Arse/Saguntum

RESUMEN
El estudio de las causas que dieron lugar a la Segunda Guerra Púnica ha originado, desde la Antigüedad, una abundante bibliografía, en la que se han distinguido distintas corrientes, en función de su diferente interpretación de los hechos y de la parte del conflicto a que hacen responsable de la guerra. En la mayoría de estas obras, el Tratado del Ebro entre Asdrúbal y Roma del 226 a. C. C. y el asedio y conquista de Sagunto por Aníbal en 220 a. C. han jugado un papel fundamental. En el presente trabajo pretendemos analizar la importancia de estos dos elementos, dentro del conjunto de factores y causas que llevaron al estallido de la guerra y determinar si tuvieron o no el carácter decisivo que les atribuye la historiografía tradicional.

ABSTRACT
The study of the causes that gave rise to the Second Punic War has originated, since the Antiquity, an abundant bibliography, in which different currents have been distinguished, depending on their different interpretation of the facts and the part of the conflict to which they make the war responsible. In most of these works, the Ebro Treaty, between Hasdrubal and Rome (226 B.C.), and the siege and conquest of Sagunto by Hannibal in 220 B.C. have played a fundamental role. In the present paper we intend to analyze the importance of these two elements, within the set of factors and causes that led to the outbreak of war, and to determine whether or not they had the decisive character attributed to them by traditional historiography.

O capítulo de  desloca a visão tradicional da análise do poder, entendendo a figura do sacerdote como parte de um intrincado enredo. Por meio do trabalho de descrição e investigação de inscrições epigráficas,  busca-se demonstrar como a instituição sacerdotal abarcava todos os aspectos da vida do romano, participando das relações de força sociopolíticas e se relacionando com as elites provinciais do municipium de Sagunto durante o século I d.C.
CAMPOS, Carlos Eduardo da Costa. Os colégios sacerdotais romanos no municipium de Sagunto (século I d.C.): um estudo de caso através das inscrições epigráficas honoríficas . In: BARBOSA, Leandro Mendonça; PUGA, Dolores. Antiguidade e usos do passado : políticas e práticas sociais. – 1. ed. – São João de Meriti, RJ : Desalinho, 2021, p. 139-176.

Tras su derrota en la Primera Guerra Púnica, los cartagineses, bajo la égida de los bárquidas, emprendieron la ampliación de sus dominios en Hispania. Sus movimientos no pasaron inadvertidos a los romanos, que desarrollaron toda una serie de maniobras diplomáticas. Así, a un posible primer contacto con Amílcar, le siguió un tratado con su sucesor, Asdrúbal. Frente a estas medidas, que habían favorecido un clima de diálogo entre las dos potencias, el acercamiento de Roma a Sagunto y el ataque de Aníbal contra la segunda, desencadenaron fuertes tensiones que condujeron a la declaración de un nuevo conflicto. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Roma y Cartago durante la fase de entreguerras, prestando especial atención a sus motivaciones, intencionalidad y eficacia, así como a las percepciones que pudieron suscitar en las partes implicadas.

After their defeat in the First Punic War, the Carthaginians, led by the Barcids, initiated the extension of their domains in Spain. Their movements did not slip by the Romans, who developed a series of diplomatic maneuvers. The first possible contact with Hamilcar was followed by an agreement with his successor Hasdrubal. Unlike these measures, that would have favored a climate of dialog between both powers, the approximation of Rome to Sagunto, and Hannibal’s assault against the second one, produced unleashed tensions that finally culminate with the declaration of a new conflict. The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the diplomatic relationships between Rome and Carthage during the interwar period, paying special attention to their motivations, premeditation and efficiency, as well as to the perceptions that they could provoke in both sides.

Da Marsiglia a Sagunto: prove di guerra civile da Lucano a Silio Italico. consilio, commune sacrum cum fiat in ara fratribus, alterna qui periere manu, ipsa sibi discors, tarnquarn mandetur ab illis, scinditur in partes atra fauilla duas Ovidio si serve del topos in una prospettiva esemplare, enfatizzandone l' auctoritas per autenticare un adynaton 'evenemenziale', di contesto: il fumo, frutto delle celebrazioni per il genetliaco della sposa lontana e favorito dalla direzione della brezza, si proietta verso l'Ausonia quasi di proposito (sensus inest nebulis), rifiutando di 1 Cf Henderson 1998, 215 Breve discussione in Ariemrna 2004, 187 ss, 3 Cf Narducci 2002, spec. 55 ss, 4 Per un inquadramento del passo, si dispone ora di Roche 2009, 330 s , con buona documentazio~ ne. Affronto la persistenza del motivo in Silio, discutendo brevemf!nte in Ariemma 2008, 360 s .. 5 Cf ad es_ Cic. diu. l, 120: eademque efficit in avibus di11i11a mens, ut tum Ime, rum illuc uolent alites, tum in J,ac, tum in illa pane se occultent, rum a dextra, tiim a sinistra parte ca11ant oscines 6 Cf Damas. Ep, 18, 3 s.: Scinditur in panes popu/u.s gliscente furore, seditio, caedes, bellum, discordia, lites.

Abstract: Saguntum was the only provincial town in the Empire where there were Salii within its worship structure. The Salii had long historical links with the old Latium communities, and therefore, the origin and nature of the Saguntine priesthood poses a veritable historical conundrum. My research proposal is based on the premise that the institutionalization of the priesthood was a response by the local elites to certain impulses from the imperial capital, in particular to Augustus’s ‘Latin’ program. The particularly social and political aspects of this program are illustrated by means of a prosopographical
study on the recruitment of the college members, whereas the specifically religious aspects are analyzed in a historical and religious study of the priesthood.

The existence of a sanctuary dedicated to Liber Pater in Montanya Frontera (Sagunto, Valencia) makes author to consider this divinity function related to wine culture, and its cult extension around Ancient World. Sanctuary's chronology, the possible Iberic name of the God, Bokon, and its vinculation with grapevine are adduced by the author. It is studied production and wine commerce in iberic culture, its mention in epigraphic sources and finally it is outlined the question of vinculation between the saguntines elits and wine.

El presente articulo describe los trabajos de arqueología subacuática realizados en el sector marino del B.I.C. del Grau Vell (Puerto de Arse- Saguntum) financiados por la Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia (A.P.V.). Dichos trabajos han permitido documentar e interpretar, tanto los res- tos de estructura conocidos como “Trencatimons”, como otra serie de conjuntos arqueológicos sumergidos pertenecientes a la infraestructu- ra portuaria del yacimiento, localizados durante las prospecciones realizadas para el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental de la futura ampliación del Puerto comercial de Sagunto.

Este artículo presenta unos materiales arqueológicos formados por objetos decorados que son una excelente fuente de información de carácter cronológico tanto como de las relaciones socio-económicas entre Saguntum y las distintas provincias y zonas del Imperio romano. Los materiales proceden de la excavación arqueológica del solar de la calle Huertos esquina con calle Alorco y plaza de la Morería. Este solar, que es conocido como "solar de la Morería", está localizado en la parte baja de la ciudad de Sagunto junto al río Palancia. La excavación arqueológica en extensión se desarrolló entre los años 2002 y 2005, y los resultados de los trabajos fueron tan espectaculares que todavía hoy en día se considera uno de los referentes en la arqueología urbana de la ciudad. En los más de 1.700 m 2 excavados salieron a la luz interesantes restos que demuestran la existencia de un incipiente urbanismo desde época ibérica, una necrópolis tardorrepublicana, dos templos, un arco monumental y una calzada porticada de 60 m de longitud, estos últimos de época Alto Imperial; respecto al periodo visigodo,

The rich epigraphical record from Saguntum and the historical events that took place in the city during the Second Punic War make it a unique case study for understanding how the city’s inhabitants gradually adopted the Latin language and Roman epigraphical culture and how that same population readapted its own indigenous epigraphical habits in light of new incoming cultural stimuli. This paper seeks to explore this larger linguistic process through an exhaustive study of Saguntum’s epigraphic and numismatic records dating from the Late Republic to the beginning of the Empire.

No podemos saber con certeza qué festividades se realizaron
en el circo de Sagunto, pero por suerte conservamos información en Roma que puede ser extrapolada a Saguntum y que nos ayudará a saber un poco más sobre este importantísimo edificio de la ciudad de la Tarraconense. Por supuesto, se celebraron carreras de carros, probablemente también cacerías de animales y luchas de gladiadores. Un edificio como este no podría verse excluido de todas aquellas diversiones que tanto fascinaban al romano de la Urbs y de las provincias.

A la hora de rastrear los orígenes del complicado triángulo geopolítico que Cartago, Roma y la Península Ibérica acabaron conformando, resulta imprescindible referirse a sus contactos diplomáticos y muy especialmente a los previos a su segundo enfrentamiento. En este sentido, los conocidos tradicionalmente por la historiografía como tratados romano-púnicos constituyen el principal referente. Los textos de estos acuerdos están, en buena parte, traducidos al griego, transcritos y comentados en la obra del historiador megalopolitano Polibio. El autor los integra en el análisis que realiza sobre los antecedentes, pretextos y causas que habrían conducido a las dos potencias a enfrentarse en la Segunda Guerra Púnica, la que fuera más decisiva en la evolución histórica de ambos estados. Respecto a su naturaleza y contenidos, mientras que los dos primeros textos esbozan un marco legal de actuaciones internacionales, el tercero recoge medidas militares y políticas contra un enemigo común, Pirro. El último, firmado con Asdrúbal y conocido como Tratado del Ebro, establece ese río como límite a la expansión cartaginesa en Hispania.

Entre 2002 y 2004 se llevaron a cabo en Sagunto las excavaciones de la plaza de la Morería. Entre los muchos objetos que aparecieron,
sobre una vía romana, estaba un relieve en mármol que, al ser levantado, mostraba una escena de las denominadas de tipo “nilótico”. Este
trabajo tiene como objetivo aportar algo más de información a la iconografía e iconología de un objeto excepcional.

This essai wants to he a synthesis about religious architecture in Sagunto. Recent archaeological research has evaluated the remains of a temple in the ancient Forum. It has been dated during the 2nd. century b.C. on the bases of modulation, archaeological cronology and the restoration of its typology: an square building on a high podium with a tripartite distribution. The temple has a reservoir in the front. We are talking then, about a Tetrastylum most probably of Tuscan Order.

One of the most notable features of ancient Sagunto (Valencia) is its toponymic duality, especially
remarkable in coin legends from the 130s BCE onwards, which is an exceptional fact for Hispania Citerior, in both
qualitative and quantitative terms. Both toponyms, Arse and Saguntum, are not simultaneously attested in other
sources: they are virtually absent in Republican epigraphy and literature only mentions the second one, in diverse
variants. This paper analyses the data relative to this double toponymy in order to historically contextualize this
phenomenon, linking it with the Latinization of the city and its explicit movements towards Rome during the 2nd
and 1st centuries BCE, a process that we propose to articulate in four main milestones, according to the preserved
documents. Besides, this paper offers an explanation to the prevalence of the toponym Saguntum (of local origin
and possibly referred to the port) regarding Arse (also local and referred to the city), independent from the
elaboration of the foundational myth that links the Iberian settlement with the Ionian island of Zacynthos, since it
is very likely that this legend was not created until the 1st century BCE.

The intense human occupation of the Valencian territory, as well as its complex historical evolution, has made it one of the most important cultural landscapes at European level and as such has been the subject of numerous research works developed from multiple scientific disciplines. One of the most recurrent aspects in historical and archaeological research is the characterization of its cultural origin, which has been seen as Roman or Islamic depending on the dominant historiographic current at each moment and the underlying ideologies in the analysis of the territory. The main objective of this thesis is the characterization of the anthropic and natural processes that have interacted in the configuration of this landscape. The coordination of the analyses has been carried out from the universities of Valencia, Barcelona, Cambridge and the Catalan Insitute of Classical Archaeology (Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica, ICAC), articulating the works in three basic lines: historical-archeological, archeomorphological and paleoenvironmental. The application of a new methodology to the study of this historical landscape is justified by the need to review the analyses carried out to date, especially with regard to dynamics of occupation and territorial organization in Antiquity. The first proposals of centuriations in the Valencia plain date from the decades of 1970 and 1980 coinciding with the impulse of this type of studies at an European scale. The subsequent methodological review carried out within the French school gave rise to numerous criticisms in the 1990s. As a consequence, new approaches were developed characterised by a more judicious use of metrological analyses and the development of field archaeology techniques that allowed to study the archaeomorphological sequence from a diachronic perspective. The incorporation of the study of historical documentation and palaeoenvironmental analyses facilitated the adoption of new interdisciplinary perspectives, which allowed the study of complex relationships between territorial structuring, settlement and landscape change. In the Valencian area criticisms were formulated around the low reliability of the theoretical proposals, demanding a true scientific verification of these hypotheses and a diachronic and interdisciplinary approach. As a result of the review of the works of Pingarrón and Cano, González (1996) published two new proposals of centuriation: Valencia A and B, that have constituted a reference in the research of the Valencian historical landscape, being up to now the hypotheses commonly accepted for Valentia. González-Villaescusa’s hypothesis on Valentia’s Roman territorial structuring, with the centuriations as a central point, are characterized by methodological weaknesses and have been criticized by various researchers due to the lack of multidisciplinarity and diachronic approach, and to the lack of testing through field work. The exception is the study of the territory of Saguntum, in which the results of an extensive archaeological prospection campaign were integrated into the archaeomorphological analysis. The weak and discontinuous character of the axes, as well as the restoration of traces in wetland and low mountain areas, calls into question the methodology applied in most cases. In this thesis, the application of a "new archaeomorphology" in which the characterization of past settlement patterns and land-use through the application of various techniques in GIS, is essential for understanding the human impact in the Valencian plain, whose analysis presents great difficulties due in great part to the intense historical occupation and to the geomorphological processes typical of the Mediterranean alluvial plains. Likewise, a high degree of reliability in the results has been achieved by correlating the archaeomorphological and historical-archaeological analysis in a GIS environment. Finally, the archaeological and archaeomorphological survey and the analysis of the historical documentation have allowed to verify the hypotheses formulated through the archaeomorphological analysis in GIS. The archaeomorphological analysis reveals that the first great territorial intervention is the development of several road macrosystems with orthogonal morphology on the basis of which the Roman settlement is distributed. The identification of the morphogenetic axes that compose them has made it possible to carry out the metrological analysis by documenting a series of metrical coincidences with the Roman actus, which indicates that the centuriation system had a strong impact in the Valencian alluvial plains. However, it should be noted that the previous hypotheses about a centuration in the central Valencian area, whose most evident traces are documented in the municipality of Picassent, are unfounded. This hypothesis, proposed by González (2006), does not coincide with the distribution of the settlements nor with the Roman metric patterns. This groundless hypothesis may be due to the use of large-scale cartography or non-orthorectified aerial photographs, as well as the lack of diachrony in the morphological analysis of structures. The results of this thesis show that the implementation of Roman road and parcel systems in the Valencian area does not follow a continuous and systematic pattern like the one proposed by González (2006), but it is adapted to the territory with orientations fitting the natural drainage system. To the north of Valencia or in the area south of Xúquer-Magre these systems seem to follow a more canonical formulation with a marked orthogonality, whereas in the central zone south of the capital, the axes are documented to a lesser degree in the interior plain due to the strong implantation of road systems of radial morphology and to the topographical and geomorphological complexity of the area. During the medieval Islamic period another great intervention took place in the territorial organization, related to the modification of the settlement pattern that was reflected in the creation of new nuclei intercommunicated by radiocentric road networks as well as in the creation of diverse irrigation systems. However, the implementation of this new structuring did not imply the total disappearance of the previous systems, but many of the old roadways continued in use, although some of them underwent modifications that adapted them to the new reality. Although the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia in the middle of the thirteenth century resulted in a profound change in the structure of the agricultural field system and even in the forms of exploitation of the territory, with desiccation of marshes and extension of the network of canals of irrigation, the road structure inherited from the Islamic period and its main axes were generally kept in use. Finally, in modern and contemporary times, important changes have taken place, although in general the historic road network is preserved and its axes have survived in many cases as main roads and in others as in second-order local roads or as agricultural plot boundaries.

Mientras describe las costas mediterráneas de Iberia en su libro tercero, Estrabón va desgranando el
nombre de las principales ciudades que jalonan la ruta marítima seguida por sus informadores. Saguntum, el prestigioso
oppidum asediado por Aníbal, es una de sus citas obligadas. Tras Saguntum añade, sin más detalles, otros
topónimos que aún hoy nos resultan desconocidos. Uno de ellos presenta una morfología lingüística que resulta
más cercana a vocablos semitas que a los griegos con los que se le ha querido identificar. La finalidad de este trabajo
es, precisamente, proponer tal procedencia semita para el término Καρταλίας de Estrabón, aplicarlo a Saguntum,
y relacionarlo estrechamente con otros similares como Ἀλθαία y Cartala utilizados respectivamente por Polibio y
Livio para referirse a la principal ciudad del pueblo de los olcades.

At the end of the first century and especially throughout the second century ad, a public building programme was largely responsible for the transformation of Saguntum's urban planning, especially, outside the walls of this well-known Hispano-Roman city. The aim of this article is to present the features of the monumental landscape outside the city walls, including an outstanding honorary construction, which strongly influenced the design of public architecture at a time of political and socio-economic change.

El litoral saguntino vio aparecer una escala portuaria relacionada con el oppidum ibérico desde el final del siglo VI a.C. El Grau Vell destaca por su situación estratégica en la cabecera del sucronensis sinus. Es un espacio natural con infraestructuras portuarias renovadas después de la segunda guerra púnica y mejoradas en época de Augusto.

Una torre defensiva de época republicana en el Castell de Sagunt La excavación de una torre de la vertiente septentrional del Castell de Sagu nt demuestra que la cronología del edificio se sitúa en el p rimer (!ta I10 del siglo JJ a.e. Presentamos el único resto datado de la mu ralla correspondiente a la ciudad reconstruida tras las JJ Guerra Púnica, relacionándolo con otras estru.cturas saguntinas y con interven-ciones roma nas republicanas en Hispan ia. Lafouille d 'u ne tour su r le jlanc nord du Castell de Sagonte a permis de dater l'édtfi ce dans le p remier qUClI1 du Jle s. av j. e. Nous présentons donc le seul reste bien daté de la murai/le qztl corre:.pond ¿¡ la uille reconstruire ap rés la JIé Guerre Pun ique, et ¡¡OL/S la meNons en relation avec d áutres structures aussi bien sagOnfines que romaines républicaines d ' Hisp allie.

La existencia milenaria de Sagunto irá siempre ligada a su pasado; un periodo que fue notable en la geopolítica de uno de los conflictos militares más repetidos en los libros de historia, y que estuvo dotado de singular protagonismo en los pasos iniciales de la larga aventura romana en Hispania. El conocimiento de la antigüedad cede a esta ciudad muchas páginas de intenso relato. En todas ellas queda majestuosamente reflejado el prestigio que siempre la acompañará y las pruebas materiales de un envidiable patrimonio, merecedor de un reconocimiento internacional. El libro presenta tres enfoques sobre la historia y la arqueología de la ciudad desde época ibérica hasta el ocaso de la presencia romana: SAGUNTUM: HISTORIA Y PRESTIGIO; EL TERRITORIO DE ARSE-SAGUNTUM EN ÉPOCA IBÉRICA; y LA SAGUNTUM ROMANA Y MONUMENTAL.

Presentamos a continuación un avance de los restos de un ám-bito funerario de época romana alto imperial, exhumado junto a un importantísimo tramo de calzada. En el siglo I dC el espacio en esta parte de la ciudad de Saguntum estaba organizado en torno a una vía de 5,40 ...