Animal Sciences

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing roasted, soaked, and coarsely ground lupin meal (RSCGLM) for soybean meal (SBM) as a protein ingredient on fertility, hatchability, and chick quality of white leghorn layers. A total of 180 (150 layers and 30 cocks) with uniform body weight and age were randomly distributed in to 15 pens and assigned to five treatments. Treatments were SBM replaced by RSCGLM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The crude protein and metabolizable energy content of treatment rations ranged 16.58 - 16.78% and 2879.72 - 2881.82 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. RSCGLM contain 36.5% CP and 3533.8 kcal ME/kg DM. Replacement of SBM with RSCGLM in the diet did not affect fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, chick weight, and chick quality by visual score. It can be concluded that up to 100% (at a rate of 100 g/kg concentrate diet) of RSCGLM as a replacement for SBM in the diet of white leghorn l...

Production of hydroponics fodder involves growing of plants without soil but in water or nutrient rich solution in a greenhouse (hi-tech or low cost devices) for a short duration (approx. 7 days). The use of nutrient solution for the growth of the hydroponics fodder is not essential and only the tap water can be used. In India, maize grain should be the choice for production of hydroponics fodder. The hydroponics green fodder looks like a mat of 20-30 cm height consisting of roots, seeds and plants. To produce one kg of fresh hydroponics maize fodder (7-d), about 1.50-3.0 litres of water is required. Yields of 5-6 folds on fresh basis and DM content of 11-14% are common for hydroponics maize fodder, however, DM content up to 18% has also been observed. The hydroponics fodder is more palatable, digestible and nutritious while imparting other health benefits to the animals. The cost of seed contributes about 90% of the total cost of production of hydroponics maize fodder. It is recomm...

Livestock production situation in agro-pastoral production system of Gurez sub-valley of Kashmir was assessed based on field visits and interview of selected households as well as group discussion with community leaders. The survey showed that livestock was the main source of income; followed by agriculture and off-farm activities. Among the livestock, cattle were the most important livestock species followed by sheep, horse and chicken. The main feed resources of the area were highland pastures, forest lands, common property resources and cultivated fodders; the production of these are also decreasing due to lack of required scientific interventions. Productivity of animals in terms of milk production, growth rate and reproductive performance was generally low owing to primitive livestock breeding and rearing practices, scarcity of feed and fodder, migration of labour and lack of extension support services.

Voluntary intake and digestibility of nutrients in heifers fed hydroponics maize (Zea maize L.) fodder was studied. Hydroponics maize fodder (HMF) was produced in a hydroponics chamber (greenhouse) measuring about 25 ft × 10 ft × 10 ft with a daily production potential of 600 kg fresh HMF and equipped with automatic sprayer irrigation by tap water. Four heifers (avg. BW 305 kg) were fed individually 2 kg standard conventional concentrate mixture along with 3 kg jowar straw and ad lib. HMF daily to meet their nutrient requirements for a period of 45 days followed by a 6-d digestion trial. The HMF looked like a mat of 20-30 cm height consisting of germinated seeds, white roots and green leaves. The increase in weight of the HMF than the seed weight on fresh basis was 5-6 folds. The DM content of the HMF was 15.4% and the CP, EE, CF, NFE and TA content was 13.56, 2.46, 8.98, 73.45 and 1.56% on DM basis, respectively. The DM intake per 100 kg BW of the heifers was 2.25 and the R: C ratio was maintained at 73: 27. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE of the ration was 65.62, 68.06, 69.36, 80.95, 59.70 and 69.87%, respectively. The total ration had 12.73% CP, 8.81% DCP and 68.71% TDN. It can be concluded that hydroponics maize fodder could be fed to heifers in situations where conventional fodder is not available or can not be grown due to any adverse conditions.

CV. Firman Wahyu Asmara Farm merupakan usaha sapi perah yang terletak pada Kecamatan Mijen, Kota Semarang dengan luas peternakan 5 ha yang beroprasi pada bidang peternakan khususnya sapi perah. Lokasi peternakan di Kecamatan Mijen yang mempunyai kebutuhan produk susu segar sebesar 1.100 lt dengan data tersebut “CV. Firman Wahyu Asmara Farm” membangun usaha sapi ternak perah yang mempunyai produksi 1.500 lt / hari sehingga peluang untuk distribusi produk lebih mudah dan diterima dengan baik. Produksi susu yang dihasilkan di Indonesia khususnya di Kota Semarang belum mampu memenuhi permintaan konsumen saat ini dikarenakan usaha ternak sapi perah di Indonesia masih bersifat subsisten oleh peternak kecil dan belum mencapai usaha yang berorientasi ekonomi rendahnya tingkat produktivitas ternak tersebut lebih disebabkan oleh kurangnya modal, serta pengetahuan / ketrampilan peternak yang mencakup aspek manajemen pemeliharaan yang kurang maksimal, pemilihan bibit yang tidak tepat, aspek reproduksi,pemberian pakan dan lokasi perkandangan yang kurang ideal bagi ternak perah. Selain itu pengetahuan petani mengenai aspek tata niaga harus ditingkatkan sehingga keuntungan yang diperoleh sebanding dengan pemeliharaannya. Inilah yang menjadi latar belakang didirikannya perusahaan peternakan sapi perah “CV. Firman Wahyu Asmara Farm”.

Production of hydroponics fodder involves growing of plants without soil but in water or nutrient rich solution in a greenhouse (hi-tech or low cost devices) for a short duration (approx. 7 days). The use of nutrient solution for the growth of the hydroponics fodder is not essential and only the tap water can be used. In India, maize grain should be the choice for production of hydroponics fodder. The hydroponics green fodder looks like a mat of 20-30 cm height consisting of roots, seeds and plants. To produce one kg of fresh hydroponics maize fodder (7-d), about 1.50-3.0 litres of water is required. Yields of 5-6 folds on fresh basis and DM content of 11-14% are common for hydroponics maize fodder, however, DM content up to 18% has also been observed. The hydroponics fodder is more palatable, digestible and nutritious while imparting other health benefits to the animals. The cost of seed contributes about 90% of the total cost of production of hydroponics maize fodder. It is recommended to supplement about 5-10 kg fresh hydroponics maize fodder per cow per day. However, sprouting a part of the maize of the concentrate mixture for hydroponics fodder production does not require extra maize. Feeding of hydroponics fodder increases the digestibility of the nutrients of the ration which could contribute towards increase in milk production (8-13%). In situations, where conventional green fodder cannot be grown successfully, hydroponics fodder can be produced by the farmers for feeding their dairy animals using low cost devices.

To cite this paper: Babeker E.A. and Abdalbagi Y.M. 2015. Effect of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves on performance, haematological, biochemical and some physiological parameters of Sudan Nubian goats. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 5 (2): 50-61. Scienceline/Journal homepages: ABSTRACT: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance, haematological, biochemical and some physiological parameters of Sudan Nubian goats on three different levels of Moringa oleifera, group A (0%) As control, group B offered (20%) and group C (50%) fed different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves. Thirty yearling females of Nubian goats weighted between 16.00-24.00 kg and their age was nearly 10-12 months were used in this study, the animals were divided according to their live body weight into three groups of ten each, goats were housed in pens of suitable size and were managed as any other commercial goat flock. The animals had free access to water. Forage was fed at rate of 1% of live body weight. They were fed for 6 weeks. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) on body weight in group B than the other two groups. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was increased significantly (P<0.05) in group B and group C compared with group A. Whereas feed intake (kg/day) and Water intake (kg/day) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group B than group A and C. There were the Body temperature (Tr), Respiratory Rate (RR) and Pulse rate (Pr) demonstrated significant (P<0.05) values in group B. On the Erythrocytes indices showed significant variations among the groups except Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) in group B, which recorded high significant (P<0.05) in all indices of Erythrocytes when compared with the other two groups. In the other hand leukocytes indices have similar observations for all parameters except total white blood cells count (WBCs) which increased significantly (P<0.05) in group B (6.21 ± 0.14) than group C (4.77 ± 0.34) and group A (4.21 ± 0.09). Glucose decreased a significant different (P<0.05) in group B when comparable than other two groups, while Total protein and Albumin were recorded high significant different (P<0.05) values in group B; (7.71 ± 0.03) and Albumin (2.86 ± 0.10), respectively. When comparable than other two groups. Therefore, the study revealed that the Moringa oleifera leaf meal could be used to improve livestock system of small ruminants without any adverse effect on the productive performance and blood indices at the 20% diet inclusion level. However more research is needed to assure these findings.

Broiler chicken production is an important livelihood option for
urban households in Zimbabwe. A study was carried out to
document the technical, demographic and socio-economic
parameters characterising the production of broilers in an urban
area of Zimbabwe. Findings showed that producers have quite
diverse livelihoods and broiler production is not restricted to a
survival strategy for the urban poor with no livelihood
alternatives, but mostly involved the more privileged. Access to
start-up capital and property ownership were pre-requisites for
the business. Broiler units were small-scale, informal, backyard
businesses dominated by women. Flock sizes averaged 398 (range
25–3500) birds per cycle. However, 79% of the producers kept at
most 200 birds per cycle. The mean stocking density was 9.5
birds/m2 and reported mortality averaged 7.4%. Respondents
have ad hoc marketing arrangements, and face constraints with
regard to lack of sectoral support, shortage of capital, prohibitive
council by-laws, market access and disease. Poultry production is
therefore an important livelihood and business option in the
urban and peri-urban area studied.

Generally, spoilage of seafood can be caused by a process of deterioration in the fish which causes change in its appearance, odour and taste. We can say that breakdown of biomolecules like proteins and fats are naturally found in fish. Due to their high water content and pH, seafoods are highly perishable as a result of chemical, microbial and enzymatic activities. Specific spoilage organisms (SSO) are some bacteria present in seafood which have spoilage potential. Some common SSOs are from genera Shewanella (S. putrefaciens, S. baltica and S.proteamaculans). Pseudomonas (P. fragi, P. putida and P. fluorescent). Photobacterium (P. phosphoreum, P. illiopiscarium and P. kishitanii). Psychrobacter, Brochothrix, Pseudoalteromonas and Carnobacterium. We can detect the spoilage of seafood using methods like one step PCR, nested PCR/ RT PCR and real-time PCR. In advancements rapid diagnosis of the spoilage is also detected.

ABSTRAK Falsafah sains merupakan asal dari seluruh ilmu pengetahuan. Memahami falsafah adalah memahami ontologi, epistemologi dan aksiologi. Falsafah sains dapat menjadi alat dalam memahami titik kritis penyembelihan halal. Pemahaman ontologis terhadap titik kritis penyembelihan halal dipahami melalui objek materi dan objek formal. Perbedaan pandangan ontologi ini dapat menghasilkan keberagaman pandangan, ide dan gagasan karena dipengaruhi penguasaan epistemologi. Perbedaan pandangan terhadap titik kritis penyembelihan halal menjelaskan bahwa satu kebenaran yang dipandang dengan paradigma yang berbeda maka akan menghasilkan kebenaran kesimpulan yang berbeda pula. Tetapi perlu diingat bahwa perbedaan pendapat bukan sesuatu yang diharamkan melainkan benturan pendapat ini akan menjadi usaha bersama-sama mencari kebenaran secara terus menerus. Pertimbangan aksiologisnya adalah sebagai teori nilai memunculkan polemik tentang kebebasan pengetahuan terhadap value free dan value bound. Pilihannya adalah mana yang lebih unggul. Penguasaan sains dan teknologi oleh seorang ilmuwan perlu dibatasi dengan landasan moral yang kuat agar tidak terjadi " momok kemanusiaan ". Oleh karena itu seorang ilmuwan wajib melekat nilai falsafah sains sebagai manusia modern.

Review work was done to assess the present situation of indigenous cattle production,
their common threats and to show the way of stainable utilization of indigenous cattle
breed in the future. Indigenous cattle breeds are a valuable source of genetic material
because of their adaptation to harsh climatic conditions, ability to better utilize the
limited and poor quality feed resources and their tolerance to many disease. Future
priorities of animal production will rely on a wide use of indigenous cattle genetic
resources. Different literature states that the Ethiopian cattle genetic diversity is
currently under threat mainly due to poorly designed and managed introduction of
exotic genetic materials, climate change, human population growth, lack of clear cut
breeding direction and weak development interventions. The basic suggested option by
different scholars and stakeholders to coup up with this very true scenarios includes:
Promotion of indigenous cattle production through new approaches and technologies
which will be very flexible to the situation in hand; educating and training in cattle
production with new approach to mitigate dynamicity. Therefore, the future directions of
cattle production will be increase towards the production of foods for the efficient
transformation of cattle production to the satisfaction of domestic consumption and
exporting to international markets.

Tujuan pemuliaan utama jenis ayam petelur adalah untuk meningkatkan potensi genetik produksi telur. Sebagian besar peternak petelur ayam akan lebih memilih untuk meningkatkan jumlah telur per hen (HHP)  dibandingkan SP. Dalam penilitian ini, estimasi nilai heritabilitas dan korelasi genetic ditampilkan dalam produksi bulanan telur dan bobot telur  2 galur leghorn betina petelur. Sebanyak 2.362 ayam (jalur A) keturunan dari 79 pejantan dan 642 bendungan (dam) dan 2.728 ayam (jalur D), keturunan dari 80 pejantan dan 671 bendungan (dam) yang digunakan untuk memperkirakan parameter genetik produksi telur bulanan dan berat telur berdasarkan SP dan HHP. Dilakukan penilitian selama 7 bulan ( MEP1,MEP2,…,MEP7) serta total produksi telur (TEP1_7) dan bobot telur pada minggu ke-28, 35 dan 45 ( EW1, EW2 dan EW3). Heritabilitas untuk telur bulanan  produksi berdasarkan SP berkisar 0,08-0,44 untuk jalur A
dan 0,04-0,43 untuk jalur D dan yang didasarkan pada HHP bervariasi untuk jalur A dan jalur D, masing-masing 0,01-0,44 dan 0,01-0,43. Dalam kedua struktur data, heritabilitas tertinggi  ditemukan untuk MEP1 (0,43-0,44). Perkiraan heritabilitas  menurun pada periode bulanan nanti. heritabilitas yang  untuk total produksi telur dari 1 sampai bulan 7 (TEP1_7) dari  kedua Garis di SP untuk jalur A dan D masing-masing 0.32 ± 0.04 dan 0.29 ± 0.03 yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan HHP 0.11 ± 0.02 dan 0, 08 ± 0,02 untuk garis masing-masing. Kedua SP dan HHP  menunjukkan heritabilitas yang sama untuk berat telur yang berkisar 0,43-0,54 untuk jalur A dan 0,39-0,45 untuk jalur D Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa estimasi didasarkan pada SP cenderung memberikan estimasi yang lebih tinggi dari parameter genetik untuk produksi telur bulanan daripada yang didasarkan pada HHP.

Pets are seen as family members who provide emotional support, companionship, and protection.  They satisfy interpersonal needs of inclusion, control, affection, and respect.  They provide rewards, which often outweigh the costs of having them as family members.    Pet therapy is discussed.  The intriguing intent-impact model of nonverbal communication is discussed in terms of pet signals to their family. Even divorced couples have argued over co-custody rights about their pets.  Many families feel their unconditional love.  Recall the old classic maxim pertaining to dogs, “Peoples' best friend.”  Yet, animals as family members can be diverse through various species.  If you have a pet as a family member or a companion and do not have an animal phobia, enjoy their stability, sharing of emotions, protection, and entertainment value.  Continue to communicate verbally and nonverbally through emotional expressions, gesturing, pointing, and voice tonality.  Finally, if you have a pet, will he or she be anxiously waiting for you when you arrive home?

Pursuing Animal History as Body History, this paper focuses neither on animals nor on humans, but rather on bodies and the different societal demands made on them. It rejects the simple attribution of a history and an actor- or even subject-status to humans and animals per se. Instead, the paper suggests a historical problematization of the processes that produce humans or animals as having a history and as being actors or even subjects. Against this background, I try to demonstrate the usefulness of distinguishing between a praxeological approach in a broad sense on the one hand and a genealogical perspective in a narrow sense on the other. I thus understand Animal History less as an expanded form of Cultural History, but much more as a special form of Social History, placing at the center of interest neither the nature/culture dichotomy nor the concept of life, but rather the concept of the social.

A study was carried out on 12 male lambs under two management systems at the Department of Livestock Management. Six lambs from each breed were reared under intensive (A) and semi-intensive (B) management systems. The Kooka lambs comparatively gained more body weight per week (4.84±0.27% and 3.25±0.09%, respectively) than Kachhi lambs (4.03±0.12% and 2.61±0.21%, respectively) of group B and A, respectively. The average per week increase in body weight of lambs in group B was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of group A.  The average body weight of Kooka and Kachhi lambs of group B was significantly (P<0.05) higher than Kachhi  and Kooka lambs of group A. Per week increase in body conformation in respect of height, girth and length (1.55±0.08%, 1.32±0.04% and 1.82±0.01%, respectively) of Kooka and Kachhi (1.00±0.03%, 1.06±0.02% and 1.54±0.06%, respectively) lambs of group B was comparatively higher (P<0.05) than Kooka (0.97±0.07%, 0.86±0.03% and 1.37±0.07%, respectively) and Kachhi (0.77±0.04%, 0.68±0.07% and 0.96±0.02%, respectively) lambs in group A. The overall mean height, girth and length of male Kooka lambs of group B were significantly (P<0.05) higher than Kachhi lambs of group A and group B but relatively similar to that of Kooka lambs in group A. Result concludes that, the male Kooka lambs gained more body weight and body conformation than that of male Kachhi lambs under both management systems (intensive and semi- intensive management system).

Anthropocentrism, which includes assumptions like 'man has the right to dominion over the earth', 'humans are superior to animals', reality is divided into a de-spiriting animate/inanimate binary, etc., can clearly be attributed to the supremacist ontology of A.D. Worldview(s). As ) took care to note, power is not just exerted by what is said but by what is therefore not said, by what is necessarily rendered as untrue by a given regime of truth. What truth exists beyond the chains of Anthropocentrism?

Évora, 01 de Outubro, 2020. ii Dedicatória Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais. À minha esposa Maria Madalena Ximenes. Aos meus filhos Jéssica, Jojoe e Denízia. Aos meus irmãos. Resumo O presente trabalho pretendeu avaliar a influência da maturação da carne de bovino sobre os parâmetros físicoquímicos: cor, pH, capacidade de retenção de água, humidade, lípidos neutros e lípidos polares, pigmentos totais e colagénio total e solúvel ao nível do músculo Longissimus dorsi. Foram usadas 4 amostras de carne maturada e 4 amostras de carne não maturada adquiridas no mercado. Desconhece-se o sistema de produção que as originou (raça, idade e peso de abate dos bovinos), assim como o período de maturação das amostras maturadas. A cor e a capacidade de retenção de água da carne não foram afetadas pela maturação. Os resultados evidenciaram um valor de pH significativamente inferior na carne maturada, quando comparada com a carne não maturada. A composição química não foi significativamente afetada, sendo que as pequenas diferenças nos teores de lípidos neutros e polares, assim como de pigmentos totais deverão ser à origem das amostras no mercado e não ao efeito da maturação. No entanto, o teor em colagénio solúvel expresso em percentagem de colagénio total da carne maturada, apesar de não diferente significativamente, foi 39% superior ao da carne não maturada. Sendo que o principal objetivo da maturação é a obtenção de carne mais tenra parece que esse objetivo foi tendencialmente obtido. Palavras-chave: Qualidade, carne de bovino; efeito da maturação.

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P>0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P>0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups.

PDA240 y GP18, respectivamente. Las heredabilidades maternas fueron 0,06 ± 0,006 para PN y 0,14 ± 0,002 para PDA240. Las correlaciones genéticas entre efectos genéticos directos y maternos fueron -0,37 ± 0,02 para PN y -0,42 ± 0,008 para PDA240. La correlación genética entre efectos genéticos di-rectos para PN y PDA240 fue de 0,57 ± 0,008, mientras que para PN y GP18 fue cercana a cero (-0,05 ± 0,008). Durante los años de estudio, las tendencias genéticas de los efectos genéticos directos para las crías fueron -0,13 ± 0,03 para PN, -0,46 ± 0,20 para PDA240 y -0,30 ± 0,27 para GP18.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of graded level of local brewery by-product (atella) replacement to concentrate mixture on feed intake; digestibility and body weight change of Dorper-Menz crossbred lambs fed hay basal diet. The feeding period of 90 days was preceded by 15 days of acclimatization period. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments: T1 [Control, hay ad libtium]; T2 [25% atella + 75% concentrate mix]; T3 [50% atella + 50% concentrate mix]; T4 [75% atella + 25% concentrate mix]; and T5 [100% atella]. Body weight changes were monitored fortnightly for 112 days. Data on feed intake, body weight change, and digestibility were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model procedure. Partial budget analysis was performed to evaluate profitability of treatments. The crude protein content of atella was above 20% and can be used as a supplement. Atella alone or at different level with commercial concentrate mixture has significantly increased body weight gain of crossbred sheep. The positive weight gain results of atella supplemented group clearly indicate the potential of atella. Based on partial budget analysis, supplementation of dried atella could be recommended for fattening Dorper-Menz crossbred male lamb.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing roasted, soaked, and coarsely ground lupin meal (RSCGLM) for soybean meal (SBM) as a protein ingredient on fertility, hatchability, and chick quality of white leghorn layers. A total of 180 (150 layers and 30 cocks) with uniform body weight and age were randomly distributed in to 15 pens and assigned to five treatments. Treatments were SBM replaced by RSCGLM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The crude protein and metabolizable energy content of treatment rations ranged 16.58-16.78% and 2879.72-2881.82 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. RSCGLM contain 36.5% CP and 3533.8 kcal ME/kg DM. Replacement of SBM with RSCGLM in the diet did not affect fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, chick weight, and chick quality by visual score. It can be concluded that up to 100% (at a rate of 100 g/kg concentrate diet) of RSCGLM as a replacement for SBM in the diet of white leghorn layers did not affect fertility, hatchability, and chick quality parameters. Hence, RSCGLM is a cheap source of protein supplement which can replace SBM.

With the aim to investigate age at sexual maturity in male quail in the Western Highlands of Cameroon, a study was conducted on 68 quails of 4 weeks old. Data were collected during 14 weeks on FSH, LH and testosterone levels as well as testes and semen characteristics. FSH and LH rate were similar and higher from 6 to 15 weeks old. Highest testosterone levels were recorded on 15 (2.25 ng/ml) and 18 (2.62 ng/ml) weeks old quails. Testes weight, height, diameter as well as gonado somatic index recorded from 12 to 18 weeks old were similar but significantly higher than others. Morphometric characteristics of seminiferous tubules at 6 and 9 weeks old were similar but significantly lower than later values. Comparable sizes of seminiferous tubules circumference and
germinal epithelium height were noticed from 15 weeks old. Histological analysis of testes sections showed fully developed and active seminiferous tubules from week 12 but, spermatogenic activity was more pronounced at week 15. Mass and individual motilities were comparable with quail age. However, the highest sperm count was recorded at 12 weeks old compared to later values. It has been concluded that age at sexual maturity in male quail could be situated around 12 weeks in the context of the Western Highlands of Cameroon. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/

A four weeks study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including varying
level of Jatropha seed cake (JSC) fermented for different number of days in broiler
starter diets on the production performance in order to recycle this by-product and
prevent pollution. Diet 1 (Control diet) contained no JSC. Diets 2, 3, and 4
contained 4% JSC fermented for 7, 11 and 15 days respectively while diets 5, 6
and 7 contained 6% JSC fermented also for 7, 11 and 15 days respectively. The
diets were fed to seven groups of forty birds each in a completely randomized
design with four replicates per treatment. Data were collected on production
performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, blood profile and
production economy. Data collected were analyzed by ANOVA. The results
revealed that birds that received JSC containing diets had lower (P<0.05) weight
gain, live weight, dressed weight, carcass yield and nutrient digestibility than the
control irrespective of the level and length of fermentation. Feed cost decreased
with increase level of JSC in the diets while production cost was higher in birds
that received JSC. Feed conversion by the birds that received JSC was poor
compared to that of the control while feed intakes, mortality, gizzard weight, blood
components except ALT were unaffected. Birds that received diets that contained
JSC had smaller (P<0.05) liver and pancreas but higher ALT value than the control.
It was concluded that broilers cannot tolerate 4% nor 6% JSC fermented for 15
days or less.

Abstract: A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the response of growing rabbits to diets containing
graded levels of flaxseeds. Forty five male New Zealand White rabbits aged 5-6 weeks with an average body weight
of 598 ± 16.22 g were divided into five equal groups (9 rabbit in each). Flaxseed was incorporation in rabbit rations
at levels of 0, 2.50, 5.00, 7.50 and 10.00% for rations from R1 to R5, respectively. Weight gain, feed intake, feed
conversion, digestion coefficients and economic efficiency were determined. Tested rations were almost isocaloric
and isonitrogenous. The results showed that chemical composition of the experimental rations was formulated to
have a similar CP that ranged from 15.55 to 15.76% and digestible energy that ranged from 2517 to 2561 kcal/ kg
DM for the experimental rations. Increasing level of flaxseeds in the rabbit rations lead to increase the ether extract
and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, while, it decreased the hemicellulose content. Except DM and
hemicellulose digestibilities, dietary treatment had significant effect (P<0.05) on all the other nutrient digestibility of
(OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF and cellulose); nutritive values (TDN and DCP). Rabbits received 10%
flaxseeds containing diet recorded the highest digestion coefficient values of (OM, CP, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and
cellulose) and nutritive value as (TDN). Dietary treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on final live body
weight (FLBW), total body weight gain (TBWG) and average daily gain (ADG) among the different experimental
groups. FLBW, TBWG and ADG ranged from 2458 to 2628 g; from 1866 to 2030g and from 26.7 to 29.0 g,
respectively. With increasing the levels of flaxseed in rabbit rations the increasing in FLBW, TBWG and ADG was
realized. Rabbit received 10% flaxseed containing ration recorded the best values of FLBW, TBWG and ADG. Feed
conversion was improved by inclusion flaxseed in rabbit rations at different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) compared
to the control ration. Rabbit received 10% flaxseed containing ration recorded the best values of feed conversion that
expressed as (g feed intake of DM, CP, DCP and TDN/ g gain) and digestible energy (kcal/ g. gain). Increasing
levels of flaxseed in rabbit rations, both net revenue and relative economic efficiency were increased. Net revenue
was improved by 8.15%, 15.29%, 19.97% and 27.41% for tested rations (2-5), respectively compared to control
ration, while, relative economic efficiency was improved by 9.7%, 18.4%, 25.1% and 35.4%. Feed cost/ kg live
body weight gain was decreased when rations contained different levels of flaxseed compared to control rations. The
corresponding values of feed cost/ kg live body weight gain were decreased by 5.10%, 9.16%, 12.83% and 17.67%
for rations contained 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% flaxseed, respectively, in comparison with the control ration. It could
be mentioned that incorporation flaxseed in rabbit rations give the best results in terms of growth performance with
a positive effect on digestion coefficients and realizing high net revenue.
[Hamed A.A. Omer, AbdEl-Maged A. Abedo, Sawsan M. Ahmed, Azza M.M. Badr and Mervat S.M. Hasanin.
Utilization of Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Rabbit Rations. 1. Response of Growing Rabbits to Diets
Containing Different Levels of Flaxseeds. Life Sci J 2013; 10(4):2638-2646]. (ISSN: 1097-8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 352

This paper argues that it is high time for sociology to champion the full acceptance of animals into the social domain and assume a central role in the interdisciplinary effort to explore its implications. It invalidates major assertions that have historically caused sociology to ignore animals.