Archaeology: Roman Imperial Period (Barbaricum) Migration Period.

У збірнику надруковано статті дослідників пізньоримських старожитностей на території Південно-Східної Європи з України, Німеччини, Польщі та Росії. В основу статей покладено доповіді учасників міжнародної конференції, проведення якої заплановано у жовтні 2014 р. Чергова конференція має відбутись у Києві й буде присвячена вивченню актуальних проблем черняхівської культури. Більшість статей присвячені публікації нових матеріалів, аналізу та історичним реконструкціям черняхівської культури.

R.M. Reida, O.V. Heiko, S.V. Sapiehin
«Funera l Feast» Sets of Jugs in ChernIa khiv Culture Burials
Cherniakhiv culture burials from the Forest-steppe Dnipro River left bank region, which included more than one jug, are
analysed within the context of study of drinking vessels sets used during the afterlife feast. There are 12 such assemblages in
Cherniakhiv culture burials known today. Judging from the dating, sets of jugs in the Dnipro River left bank area appeared
in the first half of the 4th c. and their amount raised in the second half of this century. They are found in the burials both with
the Scythian and Sarmatian, and with German ethnic features. Such burials in the region are peculiar with the presence of a
significant number of vessels (from 8 to 16) within the inventory’s structure. Insufficient anthropological research does not
allow the authors to attribute such assemblages by sex.
In order to conduct the comparative analysis, the Cherniakhiv culture materials were also drawn: Sântana de Mureş
culture from the territory of the Dnipro River right bank area, Moldova and Romania. They presented similar low percentage
of burials with the jugs sets within the burial grounds, at the same time, showing certain regional peculiarities concerning
both the jugs types in such sets, and the territorial closeness to the provinces of Roman Empire.
Ethnic features of certain burials can show that the tradition of placing the jugs sets into the grave goods structure
could have no ethnic «commitments», and perhaps was imported or appeared as a result of internal development. It can
be confirmed by the presence of jugs sets, in fact, at the whole area of culture Cherniakhiv-S ântana de Mureş. At the same
time, the dynamics of this tradition’s spread in time (for the Dnipro River left bank area) allow assuming its appearance
and development since the first half of the 4th c. BC. Quantitative and in some cases qualitative peculiarities of the vessels
assemblages in such burials abandon the authors to the idea of their belonging to the high stratum. It can be indirectly
testified also by relatively insignificant percentage of such burials in general bulk of graves at burial grounds.

In January 2014, a bronze crossbow tendril brooch with sheet catch Almgren 172 (Fig. 1), uncovered accidentally near Wąsosz, a village in Grajewo district in the northern part of Wysoczyzna Kolneńska (Kolno Hills). In the Roman Period the territory of Wysoczyzna Kolneńska and the area along lower Biebrza River probably constituted the northern boundaries of the Przeworsk and Wielbark cultures. About 10 km to the north-west, and the same distance away to the north-east, traces of settlements from the Roman Period were discovered, assigned rather to Bogaczewska culture, or generally to the West Balt circle. The nearest research sites which can potentially be linked to Wielbark culture (Drozdowo, possibly Sieburczyn) are located about 30 km south of Wąsosz (Fig. 2), hence the attribution of the brooch from Wąsosz cannot be determined with accuracy. It is therefore worth investigating this fibula through other, similar finds, both from the Wielbark area, and from that of Balt milieu.
Due to the large variety of Almgren 172 fibulae, an attempt was made to divide them in several groups. Of 186 brooches from the territories of Wielbark culture, Masłomęcz group and West Baltic cultural circle, it was possible to conduct a more thorough stylistic analysis of 155 items. The purpose of the proposed classification is to introduce some order to facilitate studies on this type of finds. The main criterion for this classification is the shape of the bow, with ornamental elements taken into consideration as secondary factors.
Group I (Fig. 4) includes slim fibulae with unprofiled bows, semi-circular or triangular in cross section. Group II (Fig. 5) make also slim fibulae but with profiled bows and feet, i.e. partly facetted edges, with rectangular metope areas at the end of the bow and on the foot below the sheet catch. The metopes are usually not decorated; only sometimes cuts appear on the sides (Fig. 5:5), in the shape of ‘X’ or carved lines (Fig. 5:4, 11, 15). Group III includes items similar to pattern ZG-28 according to A. Kokowski, which means specimens that are chunky, with wide bows and feet, facetted, and with rectangular metope areas. They are mostly cut on the sides, or decorated with a minted ‘X’. Decorations in the form of parallel engraved lines also appear (Fig. 7:15; 9:11; 10:1), as well as chequered patterns (Fig. 7:10, 11), minted dots, lines or bows (Fig. 7:12, 14; 8:4, 6; 9:8), herringbone (Fig. 8:11) or concentric circles (Fig. 9:9). The vast majority of fibulae from this group have round, elongated or shaped lumps at the ends of the springs. Within this group two types have been identified: IIIA – with no lump on the head (Fig. 7, 8) and IIIB – with a lump on the head (Fig. 9, 10). Group IV is represented by fibulae whose bows are made from a tape (Fig. 11). Some of them have ornamental metopes at the ends of bows and feet, separated by a carved ornament or lightly facetted edges. These brooches can be also distinguished into two types: IVA – with no lump on the head (Fig. 11:1–8) and IVB – with a lump on the head (Fig. 11:9–15). Among type IVA, fibulae known only from Lithuania stand out, decidedly larger from other specimens, with long, narrow and multiply coiled springs – distincted into Lithuanian variant (Fig. 12). The bows of these fibulae are made from a wide, rectangular tape; some of them have facetted edges (the bows’ cross section is slightly trapezoid-shaped). (Fig. 12:1, 2). Some of the fibulae with sheet catch have a false spring, made from a separate piece of wire on both sides – described as A.168/172 variant (Fig. 6; 10:2–9).
No correlation between the shape of the sheet catches and the form of the bow has been determined; fibulae from all groups have sheet catches of different shapes, some of which are narrow, while others are wide, some decorated, and others plain.
From all the fibulae included in the proposed groups, the most numerous set are Group III fibulae, which constitute 49.4% of all registered specimens. Group I fibulae constitute 17.5%; Group II – 16.2%; and Group IV – 12.3% (Fig. 13:2). The percentages within those groups are different for the materials from the Wielbark culture and the West Balt circle, which is illustrated in diagrams no. 3 and 4 in the Figure 13. The differences have also been noted among fibulae decorated with the lump on the head as they are clearly more popular (in terms of numbers and percentages) in the Balt environment (excluding the fibulae from the area now part of Lithuania) (cf. Fig. 14). However, on the Wielbark territory specimens with more ornamented bows (except metopes) are more common.
The vast majority of the crossbow tendril brooches with sheet catch from both of those areas are made of bronze. 5 specimens discovered on the Wielbark area are made of silver; a few specimens of the Lithuanian variant are also made of this material. Iron specimens are found in the materials from the Dollkeim-Kovrovo, Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures.
80 of the Almgren 172 fibulae discussed here come from the Balt enviromen, with the largest group found on the Bogaczewo culture territory (26 specimens) and neighbouring sites to the north-east, the so called Gołdap group of the Sudovian culture (25 specimens). Only a few were found in the Dollkiem/Kovrovo culture area, at the cemeteries located along the western shores of the Sambia Peninsula and lower Pregola River (15 specimens). One fibula was found at a burial ground of the Central Lithuania group in Marvelė on Niemen River. The remaining 13 specimens were found at several sites of the East Lithuania Barrow culture (see Fig. 15). Among the Balt finds most belong to Group III (28 specimens), with type B represented by 19 specimens. 9 specimens of Group I were also found, as well as 11 of Group II and 19 of Group IV (see Fig. 13:4). In the West Balt circle, crossbow tendril brooches with sheet catch could be dated from the end of phase C2 until the early stage of phase D. The oldest among those, i.e. specimens from Group I, were mostly found together with items from Late Roman Period. More accurately dated specimens of the largest groups III and IV can be dated to the early stage of phase D. Nonetheless, it appears that their occurrence cannot be stretched beyond the first phase of the Sambian horizon – they weren’t found accompanied by e.g. fibulae types Schönwarling/Skowarcz and Dollkeim/Kovrovo, or specimens with star-shaped foot.
In the Wielbark culture and the Masłomęcz group crossbow tendril brooches with sheet catch were discovered on 46 sites. They concentrate in places where stable settlement structures existed in phase C3–D, i.e. mainly in northern Masovia, southern Lublin province, and lower Vistula (see Fig. 15). Among 104 specimens, the majority are Group III fibulae (49 specimens), with a clear dominance of items without the lump on the head (IIIA – 29 specimens). 17 specimens belong to Group I, 13 to Group II, and 6 – to Group IV (see Fig. 13:3). The oldest is probably the fibula from grave XXXIV in Kozłówko, which can be dated to the late stage of phase C2. The chronology of the majority of Almgren 172 fibulae in the Wielbark culture and the Masłomęcz group may be defined as the phase C3–D. Tree specimens are most probably dated to the phase D, what excludes this type of brooches from being an indicator of phase C3 in the Wielbark culture.
The above attempt to provide an overview of Almgren 172 fibulae from the territories of Wielbark culture and the West Balt circle shows that they constitute a relatively diverse collection, both in terms of morphology and chronology. The oldest group comprises specimens with slim and unprofiled bows, frequently with a false spring, which could have appeared in the late stage of phase C2, or at the turn of phases C2 and C3 (C3–D). The chronological situation of the fibulae from Group II is less clear. The few well-preserved sites indicate that they are younger than the fibulae from group I, and their chronology is closer to the fibulae from Group III. The fibulae from Group III, as well as similar specimens from Group IV, are dated to phase C3–D, with the possibility to the extension of their chronology up to the developed stage of the Early Migration Period.
The crossbow tendril brooch with sheet catch from Wąsosz belongs into group IVA. Based on the conclusions reached above, one can date it possibly to C3–D, and most probably even the beginning of the Early Migration Period. It is still difficult to establish its cultural attribution. In terms of morphology and location, the fibula is more similar to specimens found in the Balt enviroment rather than those from the Wielbark territory. A specimen with a nearly identical bow and spring was found at a West Baltic burial ground in Podliszewo, ca. 35 km north-east of Wąsosz. Location-wise, the closest fibula of type A.172, which can be associated with the Wielbark culture, was found near Turosnia Kościelna in Podlasie, ca. 75 km south of Wąsosz. It is possible that the fibula discussed here provides evidence of the movements of Masuria inhabitants south, to territories which were either completely abandoned or largely depopulated. The proposed interpretation of the fibula from Wąsosz is a hypothesis which requires verification through excavations and research.

У збірнику надруковано статті, присвячені проблемам археологічних старожитностей доби римських впливів на території Південної, Східної та Центральної Європи. В основу статей покладено доповіді учасників секції історії та археології римського часу Європи міжнародної конференції, що відбулася в жовтні 2015 р. в місті Меджибіж. Конференція була присвячена пам’яті І.С. Винокура і об’єднана під назвою «Етнокультурні процеси на півдні Східної Європи у І тис. н. е.». У статтях опубліковано нові матеріали, дано аналітичні дослідження окремих категорій матеріальної культури та висновки історичного характеру.

In 2006–2009 a part of a Roman period settlement dated to the 2nd – early 5th century AD was excavated in the cadastral area of Cerekvice nad Loučnou (Pardubice Region, Czech Republic). The recovered material seems to be quite common (barbarian pottery), but it also contains a surprisingly rich collection of imports from Roman provinces (a sword tip, Roman provincial pottery, parts of bronze vessels). Amorphous bronze shapes, prismatic ingots, and a fused fragment of a bronze vessel might be indicative of local re-smelting of bronze objects. The manufacture of crushers is documented as well. In addition to other raw materials, they were manufactured of quartzitic porphyry which had to be transported from central and northwestern Bohemia.

An archaeological situation documented in 2016 in the cadastral territory of Boršov (Svitavy district, Pardubice Region, Czech Republic)
contained more than 70 metal artefacts scattered mostly over an area of 5 x 2 m. The finds were made with the use of metal detectors
in an otherwise unsettled space in close proximity to defunct roads crossing a sharp local terrain fault. The finds were concentrated
on hilly terrain between two slight watercourses. The collection is composed mainly of fragments of intentionally broken artefacts
made from a copper alloy, castings of the mouth of casting channels, ingots, as well as craft tools, coins, a fragment of a bronze
mould, fibula parts, etc. The assemblage dates to the end of the Marcomannic Wars or the period immediately following them and
documents a close relationship with the processing of non-ferrous metals. The assemblage also contains antiques, especially in the
form of a La Tène belt hook.

The aim of the present article is to summarize a current state of research on the problem of inflow of Roman provincial coins into Lesser Poland in antiquity. The term "provincial coinage" as used here refers to coins from the mints producing coinages for the purpose of provincial circulation, as well as to the so-called pseudo-autonomous and autonomous coinages struck by various local mints. We consider coins produced in mints located in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, beginning from Dacia and Moesia, and farther east and south to the provinces of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt as well as these struck by the rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom. The chronological scope of this presentation is defined by the final decades of the Roman Republic/the beginning of the Roman Empire and the Diocletian's reform (AD 294). We shall concentrate on the relevant finds of bronze coinage and the so-called billon coins. Only one brief paragraph is devoted to silver issues.
ABSTRAKT Celem niniejszego artykułu jest podsumowanie aktualnego stanu badań na temat napływu monet prowincjonalnych zarejestrowanych na obszarze historycznej Małopolski. Pod pojęciem "mennictwa prowincjo-nalnego" rozumiane są tutaj zarówno monety prowincjonalne bite w mennicach produkujących monety na użytek danej prowincji, jak i tzw. monety pseudoautonomiczne i autonomiczne bite w mennicach lokalnych. W niniej-szym tekście uwzględnione zostały monety produkowane w mennicach zlokalizowanych we wschodniej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego poczynając od Dacji i Mezji, i położonych dalej na Wschód i Południe aż po prowincje w Azji Mniejszej, Syrię i Egipt, jak również monety bite przez władców Królestwa Bosporańskiego. Ramy chrono-logiczne niniejszych rozważań wyznaczają końcowe dziesięciolecia Republiki / początek Cesarstwa oraz reforma Dioklecjana (294 r. n.e.). Pod uwagę zostały wzięte przede wszystkim znaleziska monet brązowych i tzw. bilono-wych. Jedynie krótki akapit poświęcony został monecie srebrnej.

During 2005–2019, a systematic metal detector examination took place in Bošín (Ústí nad Orlicí dist., Pardubice region) in the area of the Roman Period settlement. So far, the site represents one of a few evidences of the Roman Period settlement to the north of Choceň, in the Tichá Orlice river basin. This region is slightly out of the Loučná river basin, which was heavily settled during the Roman Period.

in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016. Fundacja Przyjaciół Instytutu Archeologii UW, Instytut Archeologii UW

Zarys archeologicznej historii regionu. The Outline of the Archaeological History of the Region, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim.Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania , ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016

R.M. Reida, A.V. Heiko, S.V. Sapiehin
BURIAL WITH
«
CHARON’S OBOL» FROM SHYSHAKY CEMETERY OF CHERNYAKHIVSKA CULTUREPublished is the burial 39 from Shyshaky burial ground of Chernyakhivska culture (Poltava Oblast). Buried was a 25—30-year-old woman put in a grave along the east-west line, extended and with her head to the west. Western part of the grave is destroyed by a trench for the pipe leading to sewage treatment structures.The buried was accompanied by a glass transparent cup with profiled bottom and grinded ovals on the body (two rows of  big ovals placed vertically on the cup and two rows of small ovals placed horizontally). The direct analogy for the cup is an example from Setvedt burial ground on the territory of Norway. This example is dated by E. Straume back to the stage D 2 according to Scandinavian chronology. I.O. Gavritukhin refers their usage to the 5
th
c. On the authors’ opinion, the date of the cup from the burial 39 can be narrowed to the first half of the 5
th
c. A coin was situated under the bottom of the cup. It was a denarius of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius to which a small cloth  was adhered preserved owing to oxidizing process on the coin. The coin and the cup were put into the right hand of the buried. The authors consider such location to be not occasional and apparently corresponding to the notions about the journey to the world of the dead. A coin put into the hand can be preliminary interpreted as a Charon’s obol and the glass cup as a sign marking the participation of the dead in the feast in the other world.Both coins, and glass cups are found in the Late Roman burials at both Barbarian and Ancient Greek sites, though direct analogies of the recorded element of the burial rite in the grave 39 of Shyshaky burial ground is not known yet. Such combination in one burial is unique for Chernyakhivska culture to which Shyshaky burial ground belonged, and this fact complicates interpretation.Uniqueness of the burial 39, as well as the late as for Chernyakhivska culture date of the 5
th
c. Setvedt series (Luhy type) glass cup usage enlarges the number of Chernyakhivska culture sites on the territory of the Dnipro River left bank forest-steppe area which belong to the period after the Huns arrival. Discovering the new sites can indicate that invasion of the Huns could have no catastrophic consequences for forest-steppe population on the left bank of the Dnipro River represented by Chernyakhivska culture, which existed after this event for a certain time.

The role and function of the sunken features in the Przeworsk Culture is the subject of the debate. The paper's aim is to present examples from the settlement site in Michałowice supporting their interpretation as a workshop rather than houses or living spaces.

This report presents the result from the excavations that took place in 2012 to determine the archaeological context of previously found deposition within the fortification of Sandby borg. The deposition consisted, among other things, of relief brooches from the Migration period (400–550 AD) and a variation of different sets of beads. In 2011 and 2012 The County museum of Kalmar examined the archaeological context of the depositions. They were hidden in houses within the fortication. The excavations consisted of hand digging six shafts, located where the deposition  finds were found. In addition to these, the  finds consisted of pottery, iron fragments, a bronze button, unburnt bones from animals, and most remarkably human remains from possibly three different individuals in addition to the two found in 2011. At least one of the skeletons had suffered lethal blows to the head. 14C‐analysis of the body and  nds dates the activities, including both the deaths and depositions, to the Migration period. There were hardly any cultural layers, indicating that Sandby borg has only been used for a short period of time, after which it was abandoned.

The article contains information about materials of archaeological excavations in 2012 on the cemetery of the Chernyakhiv culture (Psel river region) near Shyshaky village (Poltava region), in particular the female burial 60. This burial according to the materials most likely can be dated to the 2nd half of the 4th c. AD.

R.M. Reida, O.V. Heiko, S.V. Sapiehin, Ya.V. Volodarets-Urbanovych
In scribed Sign s on the Vessels’ Bottom s
of Culture Ch ern yakhivska—Sântana de Mureş
Discussed are incised signs on the bottoms of pottery, quite a rare phenomenon in the area of culture Chernyakhivska-
Sântana de Mureş. They were conditionally divided into two main groups: 1) cross-like and 2) other. Despite on their rarity,
spread of such vessels from the forest-steppe left bank of the Dnipro River to the territory of Rumania can evidence that this
phenomenon is not a chance. Finds of vessels and their fragments of this kind at settlements and in burials (inhumations and
cremations) do not allow narrowing the aspects of its usage to funeral customs.
Assemblages where vessels with inscribed signs on bottoms where found are dated by the period from the middle of the 4th c.
to the beginning of the 5th c. This fact creates the theoretical possibility to use such finds as chronological indicators.