop 3-2 which is attributed to either the Ahrensburgian or the early Mesolithic produced any evidence that they were separated from the surrounding area by a wall. Numerous refitting lines between conjoined artefacts demonstrate that there were no barriers to obstruct the activities of the inhabitants. Hartmannsdorf 26-1 shows features only partially diagnostic of a peripheral barrier, so that the question whether this concentration of Mesolithic finds was associated with walls and a roof remains unanswered.
All the investigated find concentrations and the majority of the sites drawn upon for comparison had a centrally located hearth around which there could generally be distinguished discarded tools and production waste of two work zones representing the remains of distinct overlapping areas of activity. It is often astonishing how little the remains of these work places seem to have been disturbed, even allowing for the possibility of major cleaning-up activities and removal of waste. The persons present at the site had
different focuses of activity, whereby specific artefact types were not limited to a single working area. In the majority of cases, the particularly abundant waste from the production of hunting equipment is concentrated in only one area. The work zones complement each other to a certain extent, since tools which are poorly represented in one area are more common in the other, while other find categories are present in the same quantity. Such complementary work areas are not normally represented more than once around
a central hearth, so that it is probable that they are associated with the activity of only two main participants, suggesting an interpretation of each discussed find concentration as the remains of a (possibly multiple) occupation by a nuclear family. A different situation is given when several hearths are present surrounded by basically identical find distributions. However, this is the case for only a few large Magdalenian and Mesolithic tents which possibly housed several families. In the case of the large Magdalenian tents it has been possible to identify a temporal progression of hearth use, rendering their interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, it can be established that the few, particularly large structures which probably represent the dwellings of several families are so far known only from the Magdalenian and the Mesolithic. Also dating to these periods are those rare dwellings with surviving evident structures which were assembled with exceptional effort and probably for a long duration of use. The question as to why the construction of these large and extraordinarily costly dwellings should be favoured in such opposed biotopes as the steppe and deciduous forest must be addressed by future research.
(Translation by Martin Street).
Sechs solcher Fundstellen werden in dieser Studie präsentiert: Dazu gehören die Lagerplätze des Magdalénien in Cepoy im Pariser Becken und in Orp-Ost in Brabant, sowie die Fundkonzentrationen der Federmessergruppen Rekem 10 in Belgien, Geldrop 3-2 in den südlichen Niederlanden, Berlin-Tegel IX und aus dem Mesolithikum Hartmannsdorf 26-1 in Brandenburg.
Durch Kartierungen von Artefakten wurden die Arbeitsbereiche innerhalb der Wohnplätze charakterisiert und die erzielten Ergebnisse mit anderen ausgewählten Fundstellen verglichen. *****
Accumulations of lithic artefacts and burnt fragments of hearth stones can be interpreted as evidence for late glacial and postglacial habitation structures without surviving constructional elements when a number of factors coincide to permit recognition of a former delimitation of the find concentration fram its surraundings, i.e. to show the original graund plan of the dwelling. The discussed artefact concentrations are characterized by a clear reduction in the amount of material at their periphery. A rise in the quantity of finds from the centre to the immediate edge of a find concentration associated with a drastic fall in the amount of finds beyond this point merely represents a particularly favourable example of this phenomenon. The density of find distribution of many smaller concentrations of finds, with a maximum diameter of some 4 m, does not decrease gradually with the distance fram the centrally placed hearth but instead tends to appear as a plateau which breaks off rapidly at the edge. The identification of this peripheral decrease in find density becomes clearer in direct relation to the number and small size of the excavation units with wh ich the fine fraction of the material - which generally forms the largest component - was recovered. In the case of larger objects, the measurement of individual finds allows an optimal investigation of their distribution
patterns. In conjunction with the clear demarcation of the find concentration and the decrease in material at its edge, which can be represented particularly weil by find density isopachs, the location of former effective boundaries can also be shown by the positions of refitting lines and lithic tools relative to these. The presence immediately outside the concentration of specific objects such as large bones or unwieldy blocks of stone which would have formed hindrances within the dwelling space can also show the location of a wall. The combination of commonly accepted analytical methods for the investigation of Stone Age settlement structures and their synthetic graphic depiction enable the direct comparison of their differing evidence for irregularities in find distribution patterns. In this way it is possible to investigate those dwelling sites which are not amenable to meaningful analysis by the popular Ring-and-Sector Method, either because they are not circular in form or because their structure can not be subdivided due to their small size.
Six concentrations of finds were analysed within the framework of this study. In three ca ses it was possible to demonstrate the presence of a dwelling structure by the combination of previously established strands of evidence. At Orp Ost, a hexagonal Magdalenian dwelling structure was identified with a length of 5.5 m, a width of 3.8 m and a surface area of some 14 m2 . This structure had a central hearth, close to which were located a further small hearth, two pits and two shallow depressions recognizable due to their content of finds. Thus there existed a centrally located hearth complex of a type previously known only from large Magdalenian tents at Gönnersdorf and Andernach, where the presence of paved areas favoured their preservation, and fram Andernach IV. In the case of the Federmessergruppen site Rekem 10, R. Lauwers had already postulated the possible presence of a dwelling due to a ring of large stone blocks peripheral to the concentration of finds, a suggestion which was lent further weight by M. De Bie with his recognition of a clear rise in the number of finds towards the edge of the concentration in association with a fall in numbers beyond this. The shape of the tent ground plan can be more accurately reconstructed by the numerous refitting lines between conjoined finds. Rekem 10 appears as a trapezoidal zone distinct from the surrounding area measuring some 5 m in length and 4.5 m in breadth with a surface area of appraximately 18 m2. A trapezoidal form was also established for a Federmessergruppen tent at Berlin-Tegel IX, which in this case measured 4 m in length and at most 4 m in breadth with a surface area of only some 15 m2. Parallel to this study, other colleagues have recognized further Federmessergruppen tent ground plans on the basis of find distribution patterns, so that the number of dwelling structures known from the Allerød Interstadial has increased greatly over the past few years. In their ground plan and size, these tents correspond to those described here: Andernach 3 (hexagonal, 14 m2 surface areal, Niederbieber I (narrow trapezoid, 12 m2 surface areal and Niederbieber IV (trapezoidal, 15 m2 surface areal. The late Federmessergruppen dwelling at Bad Breisig might have had a polygonal or circular ground plan with a diameter of ca. 5 m and a surface area of 20 m2 All of these structures are appreciably smaller than the large trapezoidal tents of the Magdalenian and early Backed-Point Complexes marked by peripheral rings of large stones (tent weights?) which have surface areas of 25 m2 and the still larger constructions of the Magdalenian with a polygonal ground plan covering an area of 35-40 m2. Tents with a trapezoidal ground plan and a generally similar internal organisation are also found during the Mesolithic, for which structures with circular and indeed rectangular forms up to 24 m2 in area are also known. While tents with a trapezoidal ground plan might be interpreted as possible evidence for surviving traditions of a dwelling construction, the great diversity in the shape of contemporary structures cannot be overlooked.
Two further find concentrations are interpreted as open air localities. Neither the Magdalenian find concentration around a hearth at Cepoy nor the concentration of artefacts at Geldrop 3-2 which is attributed to either the Ahrensburgian or the early Mesolithic produced any evidence that they were separated from the surrounding area by a wall. Numerous refitting lines between conjoined artefacts demonstrate that there were no barriers to obstruct the activities of the inhabitants. Hartmannsdorf 26-1 shows features only partially diagnostic of a peripheral barrier, so that the question whether this concentration of Mesolithic finds was associated with walls and a roof remains unanswered.
All the investigated find concentrations and the majority of the sites drawn upon for comparison had a centrally located hearth around which there could generally be distinguished discarded tools and production waste of two work zones representing the remains of distinct overlapping areas of activity. It is often astonishing how little the remains of these work places seem to have been disturbed, even allowing for the possibility of major cleaning-up activities and removal of waste. The persons present at the site had
different focuses of activity, whereby specific artefact types were not limited to a single working area. In the majority of cases, the particularly abundant waste from the production of hunting equipment is concentrated in only one area. The work zones complement each other to a certain extent, since tools which are poorly represented in one area are more common in the other, while other find categories are present in the same quantity. Such complementary work areas are not normally represented more than once around
a central hearth, so that it is probable that they are associated with the activity of only two main participants, suggesting an interpretation of each discussed find concentration as the remains of a (possibly multiple) occupation by a nuclear family. A different situation is given when several hearths are present surrounded by basically identical find distributions. However, this is the case for only a few large Magdalenian and Mesolithic tents which possibly housed several families. In the case of the large Magdalenian tents it has been possible to identify a temporal progression of hearth use, rendering their interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, it can be established that the few, particularly large structures which probably represent the dwellings of several families are so far known only from the Magdalenian and the Mesolithic. Also dating to these periods are those rare dwellings with surviving evident structures which were assembled with exceptional effort and probably for a long duration of use. The question as to why the construction of these large and extraordinarily costly dwellings should be favoured in such opposed biotopes as the steppe and deciduous forest must be addressed by future research.
(Translation by Martin Street).
Key words: Azilian, Economy, Final Paleolithic, Late glacial, Lithic technology, North Western France, Pleistocene-Holocene transition, Prehistory, Raw material Between the XIIIth and Xth millenniums BC, human societies of Western... more
Key words: Azilian, Economy, Final Paleolithic, Late glacial, Lithic technology, North Western France, Pleistocene-Holocene transition, Prehistory, Raw material
Between the XIIIth and Xth millenniums BC, human societies of Western Europe experienced significant techno-economic and social changes. Considering lithic artifacts are the only elements available in Western France, comparative lithic technology has proved to be the best suited tool for very close scrutiny in those last Paleolithic societies. The study of late glacial lithic industries has allowed us to confirm and refine the chrono-cultural organizational model proposed those last years, shifting assemblages traditionally seen as Magdalenian to the end of the Pleistocene. This work has also identified major changes in the know-how but also more generally in the ways of living and thinking. The inclusion of these data within the European context has led to the understanding of population dynamics of the area and to the development of a reflection on the cultural and technical exchanges in Western Europe during the Late Glacial.
Between the XIIIth and Xth millenniums BC, human societies of Western Europe experienced significant techno-economic and social changes. Considering lithic artifacts are the only elements available in Western France, comparative lithic technology has proved to be the best suited tool for very close scrutiny in those last Paleolithic societies. The study of late glacial lithic industries has allowed us to confirm and refine the chrono-cultural organizational model proposed those last years, shifting assemblages traditionally seen as Magdalenian to the end of the Pleistocene. This work has also identified major changes in the know-how but also more generally in the ways of living and thinking. The inclusion of these data within the European context has led to the understanding of population dynamics of the area and to the development of a reflection on the cultural and technical exchanges in Western Europe during the Late Glacial.
Ce travail s’inscrit dans ce contexte de renouveau des recherches pour les sites de France centrale attribués au Paléolithique final. Il est mené par l’un d’entre nous (AG) dans le cadre d’un doctorat au Service d’archéologie préventive... more
Ce travail s’inscrit dans ce contexte de renouveau des recherches pour les sites de France centrale attribués au Paléolithique final. Il est mené par l’un d’entre nous (AG) dans le cadre d’un doctorat au Service d’archéologie préventive du département de l’Allier et au laboratoire
LAMPEA (UMR 7269) à Aix-Marseille Université. La réflexion s’organise autour d’une chronologie courte : la seconde moitié du Paléolithique final (12.5-11 ka cal. BP). Elle correspond à la transition Tardiglaciaire-
Postglaciaire, qui génère un renouvellement profond des écosystèmes entre l’évènement du Dryas récent (12.5-11.7 ka cal BP) et la première moitié du Préboréal (11.7-10.8 ka cal. BP ; Rasmussen et alii 2007). Le cadre géographique s’étend du coeur des moyennes montagnes
du Massif central au Val de Loire, incluant les grands couloirs alluviaux de l’Allier, du Cher et de la Loire qui sont des axes de circulation préférentiels au Paléolithique récent (Bracco 1996 ; Delvigne 2016). C’est aussi une zone d’interface entre les aires de répartition du Laborien
(Coulonges 1963), du « Belloisien » (Fagnart, 1997) et de l’Ahrensbourgien (Rust 1943 ; fig. 1).
La problématique porte donc sur les interactions entre ces différents groupes et sur la compréhension de l’organisation spatiale des groupes d’affinités laboriennes sur leurs marges septentrionales. Cela interroge
également la signification de ces espaces en marge des courants culturels européens et questionne la pertinence des divisions traditionnelles.
LAMPEA (UMR 7269) à Aix-Marseille Université. La réflexion s’organise autour d’une chronologie courte : la seconde moitié du Paléolithique final (12.5-11 ka cal. BP). Elle correspond à la transition Tardiglaciaire-
Postglaciaire, qui génère un renouvellement profond des écosystèmes entre l’évènement du Dryas récent (12.5-11.7 ka cal BP) et la première moitié du Préboréal (11.7-10.8 ka cal. BP ; Rasmussen et alii 2007). Le cadre géographique s’étend du coeur des moyennes montagnes
du Massif central au Val de Loire, incluant les grands couloirs alluviaux de l’Allier, du Cher et de la Loire qui sont des axes de circulation préférentiels au Paléolithique récent (Bracco 1996 ; Delvigne 2016). C’est aussi une zone d’interface entre les aires de répartition du Laborien
(Coulonges 1963), du « Belloisien » (Fagnart, 1997) et de l’Ahrensbourgien (Rust 1943 ; fig. 1).
La problématique porte donc sur les interactions entre ces différents groupes et sur la compréhension de l’organisation spatiale des groupes d’affinités laboriennes sur leurs marges septentrionales. Cela interroge
également la signification de ces espaces en marge des courants culturels européens et questionne la pertinence des divisions traditionnelles.
Rietberg 5 ist Teil des frühen Federmessenfundplatzes Riteberg-Große Höppe in der Westfälischen Bucht, der um ca. 13,800 cal BP datiert. Das lithische Inventar von Rietberg 5 wurde mithilfe von Zusammensetzungen und Attributsanalysen... more
Rietberg 5 ist Teil des frühen Federmessenfundplatzes Riteberg-Große Höppe in der Westfälischen Bucht, der um ca. 13,800 cal BP datiert. Das lithische Inventar von Rietberg 5 wurde mithilfe von Zusammensetzungen und Attributsanalysen untersucht und zeigt einige, für frühe Federmesserinventare typische Merkmale auf. Anhand der Zusammensetzungen und weiterer Kartierung konnten auf dem Fundplatz verschiedene Aktivitätszonen unterschieden werden, die teils mit Gruben im Zusammenhang stehen. Ein weiterer Aspekt von Rietberg 5 ist, dass Werkzeuge hier stark unterrepräsentiert sind und die Fundstelle den Charakter eines Schlagplatzes aufweist, an dem wohl auch Vorräte in den Gruben zurückgelassen wurden.
Present paper details the results of the study of the Azilian bone and antler assemblage from Cueva Oscura de Ania. Critic review of Cueva Oscura de Ania record has allowed us to give full details of the Lower Azilian archaeological... more
Present paper details the results of the study of the Azilian bone and antler
assemblage from Cueva Oscura de Ania. Critic review of Cueva Oscura de Ania record has allowed us to give full details of the Lower Azilian archaeological characteristics, especially those of the bone and antler assemblage. Lower Azilian displays during a critical period, when Palaeolithic groups changed their subsistence strategies. Cueva Oscura de Ania record suggests that this deposit was built at the beginning of the paleoclimatic phase known as Alleröd/Cantabrian VIII, when numerous cantabrian sites suffered high erosion processes. All these circumstances convert Cueva Oscura de Ania in a fundamental site to get a best knowledge of the origin and development of the Cantabrian Azilian.
El presente trabajo detalla los resultados del análisis de la industria ósea aziliense exhumada en Cueva Oscura de Ania. La revisión crítica de los materiales arqueológicos de este yacimiento está contribuyendo de manera decisiva a precisar las características industriales del Aziliense antiguo, en especial aquellos aspectos relativos a la industria ósea. Este horizonte industrial se enmarca en el seno de un período crítico de reorganización estratégica de las comunidades paleolíticas cantábricas. Los datos cronoestratigráficos disponibles para este registro sugieren una fase de transición hacia el episodio climático conocido como Alleröd, coincidiendo con procesos de desmantelamiento en numerosos depósitos cantábricos. Todas estas circunstancias hacen que el yacimiento de Cueva Oscura de Ania sea fundamental para conocer mejor el origen y desarrollo del Aziliense cantábrico.
assemblage from Cueva Oscura de Ania. Critic review of Cueva Oscura de Ania record has allowed us to give full details of the Lower Azilian archaeological characteristics, especially those of the bone and antler assemblage. Lower Azilian displays during a critical period, when Palaeolithic groups changed their subsistence strategies. Cueva Oscura de Ania record suggests that this deposit was built at the beginning of the paleoclimatic phase known as Alleröd/Cantabrian VIII, when numerous cantabrian sites suffered high erosion processes. All these circumstances convert Cueva Oscura de Ania in a fundamental site to get a best knowledge of the origin and development of the Cantabrian Azilian.
El presente trabajo detalla los resultados del análisis de la industria ósea aziliense exhumada en Cueva Oscura de Ania. La revisión crítica de los materiales arqueológicos de este yacimiento está contribuyendo de manera decisiva a precisar las características industriales del Aziliense antiguo, en especial aquellos aspectos relativos a la industria ósea. Este horizonte industrial se enmarca en el seno de un período crítico de reorganización estratégica de las comunidades paleolíticas cantábricas. Los datos cronoestratigráficos disponibles para este registro sugieren una fase de transición hacia el episodio climático conocido como Alleröd, coincidiendo con procesos de desmantelamiento en numerosos depósitos cantábricos. Todas estas circunstancias hacen que el yacimiento de Cueva Oscura de Ania sea fundamental para conocer mejor el origen y desarrollo del Aziliense cantábrico.
La transición desde el Paleolítico al Mesolítico no es sino una etapa más dentro del constante proceso de cambio que experimentan las sociedades humanas. Esta transformación de los grupos paleolíticos se enclava, cronológicamente, entre... more
La transición desde el Paleolítico al Mesolítico no es sino una etapa más dentro del constante proceso de cambio que experimentan las sociedades humanas. Esta transformación de los grupos paleolíticos se enclava, cronológicamente, entre el final del Tardiglacial y el comienzo del Holoceno; durante este tiempo se fueron fraguando y sucediendo distintas culturas en el área cantábrica que presentan claras diferencias, como queda constancia en las prácticas socioeconómicas típicas del Epipaleolítico, herederas del Magdaleniense, y las del Mesolítico, que incidirán en nuevos aspectos. Durante este proceso de cambio tendrá un papel destacado la progresiva regionalización que se observa, entre otros aspectos, a través de la especialización en la explotación de unos medios que hasta este momento apenas lo habían sido, como el costero o el de alta montaña, ligado todo ello, así mismo, a un aumento de la territorialidad. Por ello, el objeto del presente artículo será una propuesta metodológica para el estudio de esta territorialidad de los distintos grupos epipaleolíticos y mesolíticos a partir de las prácticas cinegéticas, apoyada y fundamentada en una perspectiva fundamentalmente bibliográfica. Con ello se tratará de establecer unas pautas para el estudio del poblamiento humano de estos períodos que permitan ser conjugadas con otros datos como los referentes a las áreas de aprovisionamiento de materias primas o la dispersión de la población en medios aparentemente contrapuestos que den como resultado una mayor claridad sobre los modos de vida de las sociedades postpaleolíticas.
Auf einem spätpaläolithischen Lagerplatz in Boppard wurde ein aus der plantaren Seite eines Metatarsus vom Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus) gefertigter Glätter gefunden. Auf seinen Schmalseiten weist das Gerät zahlreiche parallele Kerben auf,... more
Auf einem spätpaläolithischen Lagerplatz in Boppard wurde ein aus der plantaren Seite eines Metatarsus vom Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus) gefertigter Glätter gefunden. Auf seinen Schmalseiten weist das Gerät zahlreiche parallele Kerben auf, welche senkrecht zur Längsachse des Knochens orientiert sind. Sie bilden Gruppen, welche von einander durch Kerben-freie Zonen getrennt sind.
A spatula recovered from the Late Palaeolithic site of Boppard is manufactured on a fragment of the plantar face of a metatarsal bone of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Along its narrow side, the tool exhibits numerous parallel notches at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the bone. These are arranged in groups separated by notch-free areas of bone.
A spatula recovered from the Late Palaeolithic site of Boppard is manufactured on a fragment of the plantar face of a metatarsal bone of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Along its narrow side, the tool exhibits numerous parallel notches at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the bone. These are arranged in groups separated by notch-free areas of bone.
We present in this work the integral study of the portable art of Fariseu (Côa Valley). Eighty-five engraved pieces and four painted ones form the studied collection. The chronological attribution to the Late Dryas/ beginning of the... more
We present in this work the integral study of the portable art of Fariseu (Côa Valley). Eighty-five engraved pieces and four painted ones form the studied collection. The chronological attribution to the Late Dryas/ beginning of the Pre-boreal is perfectly assured by the stratigraphic origin of the pieces. The technical and stylistic attributes of the figures are similar to some of the rock art of the Côa valley, making the collection an important chronological referent to a vast number of engraved and painted panels of the region. Those technical and stylistic attributes are also similar to others from Southwest Europe that are dated from the end of the Late glacial period, which denotes the affiliation of this rock art facies in a graphic tradition of a broader geographic range.
Related Topics