Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering

Thermal properties of bio-materials are properties which depict the reaction of the materials as a result of change in temperature. This study determined the effects of moisture variation on some thermal properties of Mucuna Pruriens and Veracruz seeds grown in Nigeria under different moisture contents range of 6.04 to 15.82% (db) employing standard experimental equipments and procedures. From the analysis of the results the thermal properties of both species were observed to increase as the moisture content increases but varied slightly between both species. Their values were found to range from 102.86 to 196.46KJ/kgK; 17.53 to 32.82W/m and 2.46 x10-7 to 8.39 x 10-7 ms-1 for specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity respectively. From the result and analysis of this study, it can be stated that knowledge of engineering properties of crops are very vital for design of processing equipment and post harvest handling. It is expected that the information obtained will be put to use by researchers who wish to work further on this legume species.

This study aimed (1) to determine the effect of temperature on and (2) to determine the fermentation time and the effect of bromelin enzyme of coffee beans aroma on). The process of fermentation of coffee beans using the ohmic technology with the addition of pineapple extract. The treatment used in the fermentation with Ohmic technology was the temperatures of 35°C dan 45°C; and fermentation times were 6, 12, and 18 hours. The observation parameters included pH, caffeine content, and organoleptics. The research results indicated that in the fermentation of the coffee beans using Ohmic technology at the temperature of 35°C and the time fermentation of 12 hours, the caffeine content (1.6%) became 0.047%, and the temperature of 35°C and the time of fermentation was 12 hours had produced pH of 4.81, and the temperature of 45°C with the time fermentation of 6 hours, high caffeine value of 0.147%, and at 45°C with the time fermentation of 18 hours had produces pH value of 5.83. The organo...

1 ANALISA EKONOMI USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN MAS Tri Rizkiana Y (21313002) I. PENDAHULUAN Cyprinus carpio atau yang lebih dikenal dengan ikan mas merupakan salah satu ikan air tawar yang bernilai ekonomis dan telah sangat dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Ikan mas mulai masuk ke pasar Indonesia dan mulai dipelihara sejak tahun 1920-an. Ikan mas yang terdapat di Indonesia merupakan merupakan ikan mas yang dibawa dari Cina, Eropa, Taiwan dan Jepang. Sampai saat ini sudah terdapat 10 ikan mas yang dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakteristik morfologisnya. Jenis-jenis ikan mas secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis yakni ikan mas hias dan ikan mas konsumsi. Pada analisis ekonomi usaha ini, pembahasan akan lebih ditekankan pada ikan mas konsumsi. Adapun klasifikasi dari ikan mas ini adalah sebagai berikut : Ikan mas memiliki bentuk badan agak memanjang pipih ke samping (compressed). Mulut (bibir) berada di ujung tengah (terminal), dapat disembulkan, dan lunak (elastis). Memiliki kumis (barbel) dua pasang (empat buah), kadang-kadang mempunyai sungut satu pasang (rudimentir). Jari-jari sirip punggung (dorsal) yang kedua mengeras seperti gergaji. Sedangkan letak antara kedua sirip, punggung dan perut berseberangan. Sirip dada (pectoral) terletak di belakang tutup insang (operculum). Ikan mas tergolong bersisik besar bertipe cycloid. Usus umumnya tidak begitu panjang jika dibandingkan dengan hewan pemakan tumbuh-tumbuhan asli.

La quitina es el segundo biopolímero más abundante en la naturaleza después de la celulosa y puede ser ob-tenida por diversas técnicas. Este trabajo propone la extracción de quitina a partir de desechos agroindustriales y la producción de quitosano como bioestimulante de semillas de melón (Cucumis melo L). La quitina fue ais-lada del exoesqueleto de camarón (Litopenaeus schmitti) por el proceso biotecnológico de fermentación ácido láctica (FAL) en biorreactores estacionarios, usando las bacterias endémicas del cefalotórax del camarón y los Lactobacillus sp. de lactosuero. La optimización de los parámetros de FAL se analizó por análisis de varianza con la metodología de superfi cie de respuesta, usando como variable de repuesta el porcentaje de desproteinización. La quitina fue purifi cada y desacetilada (NaOH 45 %) para obtener quitosano, el cual se evaluó por FTIR y TGA. Se determinó la solubilidad del quitosano (>98 %), grado de desacetilación (90 %) y peso molecular (157,68 kg.mol-1). Semillas de melón se trataron con una solución de quitosano, en dos concentraciones, 0,75 y 1 % (p/v), Q1 y Q2 respectivamente, evaluando 4 tratamientos en semillas (control T0, desinfección T1, desinfección + escarifi cación T2 y escarifi cación T3) y se comparó el efecto del quitosano con un producto comercial. Los resul-tados de porcentaje de germinación para los tratamientos de Q1 y producto comercial fueron 100,00 y 47,21 %; el índice de germinabilidad fue de 1 día y 2,7 días, respectivamente. Los tratamientos T0 y T3 mostraron mejores resultados con el uso de suelo local como sustrato.

This study aimed (1) to determine the effect of temperature on and (2) to determine the fermentation time and the effect of bromelin enzyme of coffee beans aroma on). The process of fermentation of coffee beans using the ohmic technology with the addition of pineapple extract. The treatment used in the fermentation with Ohmic technology was the temperatures of 35°C dan 45°C; and fermentation times were 6, 12, and 18 hours. The observation parameters included pH, caffeine content, and organoleptics. The research results indicated that in the fermentation of the coffee beans using Ohmic technology at the temperature of 35°C and the time fermentation of 12 hours, the caffeine content (1.6%) became 0.047%, and the temperature of 35°C and the time of fermentation was 12 hours had produced pH of 4.81, and the temperature of 45°C with the time fermentation of 6 hours, high caffeine value of 0.147%, and at 45°C with the time fermentation of 18 hours had produces pH value of 5.83. The organoleptic description of the flavor attributed with temperature of 35°C, the temperature flavor attributed and the time fermentation of 12 hours, the average body score was 4.94, while the bitterness was 3.7, and at the temperature of 45°C and the time fermentation of 12 hours produced the body weight scores of 3.49, while the bitterness of 3.45. The fermented coffee beans with the clinical technology was very effective to use in.ohmci technology because it could provide a relatively uniform and evenly distributed heating system.

Vetiver System Technology (VST) has currently gained popularity in both applications as a soil and water conservation tool in most tropical countries of the world. The acceptability of this unique green technology that involves the use of vetiver grass for environmental conservation and stabilization services has captured the attention of many scholars in different disciplines mainly those in agriculture, environment, and engineering. One of the key interests of these scholars as expatiated in this work is to validate the performance efficiency of vetiver systems applications. Hence, this review shows the contemporary level of VST adoption in Nigeria for soil and water conservation applications in the last decade (2010-2020). The observations made affirmed that the past decade has witnessed low adoption of VST by Nigerian farmers, soil and water conservationists, and engineers due to; limited availability of the plant materials, lack of sufficient training resources for the education of the populace on the unlimited benefits accruable from the adoption of the technology and political apathy. As a way of reducing these anomalies, significant efforts have been made by major environmental stakeholders in the country by way of training and sensitization of the public especially the vulnerable downstream inhabitants on the need to localize the technology for maximum adoption, make it easily accessible to interested farmers, environmentalists, and engineers. It is worthy to note that accelerated up-scaling of the technology is achievable in Nigeria if the identified challenges are constructively addressed.

One of the most difficult practical problems to overcome when testing agricultural machines (tractors) at the dyno is measuring the fuel consumption and assessing the engine's global efficiency. Indeed, diesel engines have two fuel-lines: a delivery line (from the tank to the cylinders), and a return line, to convey back in the tank the fuel not injected as a consequence of the accelerator position and pump settings. In principle, to measure the consumption, known the delivery flowrate (proportional to the engine speed), a single flowmeter could be used in the return line only (having a variable flow); unluckily, the real suction flowrate is generally unknown, varying with the model and vehicle age (i.e., with the pump components' wear), so two flowmeters are always needed. But there is another metrological problem to consider: a flowmeter inserted in series in a fuel-supply line could significantly alter the flowrate. Finally, another further problem can arise, when the experimenters are asked to characterize machines not owned by them: modifications to the vehicle under test should be avoided or, at least, limited, e.g., not to void the guarantee. Unfortunately, solutions like the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters (placed outside the pipes) are not so suitable for fluids with few particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump. Therefore, it was decided to act upstream of the entire supply line, providing an external tank placed on a precision scale near the tractor, to be used instead of the vehicle's tank. The only, absolutely reversible, needed operation is to connect to the fuel pump two flexible pipes drawing from the external tank. The device gives the net fuel consumption by means of a data logger that acquires the tank mass at periodic intervals. It has been successfully tested on a New Holland 4020V tractor at the dyno, allowing to calculate the instant/hourly/specific consumptions and the engine's global efficiency at six engine speeds (from 800 to 2200 rpm) and full throttle.

A robot end-mounted camera is used to position the robot arm in a plane orthogonal to the axis, such that the fruit to be harvested is centered in the camera’s field of view. The system has no trajectory generator, instead a feedback loop, closed visually, is used to control the robots arm position. (Two control laws were simulated: join angles and joint velocity)

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) concentrations on membrane fouling, in a submerged Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) at short and long-term MBR operation for wastewater treatment. Three laboratory-scale in a submerged MBR system were operated under critical flux, sub-critical flux, and an intermittent suction time and backwashing conditions. At shortterm MBR operation with mixed liquors of 4,200 and 6,150 mg MLVSS L-1, the hydraulic resistance of membranes followed a same trajectory with averages of 5.0E+12 m-1, whereas for 7,940 mg MLVSS L-1, a high resistance of up to 1.7E+13 m-1 was obtained. The result showed that high biomass concentrations decreased to permeability due to a bio-layer formed in the membrane surface and high Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS).

The limited fossil fuel prompts the prospecting of various unconventional energy sources to take over the traditional fossil fuel energy source. In this respect the use of hydrogen gas is an attractive alternate source. Attributed by its numerous advantages including those of environmentally clean, efficiency and renew ability, hydrogen gas is considered to be one of the most desired alternate. Cyanobacteria are highly promising microorganism for hydrogen production. In comparison to the traditional ways of hydrogen production (chemical, photoelectrical), Cyanobacterial hydrogen production is commercially viable. This review highlights the basic biology of cynobacterial hydrogen production, strains involved, large-scale hydrogen production and its future prospects. While integrating the existing knowledge and technology, much future improvement and progress is to be done before hydrogen is accepted as a commercial primary energy source.

In this study the optimum preparation conditions of bio-char were achieved as a by-product of the bio-oil production process from oil palm shell as an agricultural waste material. To investigate the possibility of utilizing bio-char as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment and other applications, a central composite design was applied to investigate the influence of carbonization temperatures, nitrogen flow rates, particle sizes of precursor, and duration on the bio-char yield and methylene blue adsorption capacity as the responses. Methylene blue was chosen in this study due to its wide application and known strong adsorption onto solids. Two quadratic models were developed for the responses and to calculate the optimum operating variables providing a compromise between yield and adsorption. From the analysis of variance, temperature was identified as the most influential factor on each experimental design response. The predicted yield and adsorption capacity was found to agree satisfactorily with the experimental values. A temperature of 400°C, nitrogen flow of 2.6 L/min, particle size of 1.7 mm and time of 61.42 min were found as the optimum preparation conditions and near to the optimal bio-oil production variables.

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_07_1_0246_AramiNiya_ASWS_Opt_Synth_Char_Palm_Shell_BioChar

Several biochars have a considerable amount of essential plant nutrients; however, the release of those nutrients in soil is not well understood. Therefore, in this study, six biochars with varying nutrient contents were produced from Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi, JL), dairy manure (DM), and chicken manure (CM) at 300 and 500 • C and incubated in a temperate clay loam soil to investigate their nutrient release dynamics. The available N, P, and K release patterns of the biochars (2% dry-basis) were compared with the recommended fertilizer dose of sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata) for 120 days. The results indicated that only chicken manure biochars (C/N ratio < 8) have the potential to satisfy plant needs by releasing sufficient N, P, and K. Fourier-transform infrared analysis revealed that N-containing amide dissolution was the major mechanism behind the 49% N release from the CM300 biochar. A higher production temperature (500 • C) diminished most of these amides, resulting in lower N release from CM500 (8.9%). Nitrification-induced reduction of soil pH caused Ca/Mg-P dissolution from manure biochars and enhanced P release. Much of the released phosphates later became unavailable in the soil by aluminosilicate complex formation. DM biochar also released adequate P and K, and production at 500 • C generally performed better than at 300 • C. Effect of coexisting ions on some nutrient release was found, though was statistically nonsignificant. Overall, results revealed that low-temperature (≤500 • C) CM and DM biochars can become comprehensive or complementary sources of plant nutrients, respectively, with some enhanced nutrient-retaining potential, although inherent soil properties may play a significant role.

Resumen
En medio de un mundo tecnológico, el ser humano de manera simultánea busca estrategias que permitan cuidar el medio ambiente, pues infortunadamente los procesos tecnológicos tienen como desventajas, maltratar el medio ambiente en muchos aspectos. Y dentro de los lineamientos de la globalización, hoy en día se busca apuntar por la “sostenibilidad”, lo que implica desarrollar métodos que además de correctivos sean preventivos y que mejoren la calidad de vida del ser humano y especialmente su entorno. La biorremediación es uno de estos métodos que se enfoca en contrarrestar los efectos de agentes malignos en el ecosistema, como por ejemplo en los suelos. Consiste en un proceso natural por el cual los microorganismos degradan o alteran moléculas orgánicas transformándolas en moléculas más pequeñas y no tóxicas. Como principio procedimental está la biodegradación considerada como un proceso natural lento, pero que puede acelerarse introduciendo determinadas bacterias o plantas en los ambientes contaminados, siendo este el fundamento de la biorremediación. Puede conceptualizarse como el empleo de organismos vivos para eliminar o neutralizar contaminantes del suelo o del agua. En estos procesos generalmente se emplean mezclas de microorganismos, aunque algunos se basan en la introducción de cepas definidas de bacterias u hongos. Por lo cual, este proceso se ha convertido en una alternativa muy atractiva y prometedora a las tradicionales técnicas físico-químicas para contrarrestar los efectos de los compuestos que contaminan el medio ambiente.
En el presente trabajo se busca realizar una contextualización conceptual de los diferentes aspectos que intervienen en la biorremediación para el cumplimiento de objetivos enmarcados en el desarrollo sostenible del medio ambiente. Este método ha demostrado ser rentable y eficiente en la remoción de determinados contaminantes. Además, es importante establecer que, a pesar de los beneficios de las tecnologías de biorremediación, existen algunas dificultades en la aplicación debido a las restricciones impuestas por el sustrato y variabilidad ambiental, el potencial limitado de biodegradación y la viabilidad de los microorganismos de origen natural, entre otras.
Palabras clave
Biorremediación, biotecnología, tecnologías alternativas, Contaminación, microorganismos.
Abstract

In the middle of a technological world, the human being simultaneously looks for strategies that allow to take care of the environment, because unfortunately the technological processes have as disadvantages, to mistreat the environment in many aspects. And within the guidelines of globalization, today seeks to aim for "sustainability", which means developing methods that are preventive and corrective as well as improving the quality of life of human beings and especially their environment. Bioremediation is one of these methods that focuses on counteracting the effects of malignant agents in the ecosystem, such as in soils. It consists of a natural process by which microorganisms degrade or alter organic molecules transforming them into smaller and non-toxic molecules. As a procedural principle, biodegradation is considered a slow natural process, but it can be accelerated by introducing certain bacteria or plants in contaminated environments, which is the basis of bioremediation. It can be conceptualized as the use of living organisms to eliminate or neutralize contaminants from soil or water. In these processes mixtures of microorganisms are generally used, although some are based on the introduction of defined strains of bacteria or fungi. Therefore, this process has become a very attractive and promising alternative to traditional physical-chemical techniques to counteract the effects of compounds that pollute the environment.
In the present work, we seek to conceptualize the different aspects involved in bioremediation for the achievement of objectives framed in the sustainable development of the environment. This method has proven to be profitable and efficient in the removal of certain contaminants. In addition, it is important to establish that, despite the benefits of bioremediation technologies, there are some difficulties in the application due to the restrictions imposed by the substrate and environmental variability, the limited potential for biodegradation and the viability of microorganisms of natural origin. , among other.
Key words
Bioremediation, biotechnology, alternative technologies, Pollution, microorganisms.

In this study the optimum preparation conditions of bio-char were achieved as a by-product of the bio-oil production process from oil palm shell as an agricultural waste material. To investigate the possibility of utilizing bio-char as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment and other applications, a central composite design was applied to investigate the influence of carbonization temperatures, nitrogen flow rates, particle sizes of precursor, and duration on the bio-char yield and methylene blue adsorption capacity as the responses. Methylene blue was chosen in this study due to its wide application and known strong adsorption onto solids. Two quadratic models were developed for the responses and to calculate the optimum operating variables providing a compromise between yield and adsorption. From the analysis of variance, temperature was identified as the most influential factor on each experimental design response. The predicted yield and adsorption capacity was found to agree sat...

Rice husk (RH), an inexpensive waste material, was used to produce nanosilica. Acid treatment of RH followed by thermal combustion under controlled conditions gave 22.50% ash of which 90.469% was silica. Various chemical treatments in varied conditions for controlled combustion were investigated in order to produce highly purified nanosilica. The structural properties (such as X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy) of the silica were studied. The method was optimized, and the chemical composition of the product was determined by X-ray fluorescence and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen analysis. Lime reactivity of the ashes was determined. At optimized conditions, a nanosized, highly purified silica (98.8 mass percentage) was produced with a high surface area, high reactivity, and 99.9% amorphous in form. Strength and number of acidic sites were measured by potentiometric titration. This nanosilica showed strong and a large number of acidic sites in comparison with commercial silica, making it as a good support for catalysts. This economic technology, as applied to waste material, also provides many benefits to the local agro-industry.

Raising silkworms by using artificial feed is not affected by the seasons and can realize the industrialization of silkworm breeding. The study has been conducted the research for using acetic acid as the material of organic acid in fresh mulberry and KUMGANG medicine stone in which various mineral salts are many contained as the material of inorganic salts in artificial feed. When acetic acid esterfied is added to artificial diet as rate of 3.3%, the setae dispersion within 48h was above 98% and the incentive was 100%. Antiseptic effect on artificial feed has been maintained for 90h since falling the feed. Acetic acid has raised the feeding habit on the 3rd instar larvae as the rate of 118.5% to128.4% and the body weight as the rate of 104.5%. KUMGANG medicine stone of the rate of 1% on artificial feed has promoted the growth and development of young silkworm. In the autumn with bad condition on rearing, KUMGANG medicine stone has been decreased the disease occurrence in larvae and raised the quality and yield of cocoon.

The purpose of this study is to develop a mechanical harvesting machine to effectively work in high density citrus groves. Specific objectives include:

1. To design and develop and test a modified shaking mechanism for the available Blueberry harvesting machine.

2. To develop and install a yield monitoring system for the modified machine and collect yield data.

3. To determine machine performance parameters (i.e., Field efficiency, field machine index, etc ) by collecting and processing yield data.

The article provides data on the diversity of wood-destroying fungi of steppe districts of the Central part of the Orenburg region. List of found species, including 126 species of wood-destroying fungi, belonging to 68 genera and 32 families of division Basidiomycota is presented. Most of them are related to aphyllophoroid and
corticioid fungi. Species diversity in different districts varied from 16 in Ilek to 77 in the Orenburg districts. Such significant differences in diversity are determined by a number of reasons: different research coverage of territories, the studying of forests of various types and with different degree of anthropogenic load. In addition, in some areas there are old-aged tree stands, which are habitats for few rare species. In general, the similarity between districts mycobiota is quite low and the maximum is 45 %. Analysis of the existing relations shows a significant similarity in species composition between mycobiota of districts, located directly within the Orenburg Preurals, about the same latitude.

One of the most difficult practical problems to overcome when testing agricultural machines (tractors) at the dyno is measuring the fuel consumption and assessing the engine's global efficiency. Indeed, diesel engines have two fuel-lines: a delivery line (from the tank to the cylinders), and a return line, to convey back in the tank the fuel not injected as a consequence of the accelerator position and pump settings. In principle, to measure the consumption, known the delivery flowrate (proportional to the engine speed), a single flowmeter could be used in the return line only (having a variable flow); unluckily, the real suction flowrate is generally unknown, varying with the model and vehicle age (i.e., with the pump components' wear), so two flowmeters are always needed. But there is another metrological problem to consider: a flowmeter inserted in series in a fuel-supply line could significantly alter the flowrate. Finally, another further problem can arise, when the experimenters are asked to characterize machines not owned by them: modifications to the vehicle under test should be avoided or, at least, limited, e.g., not to void the guarantee. Unfortunately, solutions like the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters (placed outside the pipes) are not so suitable for fluids with few particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump. Therefore, it was decided to act upstream of the entire supply line, providing an external tank placed on a precision scale near the tractor, to be used instead of the vehicle's tank. The only, absolutely reversible, needed operation is to connect to the fuel pump two flexible pipes drawing from the external tank. The device gives the net fuel consumption by means of a data logger that acquires the tank mass at periodic intervals. It has been successfully tested on a New Holland 4020V tractor at the dyno, allowing to calculate the instant/hourly/specific consumptions and the engine's global efficiency at six engine speeds (from 800 to 2200 rpm) and full throttle.

An effective method was developed to convert the cellulose of delignified and non-delignified wastecellulose fibers of paper and woodwork industry by the cellulolytic fungi Pleurotus sajorcaju. These cellulosic materials are strongly resistant to direct enzymatic hydrolysis. For this reason, the cellulose fibers were effectively pretreated with physical and chemical pretreatments. It was observed that evolution of cellulases activity depends on the type of pretreatment, the substrate utilized and the culture age. However, the highest ignocellu activity was recorded in acid pretreatment of delignified and non-delignified waste-cellulose fibers of paper and woodwork industry.

Low concentrations of the long-chain fatty acids oleate and stearate inhibited all steps of the anaerobic thermophilic biogas process during digestion of cattle manure. The lag phase increased when the concentrations of oleate and stearate were 0.2 g/1 and 0.5 g/l, respectively, and no growth was found at concentrations of 0.5 g/1 for oleate and 1.0 g/1 for stearate. The toxic effect of these acids was permanent as growth did not occur when inhibited cultures were diluted to a non-inhibitory concentration. No adaptation to the fatty acids toxicity was observed by pre-exposing the cultures to non-inhibitory concentrations and the inhibitory response was the same as for cultures not pre-exposed to the fatty acids. Oleate was less inhibitory when added as a neutral oil in the form of the glycerol ester. This indicates that it is the free fatty acid that influences the bacterial activity. rial growth and biogas production ).

ABSTRACT A review on the preparation of the activated carbon from agricultural waste material is presented. The physical properties such as proximate and ultimate analysis of agricultural waste material were reviewed. The chemical compositions such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents were also discussed. The effects of various parameters on the preparation such as carbonization and activation temperature, time, types of activating agents and impregnation ratio were reviewed. Various physical and chemical processes for the activation of the agricultural residues and their effects on the textural properties such as surface area and pore volume were discussed. The low cost, renewable and relatively less expensive of the agricultural waste were found to be efficiently being converted into wealth. The uses of activated carbon derived from agricultural residues in many fields were evidently proven in the review. The reaction kinetic modelling on the pyrolysis and activation of agricultural wastes were also reviewed.

This project is absolutely necessary because the economic situation, nationally and globally, requires innovative impetus that materialize in socio-economic development through the use of transalpine Eco-zone balanced and efficient management, responsible and rational local bio-resources, improving quality of life and therefore human and animal health, combating and preventing major environmental issues, sustainable use of biological resources for industrial purposes, while ensuring environmental protection and biodiversity, rational land use and not least food security. This project aims at increasing the added value of RDI national system - forming and research; - formation of new specialists; - conducting research into new areas of European institutions; - carrying out scientific research FOOD Bio-Platform in the context of innovative eco-bio-geo-economic solutions and legislative-financial synergies. The present project is contribute to counteract biodiversity loss, relying on t...

Fossil fuels constitute the largest energy source to automobiles, generators, agricultural processing equipments and household utilities. About 53% Nigerians are domiciled in the rural communities and 70 % of 160,000000 of the citizens engage in subsistence farming.