ARDAHAN DEĞERLEMELERİ -I-

İhsan KURTBAŞ

ARDAHAN DEĞERLEMELERİ -I-

İhsan KURTBAŞ

visibility

…

description

24 pages

link

1 file

Ahmet Kutsi Tecer’in, Anadolu’nun henüz keşfedilmemiş değerleri¬ni hatırlatan o meşhur şiirine atıfla, ‘orda bir yer var uzakta…’ demekten kendimizi alıkoyamıyoruz, konu Ardahan olunca… Coğrafi uzaklığının da beraberinde getirdiği, görece bir yalıtılmışlık içerisinde olan Ardahan ili ile ilgili pek az akademik çalışma vardır. Bu bakımdan, nice değer ve potansiyelleri henüz tam anlamıyla keşfedilmemiş ve kayda geçirilmemiş olan Ardahan’la ilgili yapılacak her türlü bilimsel çalışma, büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda elinizdeki kitabın hazırlanmasındaki temel amacımız; Ardahan’ın kronik sorunlarının yakından incelenmesinin yanı sıra, ilin hâlen bakir sayılabile¬cek pek çok değerleri, varlıkları ve potansiyelleriyle ilgili geniş ve ayrıntılı bir bilimsel envanter oluşturabilmektir. Nitekim Ardahan, taşıdığı kadim birikimi ve gücüyle, ayrıca ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel alandaki zenginlikleriyle, ülkemizin kalkınmış mekânlarından biri olmaya muktedir; geçmişten günümüze özü her daim gür, güzide bir Anadolu toprağıdır. Ardahan siyaseti, tarih ve arkeolojisi, edebiyat ve kültürü, sosyo-ekonomisi, hayvancılığı ve arıcılığını konu alan ve değerlendiren 21 bilimsel makaleden oluşan bu kitap, bir şehir monografisidir. Ancak Ardahan ili, tarihi, yer altı ve yerüstü pek çok zenginlikleri ile tek bir kitapta, bütünüyle tüketilemeyecek ölçüde, geniş bir değer spektrumuna sahip olduğundan, ‘Ardahan Değerlemeleri I’, serimizin ilk kitabıdır. Yerel yöneticilerden, siyasal aktörlere, akademisyenlerden bürokratlara kadar çok farklı kesimlerin ilgisini çekebileceğine inandığımız bu kitabın, disiplinlerarası niteliği ile Ardahan’la ilgili önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağını düşünüyoruz. EDİTÖR Doç. Dr. İhsan KURTBAŞ

$5'$+$1'(ø(5/(0(/(5ú -I6RV\R3ROLWLN.OWUHOYHúNWLVDGL%DùODPGD 'HùHUOHU3RWDQVL\HOOHUYH<DNODü×PODU (GLWÐU 'RÁ'UñKVDQ.XUWEDí <D]DUODU 'RÁ'UñKVDQ.XUWEDí $GHP.HVHU 'U°ðU¶\HVL$OL+D\GDU6R\VÖUHQ 'U°ðU¶\HVL$KPHW8\DQÜNHU (PUH*H]HU 'U°ðU¶\HVL6DPL3DWDFÜ 'U°ðU¶\HVL°]OHP2UDO3DWDFÜ 'U°ðU¶\HVL+DP]D.ROXNÜVD 3URI'UìXUHGGLQ0HPPHGOL 'U°ðU¶\HVLñNUDP¡ÜQDU 3URI'U$GHP¶]ÖPFÖ $Uí*ÐU7DUÜN'XUDQ $Uí*ÐU5DPD]DQ7DíFÜ 3URI'U$OL¡ÜPDW 'U°ðU¶\HVL*ÖYHQ*ÖUNDQñQDQ 'U°ðU¶\HVL$U]X.ÜOÜÁ 3URI'U%HUULQ)LOL]Ð] $Uí*ÐU'U0HKPHW*ÖU 'U°ðU¶\HVL°PHU%LOHQ 'U°ðU¶\HVL$EGXOODK7RSFXRðOX 'U°ðU¶\HVL.XWD\¶VWÖQ 'U°ðU¶\HVL°]OHP(íWÖUN 'RÁ'U6H\PXU$ðD]DGH 'U°ðU¶\HVL(UWDQ'RðDQ $Uí*ÐU°PHU$WDOD\ 'RÁ'U°WÖNHQ6HQJHU °ðU*ÐU.HPDO<D]ÜFÜ 'RÁ'U$]L]*ÖO 'RÁ'U0DKLU0XUDW&HQJL] 3URI'U$KPHW*ÖOHU 'U6HOLP%Ü\ÜN =LU0ÖK*ÐNKDQ.DYDN <ÖN0ÖK$EGXUUDKPDQ$\GÜQ $Uí*ÐU(PUH8ðXUOXWHSH 3URI'U2VPDQ.DIWDQRðOX $5'$+$1'(ø(5/(0(/(5ú,6RV\R3ROLWLN.OWUHOYHúNWLVDGL%DùODPGD'HùHUOHU 3RWDQVL\HOOHUYH<DNODü×PODU (GLW|U'Ro'UúKVDQ.XUWEDü %LOLPVHO(VHUOHU1R ,6%1 %DVÜP6D\ÜVÜ %DVÜP0DUW &RS\ULJKW12%(/%ñ/ñ06(/(6(5/(56(57ñ)ñ.$12 %XEDVN×Q×QEWQKDNODU×1REHO$NDGHPLN<D\×QF×O×N(ùLWLP'DQ×üPDQO×N7LF/WGûWLQHDLWWLU<D\×QHYLQLQ\D]×O×L]QLROPDNV×]×Q NLWDE×QWPQQYH\DELUN×VP×Q×QHOHNWURQLNPHNDQLN\DGDIRWRNRSL\ROX\ODEDV×P×\D\×P×oRùDOW×P×YHGDù×W×P×\DS×ODPD] ¶12%(/%ú/ú06(/(6(5/(5·%LU1REHO$NDGHPLN<D\×QF×O×NPDUNDV×G×U *HQHO<D\ÜQ<ÐQHWPHQL1HY]DW$UJXQQDUJXQ#QREHO\D\LQFRP <D\ÜQ.RRUGLQDWÐUÖ *ÖOIHP'XUVXQJXOIHP#QREHO\D\LQFRP 5HGDNVL\RQ 6DPHW7HNLQVDPHW#QREHO\D\LQFRP 6D\ID7DVDUÜP/H\OD.XUWOH\OD#QREHO\D\LQFRP .DSDN7DVDUÜP0HKWDS<ÖUÖPH]PHKWDS#QREHO\D\LQFRP %DVNÜYH&LOW $WDOD\0DWEDDFÜOÜN6HUWLILND1R %Ö\ÖN6DQD\L&DG(OLI6RN1RñVNLWOHU$1.$5$ .WSKDQH%LOJL.DUW× .XUWEDüúKVDQ $5'$+$1'(ø(5/(0(/(5ú,6RV\R3ROLWLN.OWUHOYHúNWLVDGL%DùODPGD'HùHUOHU3RWDQVL\HOOHUYH<DNODü×PODU/ úKVDQ.XUWEDü %DV×P;;,,V[FP.D\QDNoDYDUGL]LQ\RN ,6%1 6L\DVHW .OWU (NRQRPL $UGDKDQ *HQHO'Dù×W×P $7/$6$.$'(0ú.%$6,0<$<,1'$ø,7,07ú&/7'û7ú $GUHV%DKÁHNDSÜPKVN2WR6DQD\L6LWHVL1R%RGUXP.DWìDíPD]$1.$5$VLSDULV#QREHO\D\LQFRP 7HOHIRQ)DNV (6DW×üZZZQREHONLWDSFRPZZZDWODVNLWDSFRP%LOJLHVDWLV#QREHONLWDSFRPLQIR#DWODVNLWDSFRP 'Dù×W×PYH6DW×ü1RNWDODU×$OID%DVÜP'DðÜWÜP$QD%DVÜP'DðÜWÜP$UDVWD$UNDGDí.LWDEHYL%DíDUÜ'DðÜWÜP'&5PDðD]DODUÜ 'RVW'DðÜWÜP*ÖQHí'DðÜWÜP.LWDSVDQ1H]LK.LWDEHYOHUL3UHIL[5HP]L.LWDEHYOHUL7YH.0DðD]DODUÜ 6818Ġ hQLYHUVLWHOHU WRSOXPODU×Q WHNQLN YH LQVDQv G]H\GHNL EHNOHQWL YH LKWL\DoODU×Q× NDUü×ODPDN ]HUH ELOJL\L UHWHQ UHWWLùL ELOJL\L LüOH\HUHN E|OJHVL ONHVL YH LQVDQO×N LoLQ DQODPO× YH \DUDUO× o×NW×ODUD G|QüWUHQ ELOLPVHO PHUNH]OHUGLU $UGDKDQ hQLYHUVLWHVL KHGHI RODUDN .DINDV\D 2UWD $V\D YH 8]DN 'RùX·\D Do×ODQ ELU ELOLP NDS×V× ROPD\× NHQGL KLQWHUODQG×QGDNL EX JHQLüFRùUDI\DQ×QLKWL\DoODU×Q×J|]HWHUHNELOLPVHOIDDOL\HWOHU\DSPD\×LüELUOLNOHUL JHOLüWLUPH\L YH E|OJHVHO NDON×QPDGD LoLQGH EXOXQGXùX FRùUDI\DQ×Q XINX ROPD\× PLV\RQ HGLQPLü ELU QLYHUVLWHGLU %X PLV\RQ GRùUXOWXVXQGD hQLYHUVLWHPL]ILNULYHYLFGDQ×KUPLOOLYHNOWUHOGHùHUOHULQHEDùO×HOHüWLUHOGüQHQJLULüLPFLEDüDU×O×YHVWQQLWHOLNOLELUH\OHU\HWLüWLUPHKHGHIL GRùUXOWXVXQGD KLWDS HWWLùL FRùUDI\DQ×Q SRWDQVL\HOOHULQL Do×ùD o×NDUDUDN NDWPDGHùHUOHUUHWPH\ROXQGDHPLQDG×PODUODLOHUOHPHNWHGLU %X GRùUXOWXGD NXUXOXüXQGDQ EX \DQD KHQ] RQ ELU \×O JHoPLü RODQ hQLYHUVLWHPL] ELU \DQGDQ JoO ELU IL]LNv DOW \DS× ROXüWXUPD\D oDO×ü×UNHQ |WH\DQGDQ|]JUoDO×üPDRUWDP×LoHULVLQGHoDO×üDQODU×Q×QPHQVXSROPDNWDQ JXUXU GX\GXùX QLFHOLNVHO YH QLWHOLNVHO EDN×PGDQ \HWNLQ DNDGHPLN NDGURVX\OD HùLWLP|ùUHWLP IDDOL\HWOHULQH EDüDU×\OD GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU %X NDSVDPGDNUHVHOOHüHQGQ\D\×L\LRNX\XSE|OJHPL]LQYHONHPL]LQJHUoHNOHULQLJ|]DUG×HWPHGHQNDOLWHRGDNO×DUDüW×UPDYHSURMHOHUUHWPHQLQSDWHQW oDO×üPDODU× \DSPDQ×Q JD\UHWL LoLQGH RODQ hQLYHUVLWHPL] üHKLUOH EWQOHüLN ELU üHNLOGH NDPX YH |]HO VHNW|U LüELUOLùLQL VDùOD\DUDN ELOJL\L WHNQRORML\H G|QüWUPH\H RGDNODQP×üW×U %X KHGHI oHUoHYHVLQGH hQLYHUVLWHPL] LOLPL]LQ E|OJHPL]LQ YH X]DQG×ù× FRùUDI\DQ×Q JHOLüWLULOPH\H Do×N VRPXWVR\XW ]HQJLQOLNOHULQLJQ\]QHo×NDUPDNWDG×U.DQDDWLPFH$UGDKDQJLELNDGLP ELULOLPL]LQELOLPVHORODUDNHWUDIO×FDLQFHOHQPHVLLoLQhQLYHUVLWHPL]|QHPOL ELURUWDPVDùODPDNWDG×U ,9̧6XQXġ 7DULKVHOG]H\GHhQLYHUVLWHPL]HDG×Q×YHUHQ$UGDKDQLOLPL]JHoPLüWH 7UNOHULQ $QDGROX·\D JLULü YH JHoLW NDS×V× LNHQ JQP]GH .DINDV\D YH 2UWD $V\D·\D Do×ODQ NDS×P×] ROPD |]HOOLùL LOH MHRSROLWLN |QHPLQL NRUXPDNWDG×U $o×OPDV× EHNOHQHQ %DN7LIOLV.DUV GHPLU\ROX YH %RUoND·GD LQüDV× SODQODQDQ0XUDWO×*PUN.DS×V×LOHELUOLNWH$UGDKDQYHoHYUHVLONHPL] Do×V×QGDQVWUDWHMLNELU|QHPHVDKLSROPDV×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDPXD]]DPG]H\GH WXULVWLN YH ORMLVWLN I×UVDWODU×\OD |QH o×NPDNWDG×U (NRQRPLN Do×GDQ VDKLS ROGXùX HW VW WHUH\Dù× NDüDU YH EDO JLEL KD\YDQVDO UQOHU J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOGXùXQGD$UGDKDQ\DS×ODFDN\HQL\DW×U×PODUODVRV\RHNRQRPLN NDSDVLWHVL Do×ùD o×NDU×OPDV× JHUHNHQ J]LGH ELU LOLPL]GLU 6RV\DO G]H\GH LVH|UIDGHWJHOHQHNJ|UHQHNYHIRONORULN]HQJLQOLNOHULLOHSHNoRNN×\PHWL EQ\HVLQGHWDü×\DQ$UGDKDQ·×Q\HUHOND\QDNODU×Q×QELOLPVHOELOJLOHU×ü×ù×QGD LQFHOHQLS HNRQRPLN YH WRSOXPVDO ELU N×\PHWH G|QüWUOPHVL NRQXVXQGD hQLYHUVLWHPL]LQVRUXPOXNXUXPODU×QEDü×QGDJHOGLùLELUJHUoHNWLU %XEDùODPGDhQLYHUVLWHPL]]HULQHGüHQJ|UHYL\HULQHJHWLUPHKXVXVXQGDVRPXWSURMHOHUUHWHUHN|QHPOLNDWN×ODUVDùODPDNWDG×U1LWHNLPEXJQHNDGDUJHUoHNOHüWLUGLùLELUoRNELOLPVHOHWNLQOLùLQ\DQ×V×UDhQLYHUVLWHPL]LQ (NLP WDULKOHULQGH G]HQOHPLü ROGXùX , 8OXVODUDUDV× 6L\DVHW YH 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU 6HPSR]\XPX EX YL]\RQXQ ELU WH]DKU RODUDN DODQ×QGDNL |QHPOLELUERüOXùXGROGXUPXüWXU6HPSR]\XPXQDQDWHPDV×RODQ$UGDKDQ 'HùHUOHPHOHULEDüO×ù×DOW×QGDNLoDO×üPDODU×QWRSODQG×ù×EXNLWDSLOLPL]LQVRV\DONOWUHOHNRQRPLNYHVL\DVL\DS×V×\ODLOJLOLNDSVDPO×YH|]JQELOJLOHULQ RUWD\D o×NPDV×Q× VDùOD\DQ LON ¶GHUOHPH NLWDS· ROPD |]HOOLùLQL WDü×PDNWDG×U hQLYHUVLWHPL]LQ|QD\DNROGXùXEXN×\PHWOLoDO×üPDQ×QLOJLOLRNXUODUD\DUDU VDùODPDV×Q×LoWHQOLNOHWHPHQQLHGHULP 3URI'U0HKPHW%LEHU $UGDKDQhQLYHUVLWHVL5HNW|U ('ò75'(1 $QDGROX IRONORUX LOH LOJLOL |QHPOL oDO×üPDODU \DSP×ü RODQ üDLU $KPHW .XWVL 7HFHU·LQ $QDGROX·QXQ KHQ] NHüIHGLOPHPLü GHùHUOHULQH LOLüNLQ EHOOL ELU \DN×QPD LoHUHQ, R PHüKXU üLLULQH DW×IOD ¶Orda bir yer var uzakta…· GHPHNWHQ NHQGLPL]L DO×NR\DP×\RUX] NRQX $UGDKDQ ROXQFD« &RùUDIL X]DNO×ù×Q×QGDEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUGLùLJ|UHFHELU\DO×W×OP×üO×NLoHULVLQGHRODQ $UGDKDQLOHLOJLOLSHND]DNDGHPLNoDO×üPDYDUG×U%XEDN×PGDQQLFHGHùHU YHSRWDQVL\HOOHULKHQ]WDPDQODP×\ODNHüIHGLOPHPLüYHND\GDJHoLULOPHPLü RODQ$UGDKDQ·ODLOJLOL\DS×ODFDNKHUWUOELOLPVHOoDO×üPDQ×QoRNNULWLNELU |QHPLKDL]ROGXùXQXGüQ\RUXP%XQXQODELUOLNWHJHQLüELUSHUVSHNWLIL JHUHNWLUHELOHFHN EX WU oDO×üPDODU×Q \DS×OPDV× LOLQ WDULKVHO VRV\RORMLN YH HNRQRPLN Do×GDQ \HQLGHQ LQüDV× LoLQ JHUHNOL KDPOHOHUL WHWLNOH\HELOHFHN YH X]XQYDGHGHWRSOXPVDOEHOOHNROXüWXUDELOHFHNELUSRWDQVL\HOWDü×PDODU×EDN×P×QGDQROGXNoDE\NGHùHUWDü×PDNWDG×U %XoHUoHYHGHPQIHULWoDO×üPDODU×Q|WHVLQGH$UGDKDQ·ODLOJLOLNDSVDPO× ELUHQYDQWHUROXüWXUPDGüQFHPL]DVO×QGDQLFH]DPDQG×UN|NOELUüHNLOGH LoLPL]GH\HUHWPLüLGL6|]HGLOHQEXDU]XPX]XJHUoHNOHüWLUHELOPHPHFUDODU×P×]GDQ ELUL (NLP WDULKLQGH hQLYHUVLWHPL] HY VDKLSOLùLQGH JHUoHNOHüWLUGLùLPL] , 8OXVODUDUDV× 6L\DVHW YH 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU 6HPSR]\XPX ROGX (OLQL]GHNL EX NLWDS V|]Q HWWLùLP , 8OXVODUDUDV× 6L\DVHW YH 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU 6HPSR]\XPX·QXQ ¶$UGDKDQ 'HùHUOHPHOHUL· DGO× NDWHJRULVLQGH VXQXOPXü RODQ YH KDNHP GHùHUOHQGLUPHVLQGHQ JHoPLü PDNDOHOHUGHQ \DS×ODQELU¶VHoNL·QLWHOLùLQGHGLU .LWDE×Q KD]×UODQPDV×QGDNL WHPHO KHGHILPL] VL\DVHWLQGHQ HNRQRPLVLQH HGHEL\DW YH NOWUQGHQ KD\YDQF×O×ù×QD NDGDU $UGDKDQ·×Q SHN oRN IDUNO× ER\XWXQXQ ELOLPVHO üHNLOGH HOH DO×QPDV×G×U ÖQFHOLNOL DPDF×P×] LVH $UGDKDQ·×QNURQLNVRUXQODU×Q×Q\DN×QGDQLQFHOHQPHVLQLQ\DQ×V×UDLOLQKkOHQ EDNLUVD\×ODELOHFHNSHNoRNGHùHUYDUO×NYHSRWDQVL\HOOHUL\OHLOJLOLJHQLüYH D\U×QW×O× ELU ELOLPVHO ND\QDN ROXüWXUDELOPHNWLU 1LWHNLP $UGDKDQ WDü×G×ù× NDGLPELULNLPLYHJF\OHD\U×FDHNRQRPLNVRV\DOYHNOWUHO]HQJLQOLNOHUL\OHONHPL]LQNDON×QP×üPHNkQODU×QGDQELULROPD\DPXNWHGLUJHoPLüWHQ JQP]H|]KHUGDLPJUN×\PHWOLYHJ]LGHELU$QDGROXWRSUDù×G×U 7DULKVHO Do×GDQ $UGDKDQ·GDNL 7UN YDUO×ù× 0g \×O×QGD ELU 7UN NDYPLRODQ.×SoDNODU·×QDWDODU×RODQ.LPPHUOHU·HGHNX]DQ×UûHKLUDG×Q× \×O×QGD+D]DU7UNOHULQLQELUNROXRODQ$UGD7UNOHULQLQHOLQHJHoPHVLQGHQ 9,̧6XQXġ VRQUDDOP×üW×U·GD$OSDUVODQWDUDI×QGDQIHWKHGLOHUHN6HOoXNOX'HYOHWL·QLQ HJHPHQOLùLQH JLUHQ $UGDKDQ \×O×QGD LVH 2VPDQO× úPSDUDWRUOXùX·QD NDW×OP×üW×U \×OODU×QGD .DUV YH %DWXP LOH ELUOLNWH VDYDü WD]PLQDW× RODUDN 5XVODU·D E×UDN×ODQ $UGDKDQ \×O VRQUD \×O×QGD 2VPDQO× úPSDUDWRUOXùX·QD LDGH HGLOPLüWLU $QFDN EXQGDQ DOW× D\ VRQUD 0RQGURV $WHüNHV $QODüPDV×·\OD (UPHQL YH *UFOHULQ LüJDOLQH XùUDP×ü DUG×QGDQ ûXEDW ·GH GüPDQ LüJDOLQGHQ NXUWDU×OP×üW×U <DN×Q WDULKLPL]GH 7HPPX]·GHYLOD\HW\DS×ODQ$UGDKDQ\×O×QGDLOoH\DS×ODUDN.DUV·D EDùODQP×ü \×O×QGD LVH WHNUDU LO VWDWVQH NDYXüPXüWXU %X oHUoHYHGH 7UNOHULQ$QDGROX·\DJLULüNDS×V×RODQ$UGDKDQ\DNODü×NRODUDNELQ\×OG×U 7UNPLOOHWLQLQüDQO×WDULKLQLQNDGLPELUSDUoDV×G×U7XULVWLNDo×GDQHNRQRPLN NOWUHO IRONORULN FRùUDIL YH WXULVWLN EDN×PGDQ ONHPL]LQ SRWDQVL\HO ]HQJLQOLùL ROGXNoD ID]OD RODQ LOOHULQGHQ ELULGLU 1HWLFHGH SHN oRN N×\PHWL EQ\HVLQGH EXOXQGXUDQ $UGDKDQ LOLQL EXUDGD EWQ ER\XWODU×\OD LIDGH HGHELOPHPPPNQROPD\DFDù×QGDQNLWDE×QDG×Q×Q\DQV×WW×ù×YHoDO×üPDQ×Q]HULQHLQüDROXQGXùXWHPHOIRUPODV\RQXDüDù×GDoPDGGHDOW×QGD N×VDFD|]HWOHPHNLVWHULP úON RODUDN ¶$UGDKDQ 'HùHUOHPHOHUL· EDüO×ù×QGD ¶GHùHUOHPH· NHOLPHVLQH ELU Do×NO×N JHWLUPHN LVWHULP 'HùHUOHPH NDYUDP× OLWHUDWUGH PDGGL N×\PHWOHULQYHUJLNDQXQODU×QGDJ|VWHULOHQJQYH]DPDQODUGDNLGHùHUlerinin VDSWDQPDV×LüOHPLGLU+XNXNLDo×GDQGHùHUOHPH¶N×\PHWWDNGLUL·DQODP×QGD NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U*QGHOLNGLOGHLVHELUPDO×QGHùHULQLEHOLUOHPHNWDNGLU GHùHUELoPHYHGHùHUOHQGLULFL\DUJ×GDEXOXQPDJLELDQODPODUDJHOPHNWHGLU %XoHUoHYHGH¶GHùHUOHPH·WDELUL$UGDKDQLOLQLQ\HUDOW×YH\HUVWYDUO×NODU×Q×QWHVSLWLQHKL]PHWHGHELOHFHNDNDGHPLN\DNODü×PODU×YDV×IODQG×UPDN]HUH NXOODQ×OP×üW×U%XoHUoHYHGHGLVLSOLQOHUDUDV×oDO×üPDODU×JHUHNWLUHFHNE|\OHVL ELUJLULüLPSHNoRNNLüLQLQJ|]QGHQ$UGDKDQ·×QYDUO×NYHSRWDQVL\HOOHULQH LOLüNLQELUWDN×PVSHVLILNGHùHUOHPHOHULQVLVWHPDWLNELUVHQWH]LQLQ\DS×OPDV×Q×JHUHNWLULU úNLQFL RODUDN NLWDE×Q DOW EDüO×ù×QGD 'HùHUOHU 3RWDQVL\HOOHU YH <DNODü×PODU üHNOLQGH o DQD NDYUDP \HU DOPDNWDG×U %X NDYUDPODU PDNDlelerinLoHULùLQHYHQLWHOLùLQHX\JXQRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU'HùHUOHUNDYUDP× $UGDKDQ·×Q VDKLS ROGXùX PDGGL YH PDQHYL YDUO×NODU×Q× HOH DODQ oDO×üPDODU× LüDUHW HWPHN LoLQ WHUFLK HGLOPLüWLU 3RWDQVL\HOOHU NDYUDP× $UGDKDQ·×Q KkOLKD]×UGD J|UQU RODQ YH JHOHFHNWH Do×ùD o×NDU×ODELOHFHN JL]LO JoOHULQL LIDGHHWPHNLoLQNDOHPHDO×QDQPDNDOHOHUL\DQV×WPDNWDG×U<DNODü×PODUNDYUDP×LVH \D]DUODU×QWHVSLWHWWLùL$UGDKDQ·DLOLüNLQVRUXQODUDo|]P|QHULOHULQH veNLüLVHO\DNODü×PODUDDWIHQNXOODQ×OP×üW×U'ROD\×V×\OD$UGDKDQ·×QVL\DVHWL WDULKLYHDUNHRORMLVLHGHEL\DW×YHNOWUVRV\RHNRQRPLVLKD\YDQF×O×ù×YH DU×F×O×ù×Q×HOHDODUDNoHüLWOLGHùHUOHQGLUPHOHUGHEXOXQDQEXNLWDSELUQHYLELU üHKLUPRQRJUDILVLGLU ò©LQGHNLOHU̧9,, hoQF RODUDN NLWDE×Q EDüO×ù×QGD ELU QXPDUDODQG×UPD\D JLGLOHUHN ¶$UGDKDQ 'HùHUOHPHOHUL I· LIDGHVL NXOODQ×OP×üW×U %XUDGDNL PDNVDG×P×] EX oDO×üPDGD HNVLN E×UDNP×ü RODELOHFHùLPL] ED]× KXVXVODU× VHULQLQ VRQUDNL oDO×üPDODU×QGD WHODIL \ROXQD JLGHELOPH KDNN×P×]× VDNO× WXWPDNW×U 1LWHNLP $UGDKDQLOLJHQLüELUSHUVSHNWLIOHHWUDIO×FDHOHDO×QPD\×JHUHNWLUHQSHNoRN YDUO×N YH SRWDQVL\HOL LOH WHN ELU NLWDSWD EWQ\OH WNHWLOHPH\HFHN |OoGH JHQLüELUGHùHUOHUVSHNWUXPXQDVDKLSWLU%|\OHVLELU]HQJLQOLùLQDQFDNX]XQ YDGHOLYHX]XQHULPOLoDO×üPDODUODRUWD\Do×NDU×ODELOHFHùLQHYHVHULPOHQHELOHFHùLQHLQDQ×\RUX] %XUDGDEX\D]×\×VRQODQG×U×UNHQNLWDSILNULQLQRUWD\Do×NW×ù×LONDQGDQ LWLEDUHQHQJLQELULNLPYHWHFUEHOHULLOHEL]H\ROJ|VWHUHQFHVDUHWOHQGLUHQYH EL]OHUGHQ KLoELU GHVWHùL HVLUJHPH\HQ $UGDKDQ hQLYHUVLWHVL 5HNW|U 6D\×Q 3URI'U0HKPHW%LEHU+RFDP×]·DHQLoWHQWHüHNNUYHüNUDQODU×P×VXQX\RUXP <HUHO\|QHWLFLOHUGHQVL\DVDODNW|UOHUHDNDGHPLV\HQOHUGHQEURNUDWODUD NDGDU oRN IDUNO× NHVLPOHULQ LOJLVLQL oHNHELOHFHùLQH LQDQG×ù×P×] EX NLWDE×Q GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV×QLWHOLùLVD\HVLQGH$UGDKDQ·ODLOJLOL|QHPOLELUERüOXùXGROGXUDFDù×Q×GüQ\RUX] 'Ro'UúKVDQ.XUWEDü òò1'(.ò/(5 6XQXü ,,, (GLW|UGHQ V $5'$+$16ú<$6(7ú BÖLÜM 1 hĆ=-hĆ83h3A3D383AAĆÆ=g3;832-g;-95Õ5g3h3839D3;BĆ4g3 7-;-;A-;5959ÆA<Õ8-h592-;33AhÆ;<9A-;59 3D7ĆhĆxi3;Ć931Ć;-;-ÕD5;8- ÈÉ ÉÊĆw ÊČ 2+2 Ć $ÉÊ7 Éß g]HW 3 *LULü $UDüW×UPDQ×Q0HWRGRORMLVL $UDüW×UPD%XOJXODU×Q×Q$QDOL]L9H'HùHUOHQGLULOPHVL 6RV\RGHPRJUDILNg]HOOLNOHU 10 *HQHOYH<HUHO6RUXQ$OJ×V× 12 (NRQRPLúüVL]OLNYH<RNVXOOXN6RUXQX $OW\DS×6RUXQODU×YH*HUL.DOP×üO×N6RUXQX 7HU|U6RUXQX 22 7DU×P9H+D\YDQF×O×N3ROLWLNDODU×\ODúOJLOL6RUXQ 22 6L\DVHW9H6L\DVDO$NW|UOHUOHúOJLOL6RUXQODU (ùLWLP6RUXQX 'LùHU6RUXQODU 6L\DVDO7HUFLKOHULQ2OXüPDV×QD(WNL(GHQ)DNW|UOHU h]HULQH.×VD%LU%HWLPOHPH 6L\DVDO%LOJL%LOLQo']H\LYH6L\DVDO7HUFLKOHULQ 2OXüPDV×QGD5HHO6RUXQODU×Q(WNLVL31 ,; ;̧ò©LQGHNLOHU 6HoPHQOHULQ.DUDUODU×Q×Q1HWOHüPH=DPDQ×h]HULQGHQ%DùODPVDO %LU'HùHUOHQGLUPH 32 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 2 hÆh=-A832=-g3hĆ=-h-A7-D5A58ĆAĆÕ7ĆhĆT - ÈÉ ÉÊĆw ÊČÊÈxÊ" $fÊČx* Ê1 - Éßċ É -È7$ g]HW *LULü 6L\DVDOúOHWLüLP6UHFL 6RV\DO0HG\D9H6RV\DO0HG\DQ×Qg]HOOLNOHUL 6RV\DO0HG\DQ×Q$UDoODU× 6RV\DO0HG\DYH*HOHQHNVHO0HG\DQ×Q.DUü×ODüW×U×OPDV× 'LMLWDO$NWLYL]P úIDGHg]JUOù$ODQ×2ODUDN6RV\DO0HG\D 6L\DVHWYH6RV\DO0HG\D <|QWHP +LSRWH]OHU %XOJXODU .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q6RV\R'HPRJUDILNg]HOOLNOHULYH6L\DVHWHúOJL ']H\OHUL .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q%LUgQFHNL0LOOHWYHNLOL*HQHO6HoLPOHULQGH .DV×P 2\.XOODQPD'XUXPXYH2\9HUGLNOHUL 3DUWL\H2ODQ%DùO×O×N']H\L .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q*HOHFHNWH$NWLI6L\DVHWWH*|UHY$OPD']H\L .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q6RV\DO0HG\D.XOODQ×P6×NO×ù×YH6RV\DO 0HG\D.XOODQ×P6UHOHUL .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q6RV\DO0HG\Dh]HULQGHQ6L\DVDO%LU*UXED (WNLQOLùHh\H2OPDYH6L\DVDO*|VWHUL0LWLQJYH\D(\OHPH .DW×OPD']H\L .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q6RV\DO0HG\DGD3ROLWLN7DUW×üPDODUD*LUPHYH 3ROLWLN3D\ODü×PODUGD%XOXQPD']H\LYH6RV\DO0HG\DGD3ROLWLN 9DUO×N*|VWHUPHPH6HEHSOHUL .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q&LQVL\HWH*|UH6RV\DO0HG\DYH6L\DVHWLOHúOJLOL *|UüOHULQLQ)DUNO×ODüPD']H\L ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;, .DW×O×PF×ODU×Q6RV\DO0HG\DYH6L\DVHWLOHúOJLOL*|UüOHULQLQ 6L\DVHWHúOJL']H\LQH*|UH)DUNO×ODüPD']H\L 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 3 -;2-4-94-A73gĆ2393=Ć8ĆT 8$&+Êf %%- É$ċÊÈÉ%8$É 2 wČ x&$-4É&ÈÉ h+&$ Ê2 wČ x&$- <&ÉÊċ% g]HW *LULü .XUXOXü9H0LV\RQ $UGDKDQ+DONHYL·QLQ.XUXOXüX <×OODUD<D\×ODQ$WDOHW .DGUR6RUXQX 0DOL=D\×IO×ù×Q*LUGDE×QGD <×OODUD<D\×ODQ0HNDQ6RUXQX 6RQXo 103 .D\QDNoD (./(5 %HOJHgUQHNOHUL $5'$+$1·,17$5ú+9($5.(2/2-ú6ú BÖLÜM 4 =39Ć-;-ÕD5;8-A-;59hÆ9<A-;59-fw;3-;2-4-9Y59 -;73ÆAÆ6Ć71<A<9D<A-;5 2 wČ x&$hÉ:ÉÉ ċ g]HW *LULü 120 0HUNH]úOoH$UNHRORMLN%XOXQWXODU× 121 gOoHN.DOHFLN7HSHVL.DOHVLYH<HUOHüLPL122 gOoHN.X]H\.DOHVL122 *|OJHOL.DOHVL123 ;,,̧ò©LQGHNLOHU *|OJHOL*QH\EDW×.DOHVLYH<HUOHüLPL *|OJHOL<NVHN<D\OD$UNHRORMLN$ODQ× 6DPDQEH\OL6DYXQPD<DS×V× +DVN|\<NVHN<D\OD$UNHRORMLN$ODQ× +DVN|\*|]HWOHPH.XOHVL %HüLNWDü.DOHVL<HUOHüLPLYH.XUJDQODU× 6XODN\XUW'HPLUdDù×YH2UWDdDù6HUDPLN%XOXQWXODU×$ODQ× dDùOD\×N'RùX6DYXQPD<DS×V× dDùOD\×N.X]H\GRùX.DOHVL %D\UDPRùOX.DOHVL130 %DùGDüDQ6DYXQPD<DS×V×131 d×OG×UúOoHVú$UNHRORMúN%XOXQWXODU× 132 $NoDNDOH$GDV×gUHQ<HUL 132 6HQJHU7HSH.DOHVL 6XULOH*oOHQGLULOPLü0HYVLPOLN<HUOHüLPL 6HPLKDûDNLU<NVHN<D\OD<HUOHüLPLYH$ù×O× .RWDQO×(VNLoDù$UNHRORMLN$ODQ× 'RùDQND\D'HPLUdDù×YH2UWDdDù6HUDPLN%XOXQWXODU×$ODQ× ûH\WDQ.DOHVL(VNLoDù6HUDPLN%XOXQWXODU× *|OHúOoHVú$UNHRORMúN%XOXQWXODU× .D\DDOW× 2PHJD .DOHVL .|SUO<NVHN<D\OD$UNHRORMLN$ODQ× dREDQN|\.DOHVLYH<HUOHüLPL dREDQN|\+|\ù .X]XS×QDU×.DOHVLYH<HUOHüLPL %HOOLWHSH%DW×.XOHVL %HOOLWHSH'RùX.XOHVLYH(VNLoDù$ù×O× %HOOLWHSH.DOHVL %DOoHüPH.D\×QO×N.XOHVL %DOoHüPHûLSüLULN.XOHVL %DOoHüPH7HNPH]DU.XOHVLYH<HUOHüLPL %DOoHüPHdDP2UPDQ×(VNLoDù$UNHRORMLN$ODQ× 'XUXFDVXûLPüLPLN.DOHVL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD 5HVLPOHU ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;,,, BÖLÜM5 -;2-4-9Y2-D-;Ć41Ć;B-8ĆT h É É7&BÉ 2 wČ x&$w*Æ É:ÉÉ ċ g]HW *LULü d×OG×U7DULKL+DNN×QGD*HQHO%LOJL 6XKDUD.|\&DPLL0LPDULg]HOOLNOHUL 6XKDUD.|\&DPLL·QLQ7DULKv*HoPLüLYH7DULKOHQGLULOPHVL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD )RWRùUDIODUYHdL]LPOHU BÖLÜM 6 :ÆhÆ@YD-7<;<A-9-D-13723gA3DĆY9Ć925Õ:ÆAĆDĆ7-h5M 3 f* g]HW *LULü , .XUXOXü'|QHPúQGH$WDEHN'HYOHWú·QúQ'×ü3ROúWúNDV× ,,%Dù×PV×]O×N'|QHPLQGH$WDEHN'HYOHWL·QLQ'×ü3ROLWLNDV× ,,,=D\×IODPD'|QHPLQGH$WDEHN'HYOHWL·QLQ'×ü3ROLWLNDV× 202 ,9<×N×O×ü'|QHPLQGH$WDEHN'HYOHWL·QLQ'×ü3ROLWLNDV× 6RQXo .D\QDNoD 211 $5'$+$1·,1('(%ú<$79(.h/7h5h BÖLÜM 7 Õ57BĆ9-hY9Ć9ÕĆĆ;A3;Ć923-;2-4-9 2 wČ x&$4É*É7+ %ċ$É g]HW *LULü Çü×N&LQDVv.LPGLU" ;,9̧ò©LQGHNLOHU Çü×N&LQDVv·QúQûLLUOHULQGH$UGDKDQ 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 8 MS^O=5A5DĆ@AĆhYĆ9fx;BxB3Ćg3;Ć-f-i3D3hĆ923 -;2-4-9h-9B-ć59-=ÆAB<A<7ĆiA39Ć8Ć : + 2 Õ ÈÈÊ8È g]HW *LULü gQ%LOJLOHU $UGDKDQ·×Q&RùUDIL.RQXPX+DNN×QGD *|NGDù+DNN×QGD *|OOHU+DNN×QGD $NWDü+R]DSLQ*|O d×OG×U*|O 7DüN|SU+DNN×QGD .|\OHU+DNN×QGD $NoDNDOH dDPG×UD &DOD &DPED] 7DüEDü× d×OG×U7HUHNHPH$LOHVLQGH0LVDILUOLN .|UúVPDLO·LQ0HUWOLùL .LOLVHOHU+DNN×QGD &RùUDILúVLPOHULQ<RUXPX 6RQXo .D\QDNoD ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;9 BÖLÜM 9 1Ć;:ÆhÆ@8-h-A59593D9Æ:32-fÆ6Ć7=w9239Ć9B3A3983hĆT D%&9Ê 2 wČ x&$Ć% ÉċÊÉ g]HW *LULü (WQRSHGDJRML (WQRSHGDJRMLQLQ(WNLOL$UDF×0DVDO 'HùHU9H'HùHUOHU(ùLWLPL <|QWHP 0DVDO+DNN×QGD %XOJXODU9H<RUXP 6RQXo .D\QDNoD (N0DVDO $5'$+$1·,1626<2(.2120ú6ú BÖLÜM 10 -;2-4-9ĆAĆ9Ć9hÆh=Æc37Æ9Æ8Ć72<;<8<g3fx;BĆhD-9ĆA325Õ DĆB-;3DĆ9Ć9LbMbcLbMR2w938Ć9237Ćf3AĆÕĆ8Ć : + 2 -Èx* g]HW *LULü $UGDKDQúOLQLQ6RV\R(NRQRPLN'XUXPX *UFLVWDQ(NRQRPLVLYH*UFLVWDQ7UNL\H'×ü7LFDUHWLQLQ*HOLüLPL $UGDKDQúOLQLQ'|QHPLQGH'×ü7LFDUHWLQLQ*HOLüLPL $UGDKDQúOLQLQ'|QHPLQGH*UFLVWDQúOH'×ü7LFDUHWLQLQ*HOLüLPL YHg]HOOLNOHUL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD ;9,̧ò©LQGHNLOHU BÖLÜM 11 -;2-4-9ĆAĆ93=-:5A-97-8<=-D5;58A-;5959 3D7Ć9AĆ7A3;Ć9Ć9g3;Ći-;@A-8--9-AĆiĆ Zgi-[=w9D38Ć=A323ć3;A392Ć;ĆA83hĆ - ßf DÉ ċ%2 ÉÊ½- ßf ;ÉÉ*ÉÊDÉß ċ½: + 2 -ċÉ g]HW *LULü 311 <|QWHP 311 9HUL=DUIODPD$QDOL]LYH(WNLQOLNgOoP<|QWHPLQLQ6HoLOPHVL 311 9HUL=DUIODPD$QDOL]LQHúOLüNLQ7HRULNdHUoHYH 312 .DUDU9HUPH%LULPOHUL .9% YH*LUGLd×NW×'HùLüNHQOHULQLQ6HoLOPHVL %XOJXODU 6RQXo 320 .D\QDNoD 323 BÖLÜM 12 1ĆAĆ8h3A-;-ÕD5;8-=w9D38A3;Ć9Ć9x9Ćg3;hĆD3 h-9-=ĆĆÕ1Ć;AĆćĆ9Ć9f3AĆÕDĆ;ĆA83hĆ9237Ć;ÆAx - ÈÉ ÉÊĆw ÊČ 2 wČ x&$f"Êf %ÉÊĆÊÉÊ g]HW *LULü hQLYHUVLWH6DQD\LúüELUOLùL hQLYHUVLWH6DQD\LúüELUOLùL.DQDOODU× 330 %LOLPVHO$UDüW×UPD<|QWHPOHUL 333 $UGDKDQúOLg]HOLQGHhQLYHUVLWH6DQD\LúüELUOLùL0RGHOL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 13 8-;7-A-Õ8-2-D383A-258T 8É %ÉD$ "- ÈÉ ÉÊ 2 wČ x&$- * 7ċċ½: + 2 1 Ê@** g]HW *LULü 0DUND ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;9,, 0DUND7UOHUL 0DUND7HVFLOL $UGDKDQ*HQHO(NRQRPLN9H0DUND7HVFLO'XUXPX $UDüW×UPD$PDF×<|QWHP9H.×V×WODU %XOJXODU 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 14 :ÆhÆ@Y<9D;-L1wAf3hĆĆĆ9237Ć=3;Ćg3f3AĆÕ8337h39A3;Ć 1-ćA-8592-7-A7598-:;Æ63A3;Ć9Ć9f3AĆÕDĆ;ĆA83hĆ - f 2 8 f ½2 wČ x&$w 1Ê½ 2 wČ x&$-È É D+ +Č ½2 wČ x&$7 É&x$Ê g]HW 3RVRIúOoHVLQLQ75$%|OJHVLQGHNL<HULYH0HYFXW'XUXPX .RQXPX&RùUDI\DV×YHúNOLPL 7DULKoHVL 'HPRJUDILN<DS×V× (NRQRPLN<DS× 7DU×P+D\YDQF×O×NYH$U×F×O×N 'RùDO<DS×YH7XUL]P 75$%|OJH3ODQ×9L]\RQXYH*HOLüPH(NVHQOHUL $UDüW×UPD<|QWHPL9H6RQXoODU .DQWLWDWLI$UDüW×UPD6RQXoODU× .DOLWDWLI$UDüW×UPD6RQXoODU× 3262)LoLQgQHULOHQ.DON×QPDVWUDWHMLOHULYH3URMHOHUL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD ;9,,,̧ò©LQGHNLOHU $5'$+$1+$<9$1&,/,ø, BÖLÜM 15 -;2-4-9ĆAĆ1x=x71-Õ4-=g-9B5A57h37Dw;x83gB<D2<;<8 hÆ;<9A-;g3wix8w93;ĆA3;Ć 2 wČ x&$w*3ß %½2+2 h& -ČÉ*ÉÈ g]HW *LULü 7UNL\H·GH%\NEDü+D\YDQF×O×N $UGDKDQúOLQGH%\NEDü+D\YDQF×O×ù×Q0HYFXW'XUXPX 0DWHU\DOYH<|QWHP $UDüW×UPD%XOJXODU× .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 16 -;2-4-9=w;3hĆ923983ghĆ8h3AÆA-;-7DÆ:A-9-9hxDg37-Õ-; :3=9Ć;Ćw;937A3;Ć923-@A-DÆ7hĆ98M 2xi3=A3;Ć9Ć9-;-ÕD5;5A8-h5 2 wČ x&$3 ÉÊ2+ČÉÊ g]HW *LULü 0DWHU\DOYH0HWRW 0DWHU\DO 6W1XPXQHOHUL .DüDU3H\QLUL1XPXQHOHUL $IODWRNVLQ0(/,6$7HVW.LWL 6W1XPXQHOHULQLQ$QDOL]H+D]×UODQPDV× 3H\QLU1XPXQHOHULQLQ$QDOL]H+D]×UODQPDV× 0HWRW %XOJXODU <D]'|QHPL7RSODQDQ6WYH.DüDU3H\QLUOHULQH$LW$QDOL]6RQXoODU× 6RQEDKDU'|QHPL7RSODQDQ6WYH.DüDU3H\QLUOHULQH $QDOL]6RQXoODU× .×ü'|QHPL7RSODQDQ6WYH.DüDU3H\QLUOHULQH$LW$QDOL]6RQXoODU× úONEDKDU'|QHPL7RSODQDQ6WYH.DüDU3H\QLUOHULQH $LW$QDOL]6RQXoODU× ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;,; 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 17 -;2-4-9ĆAĆfwA3ĆA3hĆ1x=x71-Õ 4-=g-9B5A57h37Dw;x9x9hjÆD-9-AĆiĆĆA323ć3;A392Ć;ĆA83hĆ - ßf w -ÉÉ&½2+2 w%ÊhÊÇ g]HW *LULü 7UNL\H·GH%\NEDü+D\YDQF×O×N *|OHúOoHVLQGH%\NEDü+D\YDQF×O×N /LWHUDWUGH%\NEDü+D\YDQF×O×N6HNW|UQQ6ZRW$QDOL]LúOH 'HùHUOHQGLULOPHVL 0DWHU\DO 0HWRW $UDüW×UPD%XOJXODU× 6:27$QDOL]L 6RQXo .D\QDNoD $5'$+$1$5,&,/,ø, BÖLÜM 18 -;2-4-9-;5B5A5ć5959:ÆD-9hĆ=3AĆ 7É=É*ċ ċ g]HW *LULü $UGDKDQ·GD$U×F×O×N1HGHQgQHPOLGLU" $U×,UN× .RORQL6D\×V× $QD$U×hUHWLPL 0HUDODUYH0HUD.DSDVLWHOHUL $UGDKDQ·×Q2UJDQLN%DOhUHWLPL$o×V×QGDQgQHPL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD ;;̧ò©LQGHNLOHU BÖLÜM 19 -;2-4-9ĆAĆ-;5B5A57ĆÕA3D83A3;Ć923 7ÆAÆ9Ć=w93DĆ8Ć923=-:5A-91-ÕA5B-=-9A5ÕA57A-; 2+2 8É 8 ÉBÊÇ* g]HW *LULü (ùLWLP<HWHUVL]OLùLQLQ<HWLüWLULFLOHULQ.RORQL%DN×PYH<|QHWLP 8\JXODPDODU×QD<DQV×PDODU× 3RSODV\RQ.RQWURO úNL$QD$U×O×.RORQL<|QHWLP6LVWHPL .RORQL'HVWHN6LVWHPL 3DNHW$U×6LVWHPL $QD$U×+DSVL 0HUD.XOODQ×P× 'DP×]O×N.XOODQ×P× $U×%HVOHPHVL $U×6DùO×ù× <DQO×üYH%R]XN3HWHN.XOODQ×P× .×üODWPD gUJWOHQPHYHhUQOHULQ'HùHUOHQGLULOPHVL 6RQXo .D\QDNoD BÖLÜM 20 7-@7-h1-A-;5h5f3983;73iĆg37Æ;<98-h5ĆĆ9-AD3;9-DĆ@ =w9D38A3; 2+2 -**f½2+2 8É 8 ÉBÊÇ*½wČ f 7É=É*ċ ċ g]HW *ú5úû .DINDV%DO$U×V×*HQ0HUNH]L9H.RUXQPDV×úoLQ$OWHUQDWLI<|QWHPOHU .DINDVú]ROH$ODQODU×úoHULVLQGH,VODKdDO×üPDODU×<DS×OPDO× <DSD\7RKXPODPDdDO×üPDODU×QD<HU9HULOPHOL (OGH(GLOHQ*HQHWLN0DWHU\DOOHU'RQGXUXODUDN.RUXQPDO× 6218d .$<1$.d$ ò©LQGHNLOHU̧;;, BÖLÜM 21 -;2-4-9=w;3hĆ-;5h5959 (Apis mellifera caucasicaf[-9-2ÆA<g32Ćć3;1-i5-;55;7A-;5ĆA3 8Æ;@ÆAÆ6Ć72-g;-95Õ:3;@Æ;8-9hg3x;383wi3AAĆ7A3;Ć =w9x92397-;Õ5A-ÕD5;5A8-h5 : + 2 - f ½wČ f 7É=É*ċ ċ½2 h1ċ&ċ%½ i 8 f% ÉÊ7É"É%½i =%8 -È É ÉÊ-&ÈċÊ½ - ßf 3 <Č ½: + 2 Æ$ÉÊ7É ÉÊ+Č g]HW *LULü 0DWHU\DOYH0HWRW %XOJXODU 3HUIRUPDQVYH'DYUDQ×ü× $YDQWDMODU× 'H]DYDQWDMODU× 0RUIRORMLN<|QGHQ*HQHO.DUDNWHUL]DV\RQX 6RQXo .D\QDNoD

Log In

ARDAHAN DEĞERLEMELERİ -I-

Related papers

Related papers

Related topics