3d Printer

"Technical progress in the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) community has enabled a distributed form of additive manufacturing to expand rapidly using polymer-based materials. However, the lack of an open-source metal alternative and the high capital costs and slow throughput of proprietary commercialized metal 3-D printers has severely restricted their deployment. The applications of commercialized metal 3-D printers are limited to only rapid prototyping and expensive finished products. This severely restricts the access of the technology for small and medium enterprises, the developing world and for use in laboratories. This paper reports on the development of a <$2000 open-source metal 3-D printer. The metal 3-D printer is controlled with an open-source micro-controller and is a combination of a low-cost commercial gas-metal arc welder and a derivative of the Rostock, a deltabot RepRap. The bill of materials, electrical and mechanical design schematics, and basic construction and operating procedures are provided. A preliminary technical analysis of the properties of the 3-D printer and the resultant steel products are performed. The results of printing customized functional metal parts are discussed and conclusions are drawn about the potential for the technology and the future work necessary for the mass distribution of this
technology."

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

Each printing method and the materials used for prototype construction have distinct advantages and drawbacks. A large part of the 3D printer producers indicates high printing accuracy (positioning accuracies from 100 µm up to 1 µm and layer thickness from 100 µm tо 5 µm). In the process of layers deposition, the material is softened, melted or irradiated with a certain light source to polymerize. Thus, during the printing process, the volume of the materials is changing causing shrinking or expansion which often leads to the occurrence of precision errors in the prototype as opposed to the digital model. This phenomenon leads to distortions of the printed object known as a curling effect. Certain chemical compounds are added by the producers to multiple materials in order to enhance their mechanical and technological properties. However, this often results in changes of some printing parameters influencing the precision and quality of the manufactured object. The aim of the particular study is to establish the allowances with regard to the accuracy during manufacturing precise objects used in micro technologies as well as the necessary adjustments in dimensions because of the shrinkage and the positioning of the SLA 3D printed parts from photopolymer material.

El  principal objetivo del presente trabajo será proporcionar al traductor una herramienta que le ayude a cubrir sus necesidades terminológicas cuando tenga que hacer frente a una traducción técnica, en particular, de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Para ello, pretendemos crear un glosario (inglés-español), basado en un corpus virtual diseñado para tal fin, que contenga la fraseología y, más concretamente, las colocaciones y locuciones nominales presentes en las fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Así, en primer lugar, ilustraremos una metodología de creación de corpus bilingüe y virtual de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D, al que denominaremos 3DCOR, para el que aseguraremos su representatividad tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa; seguidamente mostraremos el proceso de etiquetado de 3DCOR gracias al programa TagAnt. A través del etiquetado, podremos analizar en profundidad los diferentes tipos de colocaciones y de locuciones y su frecuencia en este género y temática. Finalmente, y con ayuda del programa AntConc, se identificarán los equivalentes inglés-español de las colocaciones y locuciones más frecuentes en el corpus 3DCOR.

The main objective of this paper will be to provide the translator with a tool that will help him/her to cover his/her terminology needs when dealing with a technical translation, in particular, 3D printer datasheets. To this end, we intend to create a glossary (English-Spanish), based on a virtual corpus designed for this purpose, which will contain the phraseology and, more specifically, nominal collocations and locutions present in the 3D printer datasheets. Thus, firstly, we will illustrate a methodology to create a virtual and bilingual corpus based on 3D printer datasheets. This corpus will receive the name of 3DCOR and will be representative in terms of quality and quantity. After, we will present the process of tagging a corpus using the software TagAnt. To conclude, we will analyse the different collocations and locutions and their frequency used in this textual genre and subject. Finally, with the AntConc Program, we will identify the equivalents in English and Spanish of the most frequent collocations in the 3DCOR corpus.

A prototipagem rápida pode auxiliar na redução do tempo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Entretanto, estudos comparativos entre diferentes tecnologias existentes ainda estão escassos na literatura. Na tentativa de sanar esta lacuna, este artigo tem por objetivo comparar três diferentes tecnologias de prototipagem rápida em relação a critérios de custo e tempo para construção de protótipos. Para tanto foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as tecnologias de estereolitografia (SLA), modelagem por deposição de material fundido (FDM) e modelagem por jato de tinta (MJM), e utilizado como pano de fundo um estudo comparativo produzido por uma consultoria especializada sobre equipamentos para prototipagem rápida. O resultado do presente artigo mostrou que, com base nos requisitos avaliados, a tecnologia FDM é a que apresenta o melhor custo benefício, apresentando ainda a vantagem de poder ser instalada em ambientes não industriais, tais como os laboratórios de desenvolvimento de produtos das universidades brasileiras. Palavras-chave: Prototipagem rápida, estereolitografia, modelagem por deposição de material fundido, modelagem por jato de tinta. PHAM, D. T.; GAULT, R. S. A comparision of rapid prototyping technologies.

Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing is used for demanding applications in industries such as aerospace. However, machine-specific, optimized process conditions and parameters are required to assure consistent part quality. In addition, differences in supplied powder can cause variation in the mechanical properties of the final parts. In this paper, the variability in mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel produced with two different laser powder bed fusion machines from two different powder batches was studied by producing an identical set of tensile and impact toughness test specimens. The samples were subjected to stress-relieving, solution annealing and hot isostatic pressing to assess the effectiveness of standardized heat-treatments in reducing variation in the mechanical properties of the built parts. Porosity, microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of the specimens were measured to study the effect of changing the material, machine, and heat treatment. The maximum differences observed between the studied machine-powder combinations were approximately 7% for tensile properties and approximately 20% for impact toughness. HIP reduced the variability in all other studied properties except elongation. All the specimens fulfil the minimum requirements set in ASTM F3184-16 for AM 316L.

Las áreas de tecnología ofrecen de manera inalámbrica y eficiente, un sistema de comunicación Li-Fi (que es la transmisión de datos a través de la iluminación) mediante sistemas ópticos para el envío de datos a través de una lámpara LED que varía en intensidad más rápido de lo que percibe el ojo humano. El presente proyecto trata sobre la construcción de un manipulador digital controlado por luz: el cual se va a desglosar en dos etapas; aplicaciones y construcción. Para desarrollar la parte de aplicaciones es necesario entender ciertos conceptos que requieren una breve introducción al panorama general de las comunicaciones inalámbricas de los sistemas VLC (Visual Light Communication). Por otro lado los materiales necesarios para su construcción en la que se va tomando en cuenta las condiciones de manufactura. Existen investigaciones que han estudiado los sistemas VLC y la tecnología Li-Fi con ingeniosas estrategias para mejorar el desempeño de transmisión de información. En el presente trabajo se desarrolló finalmente un prototipo controlado mediante una interfaz VLC

Additive manufacturing has spread widely over the past decade, especially with the availability of home 3D printers. In the future, many items may be manufactured at home, which raises two ethical issues. First, there are questions of safety. Our current safety regulations depend on centralized manufacturing assumptions; they will be difficult to enforce on this new model of manufacturing. I argue that consumers are not capable of fully assessing all relevant risks and thus continue to require protection; any regulation will likely apply to plans, however, not physical objects. Second, there are intellectual property issues. In combination with a 3D scanner, it is now possible to scan items and print copies; many items are not protected from this by current intellectual property laws. I argue that these laws are ethically sufficient. Patent exists to protect what is innovative; the rest is properly not protected. Intellectual property rests on the notion of creativity, but what counts as creative changes with the rise of new technologies.

Automation is the key in reducing the repetitive and banal tasks of everyday life', the oft-quoted aphorism best portrays our effort at making a humanoid hand for tasks that require dexterity of fingers in situations where time and effort are of importance. The cost of human labor, quality of processes or products, time, and safety make this project a need of the hour. The research paper showcases our efforts of making a humanoid robotic arm. The body of the arm is composed of 3D printed parts. Servo Motors with nylon strings were used to control the fingers and the wrist. InMoov Nervo Board was used to control the servos. Worm Gear Mechanism was implemented to control the bicep movement and Worm Wheel is used for shoulder rotation. Machines can perform a wide range of functions without a considerable amount of human intervention. The future scope of Robotics and Automation would be to make a diverse and positive impact in industrial as well as research applications.

This paper focuses on to convert photographs into embossed 3D models and then bring them to life using a 3D printer. A Lithophane is a 3-dimensional generation of a 2-dimensional image and 3D representation of a photo can be seen only when it is illuminated from behind. Turning images into 3D objects give us more feeling and literally adds a new dimension. The lithophane can be manufactured by the way of an automated additive manufacturing process, such as 3-D printing. lithophanes are a simple way to enhance your favourite photos. 3D printed photos also known as 3D Printed lithophanes, are an extremely unique and creative application. The process adopted in lithophane is FDM technology, in which different the materials like PLA (polylactic acid), ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), etc. By heating the filament material to its melting point and it is deposited layer by layer. Combination of many layers will give us a final 3D Printed model

A non-equiatomic AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi alloy has been identified as a potential high strength alloy, whose microstructure and consequently properties can be widely varied. In this research, the phase structure, hardness, and magnetic properties of AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are investigated. The results demonstrate that laser power, scanning speed, and volumetric energy density (VED) contribute to different aspects in the formation of microstructure thus introducing alterations in the properties. Despite the different input parameters studied, all the as-built specimens exhibit the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase structure, with the homogeneous elemental distribution at the micron scale. A microhardness of up to 604.6 ± 6.8 HV0.05 is achieved owing to the rapidly solidified microstructure. Soft magnetic behavior is determined in all as-printed samples. The saturation magnetization (Ms) is dependent on the degree of spinodal decomposition, i.e., the higher degree of decomposition into A2 and B2 structure results in a larger Ms. The results introduce the possibility to control the degree of spinodal decomposition and thus the degree of magnetization by altering the input parameters of the LPBF process. The disclosed application potentiality of LPBF could benefit the development of new functional materials.

This paper investigates 3D printing technology in a broad perspective by having a close look at its evolution, current and potential applications, and possible implications in both micro and macro levels. It also discusses existing and possible steps towards reaping the full benefits of this technology. 3D printing can provide valuable opportunities for manufacturing sector as well as in other areas including personal use. While 3D printing promises significant advantages for firms, it also brings about considerable threats for incumbents. Besides, 3D printing may trigger changes in national comparative advantages regarding manufacturing and design activities. By supporting adoption of 3D printing technology, countries can gain new opportunities in a wide range of areas.

A remarkable developing world of three-dimensional printing in recent years and this is
due to the human needs of it in many areas of life, it is used in industry, medicine, electronics,
entertainment ... etc. Compared to other fields that are experiencing considerable development, such
as the Internet and electronic devices, the main objective of this work is to create a 3D printer with
its maximum reduced size. This project contains three integrated parts and homogeneous among
them: the mechanical, electrical, and programmatic parts.
And there will be a way to control, which is through the computer, designing the thing according to
the need, and it is done in a three-dimensional way, and there are many programs that support this
field, after which the user can convert the work in a tangible way.

How to install the Printer will not take a long time. Just enter the Driver CD, install the program, follow the instructions and connect the Printer to the computer, after connecting the Printer is ready for use. Very easy right? This might be easy for those of you who are used to doing it. But those of you who have not been able to, and happen to find this article. So after reading to completion, you can certainly do it.

The combination of open-source software and hardware provide technically feasible methods to create low-cost, highly-customized scientific research equipment. Open-source 3-D printers have proven useful for fabricating scientific tools. Here the capabilities of an open-source 3-D printer are expanded to become a highly-flexible scientific platform. An automated low-cost 3-D motion control platform is presented having the capacity to perform scientific applications including: i) 3-D printing of scientific hardware, ii) laboratory auto-stirring, measuring and probing, iii) automated fluid handling and iv) shaking and mixing. The open-source 3-D platform not only facilities routine research while radically reducing the cost, but it also inspires the creation of a diverse array of custom instruments that can be shared and replicated digitally throughout the world to drive down the cost of research and education further.

Özet Gerçekleştrilen çalışmada, bir yazıcı tasarımı yapmak ve tasarlanan üç boyutlu yazıcıda doluluk oranının mekanik özellikler üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç kapsamında kartezyen tipi açık kaynaklı bir üç boyutlu yazıcı tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Prototip imalatı yapılan üç boyutlu yazıcı kullanılarak PET ve PLA malzemelerin %10, 20, 30, 40 ve %50 doluluk oranlarında mekanik test numuneleri yazdırılmıştır. Elde edilen numuneler kullanılarak tek eksenli çekme testleri, sertlik ve pürüzlülük değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yapılan ölçümler neticesinde PET ve PLA malzemelerde sertlik değerinin malzemenin doluluk oranı ile doğru orantılı olduğu, doluluk oranı arttıkça malzemelerin sertliklerinin de arttığı görülmüştür. PLA ve PET malzemelerin pürüzlülük ve çekme değerlerinin birbiriyle ters orantılı olduğu, pürüzlülük ve çekme mukavemeti değerlerinin %30 doluluk oranından itibaren %10 ve %20 doluluk oranındakinin aksi yönde seyrettiği görülmüştür. Abstract In this study researchers aim at designing a 3D printer and investigate the effects of filling percentage on mechanical properties. in accordance with this purpose an open scource printer designed. Mechanical test samples of PET and PLA materials were printed on %10-50 filling percentage by using constructed 3d printer. Biaxial tensile tests, hardness and roughness measurements performed by using of printed samples. It seen in results of hardness measurements that PLA and PET materials filling percentage and hardness values are direct proportional with one another that the hardness was increased with increasing of filling percentage. Also results showed that PET and PLA materials roughness and tensile test results are inverse proportional values.

ÖZ İnsanoğlu varoluşundan itibaren yaşamını sürdürmek için çeşitli ürünler tasarlamış ve üretmiştir. Bu üretimler her disiplin için kendi geleneksel süreci içerisinde, zamanla geliştirilerek bugünkü haline ulaşmıştır. 3 Boyutlu Baskı üretimi ise, günümüz teknolojisini kullanarak hem tasarıma hem de üretime yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Bu makalede 3B baskının tarihsel gelişiminden kısaca bahsedilerek çeşitli örnekler verilmiştir. 3B baskı teknolojisinin kullanım olanakları ve yöntemlerinin yanı sıra, kullanılan makineler ve malzemeler anlatılarak bu teknolojinin süreçleri açıklanmıştır. Özellikle seramik alanında yapılan araştırmalar ele alınmış, bu sayede 3B baskı teknolojisinde kullanılan şekillendirme yöntemleri ve makinelerden söz edilmiştir. Günümüzde seramik, kendine özgü geleneksel üretim şekline sahip bir disiplin olarak, 3B baskı teknolojisine güncel uygulamalarla adapte edilebilmekte ve bu sayede yeni tasarım ve üretim önerilerine açık görülmektedir. Makale, ileriye dönük kullanım olanakları düşünüldüğünde, seramik alanında 3B baskının, var olan geleneksel yöntemlere ve malzemelere eklemlenerek bu disipline yeni bir perspektiften bakılmasını öngörmektedir.

Now a day, the 3D printing is an increasingly commercially used technology. A crucial section of 3D printing is for providing the printer with printable content if possible, which is achieved by using reels of plastic filament, the most common is PLA, but it is the final product which is sold separately. For this situation, the other option arises that plastic material can be recycled and reused through bottles which are disposable which were discarded in order to be used as printable material. 3D Printing Technology is also defined as rapid prototyping, where a 3-dimensional structure is formed by laying the specific material layers. Three phases such as design, printing & finishing are included here in this process. They use any CAD software in the first step to create 3d design. Use this template to build an object in the 2nd stage 3D printer. And the finished item of the third step is extracted from the printer. This technology saves time and money. This avoids material waste. It is very useful to give the demo of any product in industries.

La Realtà aumentata in spazi pubblici
Il presente manuale è rivolto ad appassionati e sperimentatori in campo visivo che inten- dano acquisire le competenze per la realizzazione di performance di video mapping. Lo si è fatto rientrare volutamente nella categoria di testi che trattano della Realtà Aumentata in quanto ne rispecchia principi e finalità.
Ad oggi questo libro rappresenta il primo testo che raccoglie in maniera organica e com- pleta tutti i passi necessari affinché il lettore, anche se senza esperienza, possa avvicinar- si al video mapping. Gli argomenti sono stati infatti trattati tenendo presente la crescente difficoltà nell’utilizzo dei vari software.
Il web offre la possibilità di consultare numerosi tutorial sull’argomento, ma nessuno di essi illustra in modo esaustivo come realizzare una performance: dalla scelta della location al rilievo, dalla scelta del video proiettore sino alle tecniche di acquisizione dell’architettura. Ad oggi non esiste un software unico che consenta la gestione completa di una performance di video mapping, in quanto tale disciplina racchiude in sé competenze molto differenti tra loro che vanno dal sound design alla generazione di clip video, fino alla modellazione 3D. La progettazione multimediale è caratterizzata da una trasversalità di com- petenze che il performer contemporaneo deve necessariamente possedere; deve sapersi districare tra discipline differenti e software sempre più complessi e potenti.
Il video mapping, grazie alla possibilità di utilizzare software open source, ha avuto una forte spinta iniziale che ne ha consentito l’avanzamento e la diffusione. Può trovare applicazione in qualsiasi contesto in cui si voglia trasformare un oggetto in un display dinamico. Rappresenta dunque un supporto didattico che permette a tutti di apprendere la tecni- ca del video mapping, di utilizzarla ed arricchirla, e in un secondo momento, di rendere la performance interattiva e completa grazie all’uso di kinect® o di software a nodi. La scelta di applicare gli strumenti teorici trattati su una struttura reale di facile reperibilità, permette di applicare sin da subito le conoscenze acquisite e testare il proprio grado di preparazione in vista di un mapping architetturale più complesso.
Infine, molta attenzione è stata posta nella selezione dei software, affinché tutti i lettori che intendano avvicinarsi al video mapping – sia PC che Mac users – possano trovare in questo volume la giusta guida all’apprendimento di tale disciplina.
Nel libro sono affrontati in maniera quanto più graduale e completa possibile tutti i temi trattati nei vari workshop che lo Studio Glowarp ha tenuto sull’argomento, fornendo consigli ed indicazioni su problemi pratici riscontrati, nel corso dell’attività professionale. L’esperienza maturata durante l’applicazione di tale tecnica a situazioni di ogni genere, dalle più semplici alle più complesse, come scavi archeologici o sistemi organici, rappresenta il punto di forza del libro che intende fornire una solida base metodologica sia per affrontare i sistemi semplici in esso descritti sia sistemi più complessi, che saranno trattati nel volume 2.

Статья посвящена проблеме взаимодействия гуманитарного образования с инженерно-техническим. Раскрываются особенности взаимовлияния и взаимозависимости предметов гуманитарного цикла (истории) в основной общей школе с математическими дисциплинами (информатика). Показаны перспективы реализации межпредметных, межкурсовых связей через новые формы обучения на основе использования 3D-печати.

"Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Scientific Research Costs details the development of the free and open-source hardware revolution. The combination of open-source 3D printing and open-source microcontrollers running on free software enables scientists, engineers, and lab personnel in every discipline to develop powerful research tools at unprecedented low costs.

After reading Open-Source Lab, you will be able to:

    >Lower equipment costs by making your own hardware
    >Build open-source hardware for scientific research
    >Actively participate in a community in which scientific results are more easily replicated and cited

3D Printing, which is an automated production process that allows for layer by layer control, has surged in popularity in recent years. For decades, the technology has been utilized in the manufacturing industry, and it is currently being used to print houses and villas in the construction industry. The construction industry may benefit from technology in terms of increased customization, shorter construction times, fewer workers, and cheaper construction costs. Three dimensional printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is a cutting-edge manufacturing process that can produce complex form geometries without the need of tooling, dies, or fixtures from a three-dimensional computer-aided-design model. Because of the significant benefits of producing working prototypes in a reasonable amount of time with minimal human involvement and material waste, this automated manufacturing technology is being employed in a wide range of industries. On the other hand, a more recent application of this technology to the built environment looks to improve our regular building processes while reducing the need for human resources, costly capital inputs, and additional formworks. The scientific interest in employing 3D printing for building and construction has risen in recent years. This study evaluates the most recent research trends in the field by evaluating papers from 2011 to 2021. Finally, this research paper gives a brief outline of future work that may be done to increase the capabilities and printing quality of current systems.

The recent development of the RepRap, an open-source self-replicating rapid prototyper, has made 3-D polymer-based printers readily available to the public at low costs (<$500). The resultant uptake of 3-D printing technology enables for the first time mass-scale distributed digital manufacturing. RepRap variants currently fabricate objects primarily from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), which have melting temperatures low enough to use in melt extrusion outside of a dedicated facility, while high enough for prints to retain their shape at average use temperatures. In order for RepRap printed parts to be useful for engineering applications the mechanical properties of printed parts must be known. This study quantifies the basic tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed components using realistic environmental conditions for standard users of a selection of open-source 3-D printers. The results find average tensile strengths of 28.5 MPa for ABS and 56.6 MPa for PLA with average elastic moduli of 1807 MPa for ABS and 3368 MPa for PLA. It is clear from these results that parts printed from tuned, low-cost, open-source RepRap 3-D printers can be considered as mechanically functional in tensile applications as those from commercial vendors.

The open source introduction of fused filament fabrication (FFF) enables distributed manufacturing of consumer products. However, with a wide range of low-cost FFF 3-D printers and settings possible, there is a lack of information on the variability in printed mechanical properties. This paper utilizes a large pool of 47 user-assembled 3-D printers to quantify the mechanical property variations of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength of FFF printed components using ASTM D638-14 horizontally-oriented Type I and IV geometries for poly lactic acid (PLA). The results indicate that utilizing Type IV tensile test piece geometry may overestimate the UTS relative to the Type I. Furthermore, anisotropic mechanical property variances were quantified for Type IV specimens (vertical and horizontal orientations). Vertical tensile specimens had an ultimate tensile strength 47.9% less than horizontal. Finally, the abundant supply of PLA 3-D prints suggest open-source printers assembled by individual operators can produce quality plastic components although the mechanical performance of the given part can vary dramatically based on the operator selection of printing parameters that provide a visually acceptable part.

Coordinador: Francisco J. García Tartera
- PEDRO MANUEL ANDRÉS FERRER: IMPRESIÓN EN 3D; Págs.: 09 – 22.
- ANA Mª VÍLLORA SIMARRO: "DIARIO DEL OSO AMOROSO" NUESTRO LIBRO VIAJERO EN EDUCACIÓN INFANTIL; Págs.: 24 – 29.
- ANTONIO DADER GARCÍA: DIBUJO TÉCNICO II. MATERIALES PARA LA PREPARACIÓN DE LAS PRUEBAS "EVAU" DE MADRID; Págs.: 31 – 55.
- Mª ISABEL GÓMEZ SÁNCHEZ: INTERSECCIONES DE SUPERFICIES REGLADAS: BÓVEDAS; Págs.: 57 – 68.
- JAVIER PÉREZ-CASTILLA ÁLVAREZ: ELEMENTOS DE RELACIÓN SINTÁCTICA; Págs.: 70 – 82.
- PAULA ÁLVAREZ SÁNCHEZ DE AMORAGA: PROYECTO DE EDUCACIÓN EN IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO PARA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA EN LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID; Págs. 84 – 94.

This study analyzes a low-cost reliable real-time optimal monitoring platform for fused filament fabrication-based open source 3-D printing. An algorithm for reconstructing 3-D images from overlapping 2-D intensity measurements with relaxed camera positioning requirements is compared with a single camera solution for single side 3-D printing monitoring. The algorithms are tested for different 3-D object geometry and filament colors. The results showed that both of the algorithms with a single and double camera system were effective at detecting a clogged nozzle, incomplete project, or loss of filament for a wide range of 3-D object geometries and filament colors. The combined approach was the most effective and achieves 100 percent detection rate for failures. The combined method analyzed here has a better detection rate and a lower cost compared to previous methods. In addition, this method is generalizable to a wide range of 3-D printer geometries, which enables further deployment of desktop 3-D printing as wasted print time and filament are reduced, thereby improving the economic advantages of distributed manufacturing.

3D printing has been admired as a cutting-edge technology, which will change manufacturing [1]. Recent advances in bioprinting technologies have enabled rapid manufacturing of medical models in many fields and areas. Recently in the field of dentistry, fused deposition modeling and Stereolithography 3D bioprinting techniques have been using in dental applications such as implants, the production of physical models for prosthodontics, orthodontics, and surgery [2,3]. This paper reviews the usage of fused deposition modeling and stereolithography 3D printing technologies and their various applications in dentistry and in maxillofacial surgery. 3D printing is transforming digital dentistry by extensively penetrating opportunities in diagnosis, treatment and education. The accel- erated research in this industry and optimism would open more doors to help revolutionize digital dentistry.

Keywords: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM); Stereolithography (SLA); 3D Printing; Dentistry, Dental Devices

Arduino open-source microcontrollers are well known in sensor applications for scientific equipment and for controlling RepRap 3D printers. Recently low-cost open-source gas metal arc weld (GMAW) RepRap 3D printers have been developed. The entry-level welders used have minimal controls and therefore lack any real-time measurement of welder voltage or current. The preliminary work on process optimization of GMAW 3D printers requires a low-cost sensor and data logger system to measure welder current and voltage. This paper reports on the development of a low-cost open-source power measurement sensor system based on Arduino architecture. The sensor system was designed, built, and tested with two entry-level MIG welders. The full bill of materials and open source designs are provided. Voltage and current were measured while making stepwise adjustments to the manual voltage setting on the welder. Three conditions were tested while welding with steel and aluminum wire on steel substrates to assess the role of electrode material, shield gas, and welding velocity. The results showed that the open source sensor circuit performed as designed and could be constructed for <$100 in components representing a significant potential value through lateral scaling and replication in the 3D printing community.

Syringe pumps are widely used in a multitude of tasks where precise volumes of an extru-date need to be delivered at a specific flow rate. In the past decade various open source syringe pump designs have accelerated scientific research and exploration by reducing costs and introducing new ideas. To further expand the capabilities of open source syringe pumps we introduce a novel syringe pump design, the Ystruder. It features a load cell to monitor the piston force. This capability enables clog detection as well as development of advanced dosing algorithms. The Ystruder can be monitored wirelessly through a browser-based interface that is integrated into the embedded system. The design is modular and simple which facilitates different syringe and motor configurations, to meet a wide range of use cases. Finally, the Ystruder is not limited to functioning solely as a pump as it can be integrated into a wide range of devices such as three-dimensional motion systems. Here the dosing accuracy and repeatability of the Ystruder are quantified, and we demonstrate its functionality both as a syringe pump and a paste extruder for 3D printing.

To overcome the challenge of upcycling plastic waste into 3D printing filament in the distributed recycling and additive manufacturing systems, this study designs, builds, tests and validates an open source filament diameter sensor for recycling and winding machines. The modular system for multi-axis optical control of the diameter of the recycled 3D-printer filament makes it possible to scan part of the surface of the 1 Corresponding author

Pressure vessels are widely used in industries for processing and storing fluids which are at different temperature
and pressure in analogous to ambient. The design of these pressure vessels become the most paramount factor as any
discrepancy would cause the vessel to explode, leading to injure many humans and failure of the setup. This paper
designs the pressure vessel according to the pressure vessel handbook for both hemispherical and flat dish end pressure
vessel so as to determine the most economic and efficient design. The various stresses engendered within the vessel
were calculated and were learned to be within the permissible limits. The outer and inner diameter of the vessel was
found to be 607mm and 480mm and the thickness of the vessel was determined to be 63.5mm. This design could
withstand an internal pressure and temperature of 150psi and 500°F. The dimensions obtained from the design were
further used to model both hemispherical and flat dish end pressure vessel with help of CAD in Catia V5R19.

The open-source release of self-replicating rapid prototypers (RepRaps) has created a rich opportunity for low-cost distributed digital fabrication of complex 3-D objects such as scientific equipment. For example, 3-D printable reactionware devices offer the opportunity to combine open hardware microfluidic handling with lab-on-a-chip reactionware to radically reduce costs and increase the number and complexity of microfluidic applications. To further drive down the cost while improving the performance of lab-on-a-chip paper-based microfluidic prototyping, this study reports on the development of a RepRap upgrade capable of converting a Prusa Mendel RepRap into a wax 3-D printer for paper-based microfluidic applications. An open-source hardware approach is used to demonstrate a 3-D printable upgrade for the 3-D printer, which combines a heated syringe pump with the RepRap/Arduino 3-D control. The bill of materials, designs, basic assembly, and use instructions are provided, along with a completely free and open-source software tool chain. The open-source hardware device described here accelerates the potential of the nascent field of electrochemical detection combined with paper-based microfluidics by dropping the marginal cost of prototyping to nearly zero while accelerating the turnover between paper-based microfluidic designs.

Open source 3d printing technology opens the door for small and medium-sized businesses, as well as freelancers to take on industry challenges so far reserved for large companies. Production on demand is economically viable thanks to this system, and in the furniture industry, it greatly reduces the environmental impact of production. The importance of adding personal value to production adds to the possibility of reusing plastics such as PET, causing a great global pollution, thus providing an update to a new responsible industry.

Slot die coating is growing in popularity because it is a low operational cost and easily scaled processing technique for depositing thin and uniform films rapidly, while minimizing material waste. The complex inner geometry of conventional slot dies require expensive machining that limits accessibility and experimentation. In order to overcome these issues this study follows an open hardware approach, which uses an open source 3-D printer to both fabricate the slot die and then to functionalize a 3-D slot die printing system. Polymer materials are tested and selected for compatibility with common solvents and used to fabricate a custom slot die head. This slot die is then integrated into a 3-D printer augmented with a syringe pump to form an additive manufacturing platform for thin film semiconductor devices. The full design of the slot die system is disclosed here using an open source license including software and operational protocols. This study demonstrates that functional lab-grade slot dies may be 3-D printed using low-cost open source hardware methods. A case study using NiO2 found an RMS value 0.486 nm, thickness of 17 to 49nm, and a maximum optical transmission of 99.1%, which shows this additive manufacturing approach to slot die depositions as well of fabrication is capable of producing viable layers of advanced electronic materials. Using this method, a cost savings of over 17,000% was obtained when compared to commercial slot die systems for laboratories.

As facilitators of 3D printer workshops, the authors developed a survey to gage how the printers are actually being used and whether they support the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) requirements, especially in regard to engineering design. The survey response rate was 52% of 68 total participants with the majority conveying that 3D printers do facilitate student understanding of the engineering design process and that the workshops empowered them and their students to tackle projects previously perceived as beyond their skill level. Insufficient preparation for troubleshooting hardware and software issues was listed as the greatest barrier to fully realizing the technology’s potential in the classroom. Also highlighted was a lack of resources for development of meaningful lesson plans using this nascent technology.

Purpose – A low-cost, open source, self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) has been developed, which greatly expands the potential user base of rapid prototypers. The operating cost of the RepRap can be further reduced using waste polymers as feedstock. Centralized recycling of polymers is often uneconomic and energy intensive due to transportation embodied energy. The purpose of this paper is to provide a proof of concept for high-value recycling of waste polymers at distributed creation sites.

Design/methodology/approach – Previous designs of waste plastic extruders (also known as RecycleBots) were evaluated using a weighted evaluation matrix. An updated design was completed and the description and analysis of the design is presented including component summary, testing procedures, a basic life cycle analysis and extrusion results. The filament was tested for consistency of density and diameter while quantifying electricity consumption.

Findings – Filament was successfully extruded at an average rate of 90?mm/min and used to print parts. The filament averaged 2.805?mm diameter with 87 per cent of samples between 2.540?mm and 3.081?mm. The average mass was 0.564?g/100?mm length. Energy use was 0.06?kWh/m.

Practical implications – The success of the RecycleBot further reduces RepRap operating costs, which enables distributed in-home, value added, plastic recycling. This has implications for municipal waste management programs, as in-home recycling could reduce cost and greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste collection and transportation, as well as the environmental impact of manufacturing custom plastic parts.

Originality/value – This paper reports on the first technical evaluation of a feedstock filament for the RepRap from waste plastic material made in a distributed recycling device.