Associated Press

Gatekeepi ng theory has been called "one of the most easily accessible theories" 1 and is certainly one of the most enduring in mass communication research. 2 Shoemaker writes that the basic idea of gatekeeping-that there is some selectivity in how and how many news items are presented-has always been apparent. 3 Initial inquiries into gatekeeping theory looked at the decisions of a lone gatekeeper. 4 However, subsequent analyses of that research contend that the work of those individual gatekeepers was influenced by other levels of gatekeeping forces, such as the professional routines of journalists and the influence of the news organization, 5 thus revealing gatekeeping to be more complex than previously thought. In fact, Shoemaker, Eichholz, Kim and Wrigley assert that "gatekeeping in mass communication can be seen as the overall process through which the social reality transmitted by the news media is constructed." 6 Recent efforts 7 have integrated gatekeeping theory with Shoemaker and Reese's hierarchical model of news influences, which allows for the study of gatekeeping on five levels of analysis-individual, routine, organizational characteristics, extramedia and ideological. 8 Gatekeeping theory has also been labeled an effective conceptual approach to studying online journalists. 9 This project seeks to further extend these areas of research through an examination of the influence of gatekeeping forces at the individual and routine levels on the professional role conceptions of print and online daily newspaper journalists.

O trabalho busca mapear as interfaces entre radiojornalismo e jornalismo de agências, salientando pontos convergentes e divergentes de cada modalidade, ao mesmo tempo em que pontua impactos da digitalização em ambas. São revistas algumas experiências históricas e atuais do radiojornalismo de agências de notícias, com ênfase na América Latina e no Brasil. Ao final, tomando por objeto os serviços de rádio e de áudio – conceituando estas diferenças – de sete agências de notícias de propriedade estatal ou pública de seis países latino-americanos, examinam-se as estratégias destas organizações para promover a circulação de informações num meio de comunicação cada vez mais negligenciado pelos atores privados: o rádio, particularmente das cidades de pequeno e médio porte, tendo por suporte as facilidades de produção, gravação, transmissão e reprodução oferecidas pela convergência digital.

This thesis considers the relationship between television foreign correspondents and their locally-hired 'fixers' in order to ascertain the centrality and significance of this relationship in facilitating international news production. The design of this research project, with its emphasis on news production practice, was guided by scholars in the sociology of news tradition, such as Jeremy Tunstall, Michael Schudson, Stephen Reese, Pamela Shoemaker and Simon Cottle. The main research question asks to what extent, and how, is the relationship DECLARATION This is to certify that i. the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD, ii. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, iii. the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, bibliographies and appendices.

Secret Photos. The Cooperation between Associated Press and Nazi Germany 1942–1945
This article is based on a new archival find from the papers of foreign correspondent Louis P. Lochner. It proves the existence of a secret German-American cooperation between Associated Press (AP) and the ›Bureau Laux‹, an agency of the SS and the German Foreign Office, during the war years 1942–1945. With the permission of the Roosevelt administration, AP and the Bureau Laux exchanged photos via diplomatic pouch on a daily basis until spring 1945, first via Lisbon and from 1944 via Stockholm as well. Approximately 40,000 photos were swapped in this way between the war enemies while the battles of the Second World War were fought and the Holocaust was taking place. In Berlin, the AP photos were presented daily to the highest Nazi leadership. They were then also used for anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda in the German press. Conversely, thousands of Nazi photos received by AP New York via Lisbon and Stockholm were printed in the American and international press. This article sheds new light on both AP as a news and picture agency and on foreign reporting during the Nazi era and the Second World War.

Obwohl der Nationalsozialismus stets globale Ziele verfolgte und die »Weltpresse« für ihn einen wichtigen Machtfaktor darstellte, waren die in Berlin tätigen Auslandskorrespondenten bisher eine Leerstelle der Forschung.
Für die amerikanischen Journalisten war selbstverständlich, dass sie die Weltöffentlichkeit repräsentierten und über einen quasi-diplomatischen Status verfügten.
In der vorliegenden Studie werden die amerikanischen Auslandskorrespondenten in NS-Deutschland erstmals umfassend in den Blick genommen: vom Aufstieg Hitlers und der NS-Bewegung in den 1920er Jahren bis zum Nürnberger Prozess, der für viele ab 1944 als Kriegskorrespondenten zurückkehrenden Journalisten ein Fazit ihrer Arbeit im »Dritten Reich« darstellte. Dabei fördert die Arbeit zahlreiche Staats- und Weltkriegsgeheimnisse zu Tage, die nicht zuletzt die transatlantischen Beziehungen in jener Epoche in einem neuen Licht erscheinen lassen. Unbekannt waren etwa die Verstrickungen amerikanischer Korrespondenten wie Hubert R. Knickerbocker (New York Evening Post) und Karl von Wiegand (Hearst-Presse) in frühe Umsturzpläne des »Dritten Reiches«, die schließlich im Juni 1934 in der Röhm-Affäre kulminierten. Die Einbeziehung der amerikanischen Auslandspresse in die innere und äußere NS-Politik hörte danach keineswegs auf. Die amerikanischen Auslandskorrespondenten waren selbst in heikelste Staatsgeheimnisse des »Dritten Reiches« eingeweiht. So wußte Max Jordan von NBC, der nach 1945 völlig in Vergessenheit geratene Konkurrent von William Shirer (CBS), bereits drei Tage vor der Invasion Dänemarks und Norwegens von diesem Angriffskrieg.
Die amerikanischen Berlin-Korrespondenten hatten als eigenständige politische Akteure einen festen Platz in der NS-Polykratie. Bei allen großen politischen Aktionen wie Wiederaufrüstung, Rheinland-Besetzung, »Anschluss« Österreichs, »Erledigung der Rest-Tschechei« oder Angriff auf die Sowjetunion waren sie vorab informiert und können sogar als Schlüsselpersonen dieser Medienereignisse ausgemacht werden. Damit zeigt sich, dass die USA längst zur Weltmedienmacht aufgestiegen waren, bevor sie sich als politische und militärische Weltmacht verstanden.
Die überraschendste Entdeckung der Studie ist jedoch die geheime Zusammenarbeit von Associated Press (AP), der bis heute größten Nachrichtenagentur der Welt, und NS-Deutschland während des gesamten Zweiten Weltkrieges. Zwischen 1942 bis 1945 tauschte AP täglich über die neutralen Hauptstädte Lissabon und Stockholm Nachrichtenfotos und Wochenschauen mit dem „Büro Laux“ aus, einer der Forschung bis 2017 völlig unbekannten Agentur von SS und Auswärtigem Amt. In medialer Hinsicht gab es gar keine getrennten Kriegsöffentlicheiten und keinen „totalen Krieg“. Schätzungsweise 40.000 Nachrichtenfotos fluktuierten so bis 1945 durch den transatlantischen und globalen Raum. Mit AP blieb die amerikanische Presse beim Kriegsgegner embedded. AP war bis zum Mai 1945 der loyalste Medienpartner des „Dritten Reiches“. Mit der Aufdeckung des Fotoaustauschs, während die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschlagen wurden und der Holocaust stattfand, ist überdies der einzige bisher bekannte – täglich – aktive Kommunikationskanal zwischen den Kriegsgegnern USA und NS-Deutschland sichtbar geworden. Dies verändert unsere Sicht auf den transatlantischen Raum, zumal die personellen und strukturellen Kontinuitäten des Deals 1945 nicht aufhörten, sondern bis in die 1980er Jahre nachweisbar sind.
Die Saturiertheit an Nachrichten und Nachrichtenfotos aus dem NS-Herrschaftsbereich kann den bisherigen Deutungen für die Ignoranz der amerikanischen Presse gegenüber dem Mord an den europäischen Juden eine überraschende neue Erklärung hinzufügen.

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze some of the most significant effects that wired, electromagnetic telegraph technology had on industrialized civilizations. Specifically, this document explores the changes that the simultaneous invention of the Morse and the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraphs brought about over a span of about 100 years from roughly 1840 to 1940. These telegraph technologies will be examined in detail with respect to how they impacted communication, transportation, economics, government and military operations as a result of their introduction and use during the aforementioned time period.

This past October, the Associated Press reported that for over a month, hackers effectively penetrated Microsoft's firewall and, potentially, had access to source code for future products. Over the past year, reported commercial espionage has been increasing steadily. These events underscore the necessity for security engineers to define and implement strong information assurance infrastructures. The concept of defense in depth is used to provide suffiient detection and defensive countermeasures to ensure an enterprise's information is protected. Over the past three years, Ham's has conducted research leading to the development of an assurance superstructure tool: the Integrated Design Environment for Assurance (IDEA). Building upon concepts developed during the Network Vulnerability Tool (NVT) program, the IDEA program refined the design and provides a comprehensive assurance analysis superstructure. The IDEA program benefited from the NVT architecture to gain greater adaptive capabilities to address the evolving capabilities of external vulnerability assessment and risk management tools. This rearchitected solution builds upon lessons learned during the NVTproject.

El fotoperiodismo le permitió cruzar conflictos en medio oriente. Presenció los gritos y sollozos que generan los caudillos. Registró Guatemala en tiempos de incertidumbre y violencia. Pero, tiene una queja sobre el país en el que vivió durante ocho años que lo atormenta cada día: ¿Por qué es más fácil fotografiar en Afganistán que en el Perú?

Purpose-This research examines the user interaction of global and local news agencies' tweets based on three dimensions. The types of agencies, content richness of posts, and categories of shared news content. Methodology-A mixed research model was used both quantitative and qualitative. Five elements have been evaluated with a special score table. The news categories were examined through eight selected categories. User interactions were analyzed with 4,582 tweets collected from the news agencies. Content analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis were conducted. Findings-It has been seen that user interaction differs regarding news agencies and types of news agencies. So having influenced the audience from the Agency perspective, there should be considerations regarding sharing content to have interactions. Conclusion-Content marketing is a useful tool for social media marketing, and news agencies are the leading producers of the social media content. By this point of view, this work has implications for both academicians and practitioners.

Haber Ajanslarının Yenil Nesil Habercilik Uygulamaları Üzerine Yaklaşımları: Associated Press ve Anadolu Ajansı Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma

Tüm Yönleriyle İnternet Haberciliği

Gazetecilik faaliyeti adına, internetin sağlamış olduğu en zorlayıcı değişken etki hiç şüphesiz çoklu medya ortamlarının varlığıdır. Böyle bir etkinin varlığı kâğıda ve yazıya bağlı geleneksel gazetecilik deneyiminin de dijitalleşmesine ve çoklu tasarımlar içeren bir platforma dönüşmesine neden olmaktadır. Yeni nesil haber organizasyonları denildiğinde videoların, interaktiflerin, infografiklerin, harita, test, GIF, çizelge, oyun ve sanal gerçeklik uygulamalarının haber platformlarındaki bir arada ya da yoğun biçimde kullanımı ifade edilmektedir. Fakat her bir ülkenin tüm bu yenilikleri etkin bir biçimde haber ağlarında kullandıkları söylenemez. Kimi ülkeler haber platformlarında çok sayıda yeni nesil akıllı uygulamaya yer verirken kimi ülkelerde bu durum yavaş bir gelişmenin konusu olabilmekte kimi yerde de sanatsal kaygıların önemsendiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma yeni nesil habercilik uygulamalarının sunduğu avantajların Amerika ve Türkiye gibi habercilik konusunda uzun bir tarihsel deneyime sahip iki ülke tarafından nasıl kullanıldıklarının biçimsel/fonksiyonel yönden incelemesini yaparak özgünlüklerinin hangi alanlarda oluştuğunun farkına varmaya çalışmaktadır. Örneklem kapsamında Amerika’dan Associated Press (AP), Türkiye’den de Anadolu Ajansı (AA) tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın neticesinde fark edilmiştir ki Associated Press yeni nesil habercilik uygulamalarının yaklaşık tamamına yakının estetik ve teknolojik kaygılarla kullanırken Anadolu Ajansı görece sınırlı bir seviyede kalmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeni Nesil Haber Organizasyonu, Online Gazetecilik, Haber, İnternet Gazeteciliği, Yeni Medya

This article examines the role that the global television news agencies play in the handling of user generated content (UGC) video from Syria. In the absence of independent journalists, Reuters, Associated Press and Agence France-Presse are sourcing citizen videos from YouTube channels and passing it on to their clients. This article examines the verification processes that the agencies undertake to check on the veracity of this material and asks whether the agencies have abandoned independent journalism to activists. This article provides a comparative analysis of two months' worth of UGC videos from Syria that were broadcast by the global news agencies after Russia joined the bombing campaign in Syria in late 2015. It analyses the content, verification processes and information that the agencies give their clients about this material. Through interviews with senior editors from the three organizations, questions of certainty versus probability are explored, along with ethical arguments about propaganda versus information transparency. The global news agencies are the engine drivers of international news coverage and their decisions and interpretation feed directly into the media ecology of mainstream and then alternative media.

This paper examines the potential for attrition bias and panel conditioning in a longitudinal online election panel survey. The 2008 Associated Press-Yahoo! News Poll was conducted by Knowledge Networks with contributions from political scientists at Harvard University and Stanford University. The study involved an eleven-wave Web panel election survey of general population U.S. adults. All the interviews were conducted with KnowledgePanel ® respondents. Our assessment of panel conditioning is made possible by the study's sample design, which includes both the longitudinal sample component as well as three separate fresh cross-sectional samples. We examined the potential for the impact of panel conditioning on self-reports of certain attitudes, preferences, and behaviors such as the propensity to remain undecided and to report being certain about voting or having voted early. We employ Extended Cox hazard modeling to estimate risk factors responsible for attrition from the panel study. We found some evidence of panel conditioning for one political knowledge question. Not surprisingly, longitudinal respondents were more likely to correctly name Obama's religion than cross-sectional respondents, confirming previous results from the literature for panel conditioning on knowledge questions. For the other seven items about the presidential election, only two showed some evidence of panel conditioning. Regarding panel attrition, the rare (i.e., non-whites, adults ages 18 to 29, or less than high school education) and non-rare respondent groups were attriting from the panel at the same rate during the first four waves, probably due to a specific incentive system put in place for the rare respondents. Undecided Republicans were more likely to quit the panel during the first four waves than Republicans who chose John McCain. In subsequent waves, late-participating respondents were more likely to drop from the study than early respondents in both rare and non-rare groups.

We investigate multiple biases in the individual weekly ballots submitted by the 65 voters in the Associated Press college football poll in 2007. Using censored tobit modeling, we find evidence of bias toward teams (1) from the voter's state, (2) in conferences represented in the voter's state, (3) in selected Bowl Championship Series conferences, and (4) that played in televised games, particularly on relatively prominent networks. We also find evidence of inordinate bias toward simplistic performance measures -number of losses, and losing in the preceding week -even after controlling for performance using mean team strength derived from 16 so-called computer rankings.

This paper examines the potential for attrition bias and panel conditioning in a longitudinal online election panel survey. The 2008 Associated Press-Yahoo! News Poll was conducted by Knowledge Networks with contributions from political scientists at Harvard University and Stanford University. The study involved an eleven-wave Web panel election survey of general population U.S. adults. All the interviews were conducted with KnowledgePanel ® respondents. Our assessment of panel conditioning is made possible by the study's sample design, which includes both the longitudinal sample component as well as three separate fresh cross-sectional samples. We examined the potential for the impact of panel conditioning on self-reports of certain attitudes, preferences, and behaviors such as the propensity to remain undecided and to report being certain about voting or having voted early. We employ Extended Cox hazard modeling to estimate risk factors responsible for attrition from the panel study. We found some evidence of panel conditioning for one political knowledge question. Not surprisingly, longitudinal respondents were more likely to correctly name Obama's religion than cross-sectional respondents, confirming previous results from the literature for panel conditioning on knowledge questions. For the other seven items about the presidential election, only two showed some evidence of panel conditioning. Regarding panel attrition, the rare (i.e., non-whites, adults ages 18 to 29, or less than high school education) and non-rare respondent groups were attriting from the panel at the same rate during the first four waves, probably due to a specific incentive system put in place for the rare respondents. Undecided Republicans were more likely to quit the panel during the first four waves than Republicans who chose John McCain. In subsequent waves, late-participating respondents were more likely to drop from the study than early respondents in both rare and non-rare groups.

We investigate multiple biases in the individual weekly ballots submitted by the 65 voters in the Associated Press college football poll in 2007. Using censored tobit modeling, we find evidence of bias toward teams (1) from the voter's state, (2) in conferences represented in the voter's state, (3) in selected Bowl Championship Series conferences, and (4) that played in televised games, particularly on relatively prominent networks. We also find evidence of inordinate bias toward simplistic performance measures -number of losses, and losing in the preceding week -even after controlling for performance using mean team strength derived from 16 so-called computer rankings.

In Information Retrieval, since it is hard to identify users' information needs, many approaches have been tried to solve this problem by expanding initial queries and reweighting the terms in the expanded queries using users' relevance judgments. Although relevance feedback is most effective when relevance information about retrieved documents is provided by users, it is not always available. Another solution is to use correlated terms for query expansion. The main problem with this approach is how to construct the term-term correlations that can be used effectively to improve retrieval performance. In this study, we try to construct query concepts that denote users' information needs from a document space, rather than to reformulate initial queries using the term correlations and/or users' relevance feedback. To form query concepts, we extract features from each document, and then cluster the features into primitive concepts that are then used to form query concepts. Experiments are performed on the Associated Press (AP) dataset taken from the TREC collection. The experimental evaluation shows that our proposed framework called QCM (Query Concept Method) outperforms baseline probabilistic retrieval model on TREC retrieval.

Os processos de convergência digital das mídias fracassaram em cumprir uma promessa de diversificar as fontes de informação sobre o mundo. Se, de fato, estão mais acessíveis as notícias e as imagens de terras distantes, isto não significa que haja maior pluralidade de vozes e de atores envolvidos nos fluxos globais. Pelo contrário: o cenário com que se trabalha hoje é, ao contrário do que se esperava no início da digitalização, mais concentrado do que fora há quatro décadas, quando estava em voga a campanha pela Nova Ordem Mundial da Informação e da Comunicação (NOMIC). As quatro grandes agências de notícias da esfera capitalista, então denunciadas-Reuters, Associated Press (AP), Agence France-Presse (AFP) e United Press International (UPI)-hoje se reduziram a três, com a norte-americana Bloomberg cumprindo um papel complementar, segmentada na informação econômica e financeira. Os grupos de mídia fundiram-se em menos e maiores conglomerados, em proporções impensáveis na era analógica. E muito da comunicação estritamente no âmbito digital, inclusive de origem jornalística, hoje depende das interfaces oligopolizadas por três gigantes do Vale do Silício: Google, Facebook e Apple.

The presence of an African-American candidate on the ballot running for President in 2008 raises the possibility that the election outcome might have been influenced by anti-African-American racism among voters. This paper uses data from the Associated Press-Yahoo! News-Stanford University survey to explore this possibility, using measures of both explicit racism (symbolic racism) and implicit racism (the Affect Misattribution Procedure). The parameters of multinomial logistic regression equations were estimated to test the hypotheses that racism might have behaved differently on election day than they would have had racism been eliminated. The findings suggest that racism's impact on the election outcome could have been substantial, by causing (1) people

The next editions of International Surrealism Now will be held in United States, Mississippi at Cullis Wade Depot Art Gallery, MSU Welcome Center; it will be in January and February and in Partícula Coimbra, next February, and Multimedia Poros Museum in Condeixa-a-Nova, Portugal 2016.

This book reveals that ‘fixers’—local experts on whom foreign correspondents rely—play a much more significant role in international television newsgathering than has been documented or understood. Murrell explores the frames though which international reporting has traditionally been analysed and then shows that fixers, who have largely been dismissed by scholars as "logistical aides", are in fact central to the day-to-day decision-making that takes place on-the-road. Murrell looks at why and how fixers are selected and what their significance is to foreign correspondence. She asks if fixers help introduce a local perspective into the international news agenda, or if fixers are simply ‘People Like Us’ (PLU). Also included are data from 26 TV foreign correspondents and fixers plus in-depth case studies of correspondents in Iraq and Indonesia.

The goal of this study was to analyze the extent to which the visual coverage of the final stages (April/May 2009) of the long-lasting Sri Lankan Civil War relied on war and peace frames. Based on the revolutionary conceptual work of Norwegian scholar Johan Galtung, who viewed war and peace journalism as two competing frames in covering conflicts and wars, we examined news photographs available from Associated Press (AP), Reuters, and Getty/Agence France-Press (AFP). To date, this topic has been discussed from mostly ...

... Gordon M. Shepherd, Matthew D. Healy, Michael S. Singer. ... Gordon M. Shepherd MatthewD. Healy Michael S. Singer Bret E. Peterson Jason S. Mirsky Lawrence Wright Jason E. Smith Prakash Nadkarni Perry L. Miller Yale University School of Medicine. ...

In previous research it has been shown that link-based web page metrics can be used to predict experts' assessment of quality. We are interested in a related question: do expert rankings of real-world entities correlate with search engine (SE) rankings of corresponding web resources? To answer this question we compared rankings of college football teams in the US with rankings of their associated web resources. We looked at the weekly polls released by the Associated Press (AP) and USA Today Coaches Poll. Both rank the top 25 teams according to the aggregated expertise of sports writers and college football coaches. For the entire 2008 season (8/2008 -1/2009), we compared the ranking of teams (top 10 and top 25) according to the polls with the rankings of one to eight URLs associated with each team in Google, Live Search and Yahoo. We found moderate to high correlations between the final rankings of 2007 and the SE ranking in mid 2008 but the correlation between the polls and the SEs steadily decreased as the season went on. We believe this is because the rankings in the web graph (as reported via SEs) have "inertia" and do not rapidly fluctuate as do the teams' on the field fortunes.

Vor 100 Jahren zogen die Fernschreiber in die Redaktionen ein. Im Bauch der Ticker sorgte erste Digitaltechnik für hohes Tempo. In Deutschland blockierte der Staat zunächst ihr schnelles Netz, dann setzte er es selbst für weltweite Propaganda ein.
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KEY WORDS SCHLAGWÖRTER: Agenturjournalismus, ASCII, Datennetz, Digitalisierung, Fernschreiber, Hellschreiber, Journalismus, Maschinentelegraf, Nachrichtenagentur, Olympische Spiele 1936, Partei, Post, Presseagentur, Presse-Hell, Pressesprechfunk, Propaganda, Propagandaministerium, Radio, Reichspost, Reichspressekonferenz, Rundfunk, Schreibmaschine, Springschreiber, Telegrafie, Telegrafenalphabet, Telekommunikation, Teleprinter, Teletype, Teletypewriter, Telex, Ticker, Typenbildfernschreiber, Zeitungen ORGANISATIONEN: Internationale Fernmeldeunion / International Telecommunication Union ITU International Telegraph Union, NSDAP, Reichsministerium für Propaganda und Volksaufklärung, Sender Königs Wusterhausen UNTERNEHMEN PUBLIKATIONEN: Associated Press AP, C. Lorenz, Havas, Hell, Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro DNB, Innerdeutscher Presserundspruch, Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company / Teletype, New York Times , Reuters,  Siemens & Halske, Sozialdemokratischer Pressedienst, Telegraphen-Union (Hugenberg), Transocean, United Press UP, Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau WTB
PERSONEN Rudolf Hell, Joseph Goebbels, Heidi Tworek, André Uzulis

In Information Retrieval, since it is hard to identify users' information needs, many approaches have been tried to solve this problem by expanding initial queries and reweighting the terms in the expanded queries using users' relevance judgments. Although relevance feedback is most effective when relevance information about retrieved documents is provided by users, it is not always available. Another solution is to use correlated terms for query expansion. The main problem with this approach is how to construct the term-term correlations that can be used effectively to improve retrieval performance. In this study, we try to construct query concepts that denote users' information needs from a document space, rather than to reformulate initial queries using the term correlations and/or users' relevance feedback. To form query concepts, we extract features from each document, and then cluster the features into primitive concepts that are then used to form query concepts. Experiments are performed on the Associated Press (AP) dataset taken from the TREC collection. The experimental evaluation shows that our proposed framework called QCM (Query Concept Method) outperforms baseline probabilistic retrieval model on TREC retrieval.