Archaeology of Horse and Riders

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rasselund Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rasselund Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.

The rock engravings site of the Shaʿba al-Bayḍaʾ is one of the stations located in the high valley of the Wādī Drʿa, near the city of Tīnzūlīn. These sites were diversely studied in the past. All of them have in common to represent the themes considered as Libyco-Berber ones. The major theme, the riders, shares other subjects, more or less frequent, according to the different sites, as wild animals, weapons, inscriptions or jewels. These differences may be the reflection of an evolution of the types of representation in a relatively short laps of time. In a perspective of an inventory, started long ago, a checking of the station of Shaʿba al-Bayḍaʾ is proposed here, altogether with a study of its main themes.

Se presenta el estudio de caso de una pieza de arreo de caballería recuperada en la excavación del yacimiento romano de El Castrico, en Rabanales –Zamora–, en un contexto estratigráficamente datado a finales del siglo i d. C. o principios del ii d. C. El hallazgo supone una contribución relevante sobre la cronología del uso de estas piezas y su distribución geográfica en el noroeste hispano.

The aim of this study is to publish a Roman period cremation burial, which contained an incomplete copper alloy mount set of a bridle. The grave was found in Almásfüzitő, during the construction of the Alumina Plant, and was destroyed during the works. However, its grave-goods were saved and presented to the Hungarian National Museum by an engineer in 1951. The assemblage of finds includes various functional and/or decorative bronze mounts of a bridle, including an openwork bit cheek-piece of new type. The study also deals with the interpretation of pars pro toto components of horse harness deposited in graves. Finally, the interpretation of the Almásfüzitő finds provides new data to the military and civilian use of horse harness as well as the reconstruction of bridles.

Streszczenie. Badaniom poddano drewno dębowe pozyskane podczas prac archeologicznych prowadzonych na terenie jednych z najstarszych i najcenniejszych wykopalisk wielkopolskich -grodu poznańskiego na Ostrowie Tumskim oraz z Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy. Analiza źródeł archeologicznych wskazuje, że wybrane do badań surowce drzewne pochodzą z przełomu X i XI wieku. Ocena stanu zachowania wydobytych elementów konstrukcyjnych, przeprowadzona na podstawie obserwacji mikroskopowych oraz badań chemicznych i instrumentalnych, ujawniła zróżnicowaną zawartość metali ciężkich w porównywanych materiałach oraz znaczną degradację układów węglowodanowych drewna z Ostrowa Tumskiego. Stwierdzono również zmiany zawartości grup funkcyjnych oraz masy cząsteczkowej najtrwalszego składnika drewna -ligniny. Słowa kluczowe: drewno archeologiczne, degradacja, metale ciężkie, lignina Drewno towarzyszy człowiekowi od początku jego istnienia. Człowiek pierwotny wykorzystywał je jako broń. Początkowo były to złamane gałęzie, które z czasem stały się wyrafinowanym sprzętem obronnym. Wraz z rozwojem życia plemiennego oraz osadniczego drewno coraz częściej wykorzystywano do budowy prostych schronień, później domostw, kościołów [Nilsson i Bjőrdal 2002], by ostatecznie stać się niezwykle cenionym surowcem budowlanym. Niezliczone były zastosowania drewna jako materiału konstrukcyjnego do budowy fortyfikacji, mostów, statków. Dzięki tak szerokiemu wykorzystaniu drewna, do dziś jesteśmy świadkami odkryć archeologicznych, które są bezcennym źródłem wiedzy o minionych cywilizacjach. Drewno wykorzystane w przeszłości, będące surowcem naturalnym, podatnym na działanie czynników degradacyjnych zarówno biotycznych, jak i abiotycznych, w większości włączyło się w naturalny

With the archaeological examination of the Roman necropolis at the prominent site of Isar-Marvinci, Valandovo in 2010, a ceramic toy with two horsemen on four terracotta wheels was discovered in a 5-year-old child's grave marked with the number 1901. Through the nostrils of the horses there are perforations by which the toy was pulled, that is, the horsemen rode. In the stage of making the horses, the rear perforation of the left horseman is slanted, which caused friction between the rear left wheel of the toy and the other wheel in front of it. That's why the toy moved very hard making it practically impossible to play normally. This fact indicates that this horseman toy was a posthumous toy that was bought and given to the child to play with in the afterlife. By analogy with similar ancient depictions of horsemen, especially the right rider with a prominent hood and the exposed, beardless, youthful face, this horseman appears to represent the god Telesphorus. However, the hooded display in Roman times is for a number of reasons. Hoods in children's burials were associated with their apotropaic (protective) role. What makes the god Telesphorus stand out is his role as a faithful and eternal protector of children who did not leave them even after their death. This is not the only horse toy from this locality. In 1997, two terracotta figurines of horses without wheels were found in grave 230. On the horse's back, we are shown a realistic antique scordiscum-type saddle. Under the saddle of the horses, we are shown a rectangular textile pad − tapetum. The lack of discovered terracotta wheels on the toy clearly indicates that they were of organic origin, namely wood, as are numerous examples of wooden carts from the time. On it, the original colours of the toy, which was completely painted, have been preserved in several places. The body of the horse was painted light brown, and the rest of the details such as the mane, the saddle, the pad for the saddle, the straps from the saddle and the bridle in a strong red colour. What sets this type of toy apart from others is its rarity. The reason for that is that the toys were most likely made of organic material, probably of boxwood, as it was usually done until a few centuries ago in Macedonia and the Balkans. Hence, it seems that the terracotta toys were just a more exclusive version of the wooden versions. Therefore it seems that owning and playing with terracotta toys which cost more and lasted much shorter time, represented a certain kind of prestige and were reserved only for wealthier families who could afford it, while the rest enjoyed their wooden toys.

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rasselund Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.

Over the centuries of coexistence between humans and dogs, both the appearance of our four-legged companions and their social perception have changed. This article aims at identifying the most probable morphological and functional types of dogs found in Poland in the period from the 10th to the first half of the 13th century. The authors will also try to address the issue of how dogs were treated in the early Middle Ages and what social and economic roles these animals played. These considerations are based on the remains of several dozen dogs discovered in the medieval Wroclaw stronghold, one of the most important centres in Poland at the time. We will use finds from other archaeological sites in Poland and written sources concerning this part of Europe. It has been proven that specific "breeds" of dogs were found in this area. Their appearance and size were probably related to the specific function of the quadrupeds. Dogs were treated very differently in the early Middle Ages: Both as a companion for the elite, and as a source of skins, bones, and even meat.

Реставрация и подготовка экспонатов осуществлены под руководством заведующей Отделом научной реставрации и консервации Государственного Эрмитажа Т. А. Барановой реставраторами Лаборатории научной реставрации драгоценных и археологических металлов (заведующий И.

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains1,2 and Mongolia3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport4–6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe ...

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rasselund Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rasselund Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.

The Derwent Valley (World Heritage Site) has been exploited by its human inhabitants for thousands of years. The evidence of farming, mining, quarrying, and manufacturing have all left their mark on its landscape. Cutting through the valley is the River Derwent itself; today flanked by a canal, a railway line, and a main road. The problem of how goods were brought into and out of the valley led to the construction of ever more ingenious methods of transportation. What has tended to be underappreciated is the essential role horses played in this industrial evolution; not only as the primary method of transporting goods and people but in the very construction of what became, in fact, an intricate transportation network. It is perhaps ironic that, today, horses are so often barred from routes and infrastructure they once used and, indeed, brought into being. “Dark lanes” and “hollow ways” have become footpaths. Horses are not welcome on canal tow paths; which are reserved only for walkers and cyclists. Nevertheless, the evidence of their presence is everywhere in this landscape.

As the Roman world became increasingly in uenced by the spread of Christianity, contemporary social and political practices both shaped and were shaped by the new religion. For Christians the realm of public spectacle was marked by ambiguities, as religious authority gures strove to reconcile these cultural expressions, their origins embedded in commemorations of the pagan state, with their own

This paper considers an Iron Age object discovered in the vicinity of Ober-Olm, Rhineland-Palatinate. The artefact has been part of the Landesmuseum Mainz collections for over a century, but until now it has not been examined in detail. The object is a decorative horse fitting, likely attached to the headcollar or browband. Based on stylistic parallels it is proposed that this object was produced in Britain in the 1st century AD. It seems likely that the artefact arrived in Rhineland-Pfalz as a result of Roman troop movements. On the basis of the archaeological and epigraphical evidence for British migrants living in the province of Germania Superior in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, it is proposed that the object was brought to Ober-Olm by British auxiliary cavalry.

This master thesis investigates the Viking Age rattles and hooks employing experimental, experiential and ethnoarchaeological methods to examine whether they may have been used as strapping devices on sleighs.

Replicas of rattles, rope and hooks were made by experienced craftsmen, based on extensive research of the archaeological record. The replicas were assessed in various settings and discussed with a knowledge network of craftsmen and members of the trading reenactment community travelling to Røros by horse every year, the “Forbonde and Lasskjører Union”.

The thesis includes a collected typological overview of rattles and hooks, distribution maps and graphs. The underlying catalog can be accessed on Google Docs. Blacksmith templates will be made available through the Unimus catalog.

This is the first time the strapping hypothesis has been tested in practice. The results were promising, but more research is needed.

During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains1,2 and Mongolia3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport4–6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe ...

Reviews of several studies on Hellenistic pottery :
Nos 34 (Andrea M. Berlin, shipwreck of Kyrenia),
77 (Kathleen Warner Slane, South Stoa at Corinth),
78 (John W. Hayes and Kathleen Warner Slane, Isthmia),
143 (Monika Trümper and Thomas Lappi, Morgantina),
149 (Mariana-Cristina Popescu, Thrace),
151 (Yasemin Polat and R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir, Anaia),
155 (Zeynep Koçel Erdem, Thrace),
156 (Reyhan Şahin, Thrace),
157 (Gülseren Kan ŞAhin and Şengül G. Aydingün, Thrace),
158 (Asuman Lätzer-Lasar, Ainos),
159 (Billur Tekkök Karaöz, Ilion),
164 (Martin Streicher, Panathenaic amphorae),
202 (Gioia De Luca, Pergamon).

In the rural environment of South Moravia in the Middle Ages, there were many medieval villages, which today are deserted. With the help of historical and archaeological sources,
20 such villages were documented in the wider region of Hrušovansko. Detector prospecting was carried out at selected locations, which managed to collect more like 500 metal artifacts and a collection of ceramic material. All new findings are incorporated into the evaluation of the overall development of the settlement of the region from the 10th to the 17th century, landscape models of the Late Hillfort Period, High Medieval and Early Modern Periods were created. Based on new findings, it is then possible to predict other, yet unlocated, deserted villages.
Original version: https://theses.cz/id/dpx156/ Citation: OMELKA, Zdeněk. Zaniklé středověké vesnice na Hrušovansku. Olomouc, 2023. diplomová práce (Mgr.). UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI. Filozofická fakulta

NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY OF ANCIENT LAMIA

The expansion of the urban fabric of Lamia over the last two decades has resulted in abundant new evidence regarding the until recently unknown southern cemetery of the ancient city.
In 2006, during the construction of a new building, an important area of this cemetery was excavated, including a considerable number of tombs found in two clusters. Of special interest is a funerary precinct of the
Hellenistic period with three adjoining horse burials. This specific burial practice, possibly a result of Macedonian influence, is so far unique for ancient Lamia and for the wider region of Malis.
This paper is an attempt at a first presentation of a part of the southern cemetery of ancient Lamia, which was in use from the 4th to the 2nd century BC. It also contains a general analysis of the stated burial practice
by presenting comparanda from the northern Greek area, where there are several similar examples from
the same period.

On a high hill, about 1km distant from the later hillfort of Lštění, two fittings were found in 2014. These were a fitting from the main belt – a hole protector with a central strap and a more luxurious gilded fitting with a grommet which originally decorated a horse harness. Both fittings were made in the last third of the 8th century, or possibly at the very beginning of the 9th century. The horse harness fitting shows links to the sites of Mikulčice, Komárno and Keszthely and might have originated in South Moravia.However, its local origin in central Bohemia cannot be ruled out either. The location of the findspot just below the hill's summit is unusual. It is possible that these bronze ornaments had some cultic significance,
but these could have also just been lost items. Ornaments and parts of horse harness became more common in Bohemia during the 8th century. Fifty two sites have been documented so far and such fittings are often found together with local hooked spurs (Senohraby, Tismice,  Dolánky-Rubín, Sv. Jan pod Skalou and other site).  Article is in Czech leng.

Viking Period bronze stirrup mounts, installed to fasten stirrups to the leather straps hanging down from saddles, are artifacts frequently found in random places. They had a practical design, but it would appear that they frequently failed their riders, with one or more of the three iron rivets becoming loose-and the mount subsequently lost. One of the most familiar Viking stirrup mounts, given the many known examples of the artifact, is the roughly triangular one which David Williams identifies in his Late Saxon Stirrup-Strap Mounts as a Class A Type 8 form. Often displayed upside down so that they look like large wolf heads, these are among the most clearly defined examples which he illustrated: At their best, the mounts include beast heads which are fairly abstract, and many of the other features are relatively shallow. Williams suggests that a review of examples of this type tends to confirm what appears to be a gradual deterioration or "debasement" (his word) in form, and he asserts that this type offered the best example of a rapid stylistic attenuation in a stirrup mount. The examples which Mr. Williams pictures above-there are twenty nine in his catalogue-he presents as the prototypes of later diminished stirrup mounts. That conclusion may have been premature.

This article provides an introduction to the Fregerslev find. First, the background for the project is outlined, and the local topography, the nearby contemporary finds and the cemetery at Fregerslev II are described. Then follow descrip-tions of the methodological aspects of the ex-cavation, the grave structure and contents, and the results of the various scientific analyses. A discussion of the conspicuous lack of weaponry, along with a summary of the results and some perspectives for future work, concludes the in-troduction.

The preventive archaeological investigations from 2015 from the former
Episcopate, at present the Archbishopric of Roman and Bacău (the new title was decided by the decision of the Holy Synod on September 13, 2009) gave the opportunity to research a new segment of the outer courtyard of the religious sanctuary. The obtained results allowed
the completion of the previous, older discoveries, made between 1998–2000, 2003 and 2004 by Vasile Ursachi. The collapse of a portion of the southern enclosure wall of the sanctuary determined the archaeological intervention in 2015. Besides the restoration of the enclosure wall, the aim was to construct an administrative building (in the courtyard behind the
church). It was researched by means of two extensions (marked Cas.1 and Cas.2), the first separated longitudinally by a modern stone foundation (reason for which it was renumbered Cas.1/I and Cas.1/II). Starting with a depth of 1,40 m, in the perimeter of the extension Cas.1
were discovered the first graves of the cemetery on the south and southwest side of the church. 210 medieval tombs were found and researched, as well as 5 tombs (one double) from the Bronze Age (M.39-Cas.1/II and M.101, M.102, M.107, M.dublu110-Cas.1/I), a rarity for
the plateau on the upper terrace of the Moldova River. Four graves were selected for the theme proposed by the authors of the article - M.61, M.70, M.114 and M.132, in all being discovered skeletons of male adults, with biological ages that they start at the age of 40 and are at least 60 years old. Occupational stress markers were recorded, located in the regions
where muscles are inserted on the bones through tendons and ligaments. The goal was to find out about daily activities and lifestyle. In addition to the indicators characteristic of the age of 40, these four individuals, all with robust bones and large skeletal stature, present on the skeleton a series of markers included in the "rider's syndrome", so we can consider that one of their frequent physical activities was horseback riding. In addition, some enthesopathic changes indicate the handling of combat weapons, such as a bow. Two individuals, those from M.70 and M.132, show on the skeleton traces of violent episodes produced during life.

The article presents preliminary reflections on the horse in the magic and religion of the early medieval Western Slavs. They are based on data obtained within the framework of the grant entitled: “Horse in Poland in the Times of the Early Piasts and Internal Fragmentation. An Interdysciplinary Study”. During the project, data on the horse were collected from a total of 318 sites, with skulls discovered at 49 sites and skeletons at 20 sites. Both skulls, skeletons and single bones were examined in terms of biological, taphonomic and biomolecular features (aDNA and strontium isotope). The data obtained, in conjunction with the archaeological context and historical data, allowed a number of assertions to be made. Attention was drawn to the rare occurrence of horse deposits in areas of the Vistula and Oder river basins compared to other regions inhabited by Prussians, Scandinavians and Germans. Horse bodies and skulls (deliberately devoid of soft tissue) were deposited as magical props. It cannot be ruled out that horses with visible conditions acquired through mechanical injury or bacterial inflammation
were given magical significance. Strontium studies allowed us to identify both individuals making periodic migrations and those spending their lives in one place. Genetic studies show that some horses buried in burial grounds were black in colour, thus corresponding to the symbolism of colours attributed to the chthonic spheres. Some of the skulls radiocarbon dated to modern times, and found within early medieval human settlements, indicate the survival of pagan customs in the new religious worldview. It was also noted that figural representations of horse silhouettes, with their heads turned backwards, allude to the burial ceremony, during which the animal’s neck and head were twisted towards its croup. One conclusion, at the current stage of the project, is that the best-documented sacred-mythical uses of the horse were both specific and varied. Individuals of this species may have been: a) sacrificial animals, b) apotropaic animals, c) divinatory animals and d) cosmological figures. However, some of the registered source (context) materials still need to be clarified and require further in-depth reflection.

Семененко А.А. Отсутствие критического мышления, недостоверность и манипуляция сознанием  как проблемы применения цифровых технологий в образовательно- просветительской  деятельности (о видеолекции Семьяна  И.А. «Колесничный комплекс синташтинской культуры») //  Диалог на равных: материалы региональной научно-практической конференции, 09 февраля 2024 года, г. Воронеж. — Воронеж : Воронежский государственный педагогический университет, 2024. — С. 262—273.

Деконструкция псевдоаргумента о миниатюрности лошадей как критерии колесничного характера погребений с колёсными ямками синташтинской и петровской археологических культур бронзового века и другие проблемы распространения псевдонауки в Интернете.

Deconstruction of the pseudo-argumentation on the miniaturization of horses as criteria for the chariot character of burials with wheel pits of the Sintashta and Petrovka archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age and other problems of the dissemination of pseudoscience on the Internet.

Samara culture with Horse Sacrifice and Kurgan burials:
7,500-year-old Horse Sacrifice (its origin?)

Khvalynsk culture with Horse Sacrifice and Kurgan burials:
6,900-year-old Horse Sacrifice

Yamnaya culture with Horse Sacrifice and Kurgan burials:
5,000-year-old Horseback Riding?

The Great Indo-European Horse Sacrifice

4000 Years of Cosmological Continuity from
Sintashta and the Steppe to Scandinavian Skeid

“Horse sacrifice is the ritual killing and offering of a horse, usually as part of a religious or cultural ritual. Horse sacrifices were common throughout Eurasia with the domestication of the horse and continuing up until the spread of Abrahamic religions, or in some places like Mongolia, of Buddhism. The practice is rarely observed in some cultures even today. The Gaulish personal name Epomeduos is from ek’wo-medhu- (“horse + mead”), while aśvamedha is either from ek’wo-mad-dho- (“horse + drunk”) or ek’wo-mey-dho- (“horse + strength”).”

Male “King/Ruler/Chief” was likely the first ritual sex with the sacred horse completing the ceremony then it changed to chief queen likely having sex with the horse then only as a symbolic act of chief queen laying down with a suffocated horse beneath a linen blanket and mimicked sex.

Sintashta Culture

“The Sintashta culture (eastward Corded Ware culture/origin of the Indo-Iranian languages, with R1a (particularly R1a1a1) or  R1b (particularly subclades of R1b1a1a) and  ancestry from Yamnaya and Central European Middle Neolithic “oldest chariots, dating to around 2050–1900 BCE.”

“Higher-status grave goods include chariots, as well as axes, mace-heads, spearheads, and cheek-pieces. Sintashta sites have produced finds of horn and bone, interpreted as furniture (grips, arrow rests, bow ends, string loops) of bows; there is no indication that the bending parts of these bows included anything other than wood. Arrowheads are also found, made of stone or bone rather than metal. These arrows are short, 50–70 cm long, and the bows themselves may have been correspondingly short. Sintashta culture, and the chariot, are also strongly associated with the ancestors of modern domestic horses, the DOM2 population. DOM2 horses originated from the Western Eurasia steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don, but not in Anatolia, during the late fourth and early third millennia BCE. Their genes may show selection for easier domestication and stronger backs.”

Det hører til sjældenhederne at finde ryttergrave fra vikingetiden, og af samme årsag kender vi kun ganske lidt til hesteudstyret fra denne periode. I 2012 dukkede der en rig ryttergrav op i Fregerslev i udkanten af Hørning, og med fundet åbnede der sig en enestående mulighed for at kigge nærmere på et hesteudstyr, som kun kunne have tilhørt en meget magtfuld person i tiden omkring 950. I år har vi netop afsluttet forskningsprojektet Vikingen fra Fregerslev, og afslutningsvis blev det rekonstruerede hesteudstyr vist frem.