Authorities

Lawyers participating in legal malpractice litigation sometimes encounter evidence of serious disciplinary rule violations.  Whether, and how soon, those lawyers are required to report this information to grievance authorities is a question that has received little attention from courts and scholars, despite the fact that most states have mandatory reporting rules.  The dilemma for lawyers serving as testifying experts is particularly troublesome because nonreporting may result not only in discipline, but testimonial impeachment.  The better view is that an expert in a pending case ordinarily has no mandatory obligation to report misconduct.  This conclusion is supported by an analysis of the narrowness of the reporting obligation, the exceptions to the rule, public policy considerations related to malpractice litigation and grievance procedures, and customary professional practices.  However, after litigation ends, an expert (and other lawyers) may have a duty to call evidence of serious misconduct to the attention of disciplinary authorities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the image of municipalities and also to determine the things that give the city a positive image of the territory. Methodology: The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the ideas and paradigms that were developed in the works of leading domestic sociologists, cult urologists, economists, and marketers. The applied individual methods include comparative analysis, typology, classification method, questionnaire, method of analysis of social factors and events Results: The Program of socioeconomic development must be amended in the form of a subprogram for the formation of a positive image of the municipality of Chekhov, since today there are no projects or programs aimed at creating a positive image of the municipality to one degree or another, its popularization and perception among the local population and among tourists. Moreover, information support of the main assets of the municipality of Chekhov (information about the advantages of the territory, photographs and advertising leaflets) in social networks, the media, on the Internet, that is, marketing of historical and cultural heritage with a priority on the work of A.P. Chekhov Applications of this study: The formation of a favorable image is of fundamental importance primarily for residents of the municipality. It affects the creation and support of social optimism among the population, trust in the authorities and confidence in the future. Novelty of the study: The image of the municipality is formed from the priority elements of its structure and a set of certain factors of development and promotion of the territory. So, the novelty of this study is to asses this image in modern life.

I. AUTORIDADES EUROPEAS Europa actualmente es un continente en el cual la gran diferencia de economías entre unos y otros países hace que no todos se puedan desarrollar como ellos desearan en el ámbito aeronáutico. Sin embargo, cuenta con muchos países los cuales son potencias mundiales y que si invierten en esta área. Debido a esto y a su interés por la seguridad, calidad y mejora, cada país ha creado autoridades en este ámbito y les ha encomendado ciertas funciones. Este tema sobre las autoridades de aviación en Europa es de suma importancia y se hablara de las más relevantes a continuación.

The Reasons for the Creation of a Muslim Majority in Bethlehem since the 1948 War to the Present:
After many centuries during which the majority of Bethlehem’s population was Christian, over the past sixty years a series of far-reaching demographic changes has completely reversed the situation. From a majority of 75% on the eve of the war of 1948, the Christian population of Bethlehem has dwindled to 25% or less. And yet, despite this fact, the law still requires the majority of the city’s municipal council and its mayor to be Christian.

הסיבות להיווצרות רוב מוסלמי בבית לחם מאז מלחמת 1948 ועד היום:
לאחר מאות בשנים בהן היה רוב נוצרי בבית לחם, הרי שבשישים השנים האחרונות חלו מהפכים דמוגראפיים מרחיקי לכת בעיר. למעשה, מרוב נוצרי של 75% מכלל האוכלוסייה ערב מלחמת 1948, הפכה כיום בית לחם למיעוט נוצרי של 25% ואף פחות. אך נתונים אלו לא גורמים לשינוי החוק מזה שנים בבית לחם, הגורס כי רוב מועצת העיר והעומד בראשה חייבים להיות נוצריים.

This UNUP-project analyzes the transformation of political geography through the case study of Catalonia. Catalonia was a periphery of the Carolingian Empire, which in the tenth century became an important political and cultural centre. This is a particular interesting case study for post-Carolingian transformations of European geography because it was a multi-faceted region of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, social, religious and political variety, which brokered relations between the Mediterranean and Western European spheres. Catalonia thus provides the possibility to assess the quality of European culture from a peripheral perspective. Recent scholarship has begun to interpret Catalonia within a wider Carolingian/post-Carolingian environment, but this UNUP-project provides an opportunity to place it in an even broader context and to enable comparisons with other regions of Europe across the tenth century. The question of how 'Carolingian' and 'European' culture impinged on the reorganization of the post-Carolingian Empire has never been seriously addressed with regard to North-Eastern Iberia.

Mâverâünnehir’in Hanefî hadis hâfızlarından sayılan Ebü’l-Abbas el-Müstağfirî (ö. 350/432) Nesef’te doğup ilmî gelişimini farklı bölgelere rihle yaparak çeşitli âlimlerden istifade etmekle tamamlamıştır. Bununla birlikte yaklaşık 20’ye yakın eser telif etmiş ve pek çok öğrenci yetiştirmiştir. Ayrıca Nesef’in hatipliğini de üstlenen Müstağfirî ömrünü ilim ve İslâm’a hizmet etmekle geçirerek hicrî 432 yılında vefat etmiştir. “İmam”, “fakih” ve “hafiz” unvanlarıyla nitelenen Müstağfirî, hadis ilminde önemli yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada eserleri esas alınarak Müstağfirî’nin hadisçiliği incelenmiştir. Müstağfirî’ye dair bu çalışmada onun yaşadığı ortam ve zaman dilimi ilmî, siyâsi, sosyal, kültürel ve ilmî açılardan ele alınmış, sonrasında ise Müstağfirî’nin hadisçiliğini tespit adına eserlerindeki açıklama ve değerlendirmeleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Müstağfirî’nin meşhur hadisçi olduğuve kendisinden sonra gelen âlimler üzerinde etkin rol oynadığı söylenebilir. ---------------...

Authority to legislate as embedded within 1945 National Constitution shall be performed by both government and senate, meanwhile regional senate ("DPD") which is also categorized as legislative body does not enjoy such authority, as it is enunciated within Law No 27 of 2009 concerning MPD, DPR, DPD, and DPRD along with Law No 12 of 2011 concerning Procedure of Drafting an Act which also reduced the authority of DPD. As explained, problems risen and shall be observed is whether the implication of mentioned laws towards the authority of DPD and also after the Judgment of Constitutional Court No. 92/PUU-X/2012. Method of research applied shall be normative legal research combined with statutory approach. Conclusion drawn from the research shall be, due to the Judgment of the Constitutional Court, DPD shall enjoys the right to enter into the drafting of national legislation program, along with the discussion on budgeting and autonomy issue, however its right to pass a draft into a law remain absent.

The Personal Data Protection Authority which has administrative and financial autonomy and public legal personality was established in order to perform the duties stipulated by Law No. 6698 in February 2016. In this study, the power of sanction and the capacity to impact of the authority are examined over its missions and visions. By examining the authority, this study tries to find the answers of the questions of why it is needed, how it protects personal data, and to what extent it is successful. Eventually, this study aims to analyze how this authority can be more efficient and accordingly to give suggestions of implementation for future studies in the light of a swot analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that the Authority’s operational capacity is not in a satisfying level and it is not known by public enough. The number of applications and complaints are also not in a satisfying level. In return, it is recommended in this study that, the authority should develop its...

The Personal Data Protection Authority which has administrative and financial autonomy and public legal personality was established in order to perform the duties stipulated by Law No. 6698 in February 2016. In this study, the power of sanction and the capacity to impact of the authority are examined over its missions and visions. By examining the authority, this study tries to find the answers of the questions of why it is needed, how it protects personal data, and to what extent it is successful. Eventually, this study aims to analyze how this authority can be more efficient and accordingly to give suggestions of implementation for future studies in the light of a swot analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that the Authority's operational capacity is not in a satisfying level and it is not known by public enough. The number of applications and complaints are also not in a satisfying level. In return, it is recommended in this study that, the authority should develop its operational capacity, act more independently, and propagate and extend its functions by taking good examples from the world.

The concept of institution in legislation. In legislative process it is important to ensure that the legislative text is unambiguous and comprehensible, so that the application of law would not leave ground for doubts or offer different interpretation opportunities. Legislative terminology should be clear, generally known and unambiguous. Terms with different meanings should not be used in legislation. Besides, the historical development of the legislative institute itself and the natural diversity of terms denoting it should be respected. In Latvia the term institution has created certain ambiguity, as it has been used under different meanings in the legislation. Latvian lawyers, inter alia senators of the Supreme Court (K. Torgāns, J. Briede), give different interpretation of this term in the article 1407 of The Civil Law. This paper will clarify how much the legislator is to blame for this and how much blame lies on imprecise interpretation of the term.

This paper will investigate the anti-Semitic stereotypes and prejudices of Salonika non Jewish society during the Nazi Occupation, through the relevant discourse. It will examine three different sources: the official documents of Greek and Nazi authorities, the propaganda press and the oral and written testimonies, aiming to understand some of the causes that led to a mixture of administrative collaboration and popular indifference to fate of the Jews in the country’s main Jewish center; which where the arguments or the alibis that the Greek authorities, the collaborationists but mostly the fellow citizens used? Why did they enter into “the Jew phobia” (or returned or eventually expressed it), and thus participated in stigmatization, discrimination, separation, indifference, looting, physical attacks, deportation and extermination?

Buena parte de la bibliografía etnográfica existente habla de las diferentes funciones que cumplen organizaciones y dirigentes en comunidades campesinas de costa y sierra. Sin embargo, es poco lo que se sabe acerca de la opinión que tienen los propios comuneros de sus propias organizaciones y dirigentes.

Este artículo explora las percepciones y los discursos que elaboran los campesinos como una manera de entender el conjunto de cambios que experimentan las familias campesinas en un contexto de rápida modernización.

Él recoge algunas tendencias de opinión entre campesinos de comunidades cuzqueñas extraídas de una encuesta socio económica de hogares realizada por un organismo local de desarrollo en 1997.

En una primera parte se presentan las respuestas obtenidas en la encuesta, y en la sección final se reflexiona sobre algunos puntos referidos a la actuación de los principales agentes presentes en la zona.

Deseo que el presente documento pueda ser nutrido con otras experiencias comunitarias, que amplíen y allanen los caminos y veredas en la construcción de diálogos intercomunitarios. La esperanza es lograr una vida en las comunidades indígenas de Oaxaca, sin lastimar a las mujeres, por la idea que es natural hacerlo. Es necesario y apremiante por el bien de la vida comunitaria, respetarlas, reconocerlas y valorarlas en su justa dimensión. Esto significaría el respeto a sus voces que expresan anhelos y sueños de una vida con dignidad, sin sumisión ni discriminación. Si queremos continuar existiendo como herederos de los saberes comunitarios de nuestros ancestros y ancestras, es imprescindible reconocer que las mujeres son las guardianas de estos saberes comunitarios, cuya sabiduría muchas veces ha sido silenciada, por ello es forzoso escucharlas para el bien y progreso de la vida en comunidad. La experiencia de acompañamiento jurídico y facilitación a mujeres y autoridades de comunidades indígenas en Oaxaca, ha sido de aprendizaje, en cada conversación me henchido con su sabiduría y experiencias comunitarias.
Este trabajo no es posible sin la autorización de los guardianes y ancestros que resguardan cada comunidad que acompañé. Su legado es parte de la vida de cada comunidad, y en cada Acción Comunitaria piden ser honrados y no ser olvidados. Mejorar las prácticas comunitarias, será una forma de honrar sus sacrificios y preservar su herencia cultural.

El artículo estudia la doble glosa a los Proverbios o Centiloquio del Marqués de Santillana en función del tipo de comentario y la intención de cada uno de los comentaristas. Se analiza particularmente la glosa de Díaz de Toledo a la primera estrofa y se relaciona este texto con otros precedentes de Alonso de Cartagena, que demostrarían un contacto directo con los materiales de su scriptorium. Se edita asimismo la versión castellana de la epístola de Leonardo Bruni a Juan II que cita Santillana en el Prólogo a su obra.
URL: https://journals.openedition.org/atalaya/1917

Estudio de la guarnición militar española en la Florida Oriental, fundamentalmente la ciudad de San Agustín y el castillo de San Marcos, a lo largo del S. XVIII, y durante los dos periodos, antes y después de 1763, cuando pasó a dominación británica, y tras su posterior devolución a la monarquía española en la década de los 80, hasta su incorporación a los Estados Unidos en la década de 1820. Se analizan los orígenes sociales y geográficos de esta guarnición (oficiales y soldados), familias constituidas, economías domésticas, salarios, pagos, situados, relaciones con las autoridades, relacione con la isla de Cuba.
Study of the Spanish military garrison in East Florida, mainly the city of San Agustín and the castle of San Marcos, throughout the 18th century, and during the two periods, before and after 1763, when it came to domination British, and after its subsequent return to the Spanish monarchy in the 1980s, until its incorporation into the United States in the 1820s. Are analysed the social and geographical origins of this garrison (officers and soldiers), established families, domestic economies, salaries, payments, situated, relations with the authorities, relations with the island of Cuba.

This essay has been written in the course of the fieldwork for my PhD research with the title "Urban Borderlands: Spatial change in Amman and Tel Aviv-Jaffa", completed in 2017, at the Development Planning Unit at University College London. An earlier version was published on 'borderlandlevant.com'.

This chapter analyses the Norwegian authorities’ presence on Twitter during the 22 July 2011 terrorist attacks. Twitter activity by two official institutions is analysed in particular, namely, the blood bank at Oslo University Hospital and the Norwegian Police Security Services (PST). Our findings show that the Norwegian authorities were almost completely absent on Twitter during the critical hours of the terrorist attack, and that there was no coordination and synchronisation of communication from the authorities. This official silence allowed the diffusion of speculation and misinformation to take place; these were neither corrected nor addressed, as the analysed PST case shows. In contrast, the blood bank used Twitter to mobilise blood donors to address an acute problem: a shortage of blood to treat casualties. The chapter concludes by offering recommendations to the authorities for future major incidents.