ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, Jul 1, 2023
Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer pe... more Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer period of time. While some grammarians do not consider existential 'there' as real subject, Jespersen was the first to recognize and call it a 'lesser subject'. Huddleston and Quirk argue that 'there' is subject of existential sentences. On the other hand, there is no subject when we translate simple sentences from English to Albanian language with existential 'there'. In fact, such translated sentences start with a predicate. Existential 'there' and concord between the subject and predicate is also analyzed in this study. There are different examples where existential 'there' as subject takes a singular or a plural verb depending on the object in English language. There is a similar situation with the predicate in Albanian language when objects have an influence on the verb number. There are some differences, however, when existential 'there' is not in concord with some translated sentences in Albanian language. The second part of this study is focused on a questionnaire filled by students who had to choose between two given options, a singular or a plural verb with existential 'there' as the subject of the sentence for translated sentences from English to Albanian language.
ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, May 15, 2021
A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be par... more A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be part of a clause or a sentence with or without any specific meaning. Phrases are mandatory constituents of simple, complex and compound sentences. The syntax of Albanian language has an early beginning, but its development is still an ongoing process. The main issues faced by the syntax of Albanian language have been the terminology, definition and classification of grammar and syntactic units. In the syntax of Albanian language there is a constant process of codification, i.e., definition of units and syntactic categories. Our interest here is the definition of the terms word-group, syntagm, phrase and syntactic constituent. On the other hand, the term phrase is well defined in English language. Clear and timely classification of different types of phrases has facilitated syntactic analysis of clauses and sentences. Phrases and the types of phrases are different in English and Albanian language. Apart from the type, the number of phrases is also different. The noun phrase is the most important phrase in both English and Albanian language because of its syntactic functions. While other phrases have more limited syntactic functions, noun phrases may function as a subject, object (direct or indirect object), subject complement, object complement, modifier or apposition. Research Questions and Research Methodology While the term phrase in English is more than clear, Albanian language has gone through several stages until the definition of the term phrase or the widely-known syntagm. More specifically, Albanian language has been influenced by different languages regarding grammar terminology. The term syntagm in Albanian language is more widely used than the term phrase. In fact, they are both the same thing if they are closely analysed. But there is another term that has been widely used in Albanian languageword group. It has been and it is still used by the Grammar of the Albanian Language Academy. This term is slightly different from the two abovementioned terms. What Albanian language needs is the definition of the terminology and a closer approach by linguists on the terms used in grammar. Linguists must keep pace with developments made in other languages, especially in English language. Noun phrases are very important in both English and Albanian language. The noun phrase is distinguished from other phrases because it is a phrase that can have more syntactic functions than any other phrase. A clear distinction of the syntactic functions is necessary to clearly understand the grammar of a specific language.
41st International Conference - TEACHER OF THE FUTURE, 2023
The field of study known as comparative literature investigates the ways in which different socie... more The field of study known as comparative literature investigates the ways in which different societies' literary traditions and cultural practices are analyzed and compared. The importance of this study rests in the fact that it attempts to describe how two authors who come from different social and cultural backgrounds view and assess a hero's journey. The cultural and mythological examination of the evolution of the principal characters in Dickens' Great Expectations and Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn will be the primary focus of the paper and will serve as its foundation.
South East European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2023
This paper adheres to the idea that language does not solely serve to exchange information by des... more This paper adheres to the idea that language does not solely serve to exchange information by describing and thoroughly analyzing linguistic elements referred to as markers orphatic expressions. These linguistic elements are socio-pragmatic and are typically expressed in situational instances that call for social cues. We analyze such elements within the framework of Speech Act Theory and Politeness Theory seeking to gain deeper understanding on their role and functions in constructing interpersonal relations. The element at hand is the Macedonian marker pa observed in spoken statements given during the COVID-19 pandemics by high officials.
41st International Conference - TEACHER OF THE FUTURE, 2023
Word order is crucial when we study the functions of words in different sentences and constructio... more Word order is crucial when we study the functions of words in different sentences and constructions. The position of words in sentences and their function are closely observed in comparative studies. Function is not solely determined by the position of words in sentences. There are languages with fixed word order (like English language) and languages with flexible word order (like Albanian language). An important difference discussed in this paper is that English is a non-null subject language which means that subjects are grammatically mandatory. On the other hand, Albanian language is a null subject language and there are various sentences without a subject. Having in mind that the term empty subject is somehow new in English, questions are raised whether there are empty subjects in other languages and if they are recognized as syntactic constituents. The empty subject expressed with the pronoun ‘it’ is used to introduce a clause or provide a grammatical structure with no clear referent, but serves as a grammatical necessity. Examples with empty subjects in English language are translated to Albanian language in order to see if there are similarities or differences, or if there are empty subjects in Albanian language. However, the analysis in this paper found no such equivalents in translated sentences to Albanian language, especially when talking about empty subjects. Subjects in Albanian language are expressed explicitly and clearly and there is no need of an empty subject when the grammar of Albanian language and the word order allows sentences with no subject. Subjects, whether they are real or empty subjects (semantically empty), are usually found in the initial position in English. While this is generally true in English language, with some exceptions, it is not always the case with Albanian language because of the word order and null subject properties. Empty subjects have been studied for some time in English language, but there are not vast studies comparing empty subjects in English and Albanian language. The pronoun ‘it’ is an essential feature of English language to refer to time, weather, emotions and more (It is ten o’clock. It is sunny. It is unbelievable!). The pronoun ‘it’ in English language is not used only to express empty/dummy subjects. It can also be used as anticipatory ‘it’, which means that ‘it’ can be used to refer to a real subject found after the verb (It is likely that we will be late.). These are not rare occasions in English, but when these sentences are translated from English to Albanian language there are differences, including different word order or no subject at all in Albanian language (It is late./Është vonë.). Another important use of the pronoun ‘it’ is that it can be used in passive constructions as an empty subject (It is believed that he is guilty./Besohet se është me faj.) and the real subject is extraposed. Empty subject ‘it’ can be challenging for non-native speakers to master its varied uses and functions. Learners must master the use of ‘it’ in a variety of contexts and understand nuances and differences in meaning with translated sentences from English to Albanian language. The analysis of similarities and differences highlights divergences between these two languages. These findings contribute to understand the syntax and semantics of English and Albanian language by highlighting cross-linguistic variations.
5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference (IMSC) 2022, 2022
Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer pe... more Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer period of time. While some grammarians do not consider existential 'there' as real subject, Jespersen was the first to recognize and call it a 'lesser subject'. Huddleston and Quirk argue that 'there' is subject of existential sentences. On the other hand, there is no subject when we translate simple sentences from English to Albanian language with existential 'there'. In fact, such translated sentences start with a predicate. Existential 'there' and concord between the subject and predicate is also analyzed in this study. There are different examples where existential 'there' as subject takes a singular or a plural verb depending on the object in English language. There is a similar situation with the predicate in Albanian language when objects have an influence on the verb number. There are some differences, however, when existential 'there' is not in concord with some translated sentences in Albanian language. The second part of this study is focused on a questionnaire filled by students who had to choose between two given options, a singular or a plural verb with existential 'there' as the subject of the sentence for translated sentences from English to Albanian language.
Languages are dynamic and they change in order to accomplish their users’ needs. Language change ... more Languages are dynamic and they change in order to accomplish their users’ needs. Language change is a synchronic and diachronic process. From historical point of view, languages have always borrowed words from others languages and this is due to the language contact or other sociolinguistic circumstances and factors such as the sociolinguistic status of their speakers, their social prestige, the need to fulfill lexical gaps, the continuous scientific inventions and others. By using foreign words, speakers often feel more confident and unconsciously try to show their modern and updated version of themselves. This attitude leads to the borrowing of those words, and by this, the process of language change is always present. One way to observe language change is by revealing the main factors that make speakers borrow words. Nowadays, as a result of the development of modern technology, Albanian language is largely influenced by English language. Many linguists have tried to identify the...
A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be par... more A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be part of a clause or a sentence with or without any specific meaning. Phrases are mandatory constituents of simple, complex and compound sentences. The syntax of Albanian language has an early beginning, but its development is still an ongoing process. The main issues faced by the syntax of Albanian language have been the terminology, definition and classification of grammar and syntactic units. In the syntax of Albanian language there is a constant process of codification, i.e., definition of units and syntactic categories. Our interest here is the definition of the terms <em>word-group, syntagm, phrase </em>and<em> syntactic constituent</em>. On the other hand, the term <em>phrase</em> is well defined in English language. Clear and timely classification of different types of phrases has facilitated syntactic analysis of clauses and sentences. Phrases and...
Sentences types and word order patterns are directly related to each other. When referring to sen... more Sentences types and word order patterns are directly related to each other. When referring to sentence types, one must keep in mind that we do not refer to them according to their structure, but to their purpose, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. Word order, especially the S-V-O pattern, may vary depending on the type of the sentences. The typical pattern of the subject, verb and object in English language is normally fixed because English is an analytical language. On the other hand, Albanian language has a free word order mainly because it is a synthetic language, and because of noun cases and verb inflections. For example, we can say ‘ I bought a bike. ’, but we cannot say ‘ A bike bought I. ’. However, in Albanian we can say ‘ Une bleva nje biciklete. ’ and ‘ Nje biciklete bleva une. ’, with a normal and inverted word order. This word order change in Albanian must not be confused with passive voice, i.e., when a subject and an object change ...
English language is a foreign language for Macedonians as well as Albanians living in North Maced... more English language is a foreign language for Macedonians as well as Albanians living in North Macedonia. It is a mandatory subject at school that students have to attend. In this way, English language cannot be compared to other foreign languages that people in North Macedonia may encounter. It is common to hear two or more young Albanian or Macedonian people speaking in English among themselves. They may use it as a secret code of speaking in spoken and written discourse, especially when using online platforms. Young people living in North Macedonia do not find it difficult to understand English words all around them; they even consider it a modern form of living. On the other hand, most of the older generations living in North Macedonia do not understand English. But nowadays, most people living in North Macedonia, regardless of their age, use technology and Internet and in this way they are already familiar with many English words, and they have also learnt their semantic function ...
English language as an international language is used as a Lingua Franca in a global level. Alban... more English language as an international language is used as a Lingua Franca in a global level. Albanian and English language belong to two different language families and they are therefore quite different in different linguistic levels. Despite of this, many words with English origin were borrowed into Albanian language and most of them are accommodated in a way that they are not considered anymore as words with foreign origin. Nowadays, as we live in the era of technology and Internet, the spread of English words is common, especially among young students. They use them as part of their communication between them, but not only. They encounter English words in their school books, and they hear English words at school, especially when talking to their friends. The problem of language change has the root in the inappropriate and uncontrolled use of the language by all Albanian speakers, especially by journalists, publishers and editors, who through their work have the ability to easily ...
ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, Jul 1, 2023
Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer pe... more Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer period of time. While some grammarians do not consider existential 'there' as real subject, Jespersen was the first to recognize and call it a 'lesser subject'. Huddleston and Quirk argue that 'there' is subject of existential sentences. On the other hand, there is no subject when we translate simple sentences from English to Albanian language with existential 'there'. In fact, such translated sentences start with a predicate. Existential 'there' and concord between the subject and predicate is also analyzed in this study. There are different examples where existential 'there' as subject takes a singular or a plural verb depending on the object in English language. There is a similar situation with the predicate in Albanian language when objects have an influence on the verb number. There are some differences, however, when existential 'there' is not in concord with some translated sentences in Albanian language. The second part of this study is focused on a questionnaire filled by students who had to choose between two given options, a singular or a plural verb with existential 'there' as the subject of the sentence for translated sentences from English to Albanian language.
ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, May 15, 2021
A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be par... more A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be part of a clause or a sentence with or without any specific meaning. Phrases are mandatory constituents of simple, complex and compound sentences. The syntax of Albanian language has an early beginning, but its development is still an ongoing process. The main issues faced by the syntax of Albanian language have been the terminology, definition and classification of grammar and syntactic units. In the syntax of Albanian language there is a constant process of codification, i.e., definition of units and syntactic categories. Our interest here is the definition of the terms word-group, syntagm, phrase and syntactic constituent. On the other hand, the term phrase is well defined in English language. Clear and timely classification of different types of phrases has facilitated syntactic analysis of clauses and sentences. Phrases and the types of phrases are different in English and Albanian language. Apart from the type, the number of phrases is also different. The noun phrase is the most important phrase in both English and Albanian language because of its syntactic functions. While other phrases have more limited syntactic functions, noun phrases may function as a subject, object (direct or indirect object), subject complement, object complement, modifier or apposition. Research Questions and Research Methodology While the term phrase in English is more than clear, Albanian language has gone through several stages until the definition of the term phrase or the widely-known syntagm. More specifically, Albanian language has been influenced by different languages regarding grammar terminology. The term syntagm in Albanian language is more widely used than the term phrase. In fact, they are both the same thing if they are closely analysed. But there is another term that has been widely used in Albanian languageword group. It has been and it is still used by the Grammar of the Albanian Language Academy. This term is slightly different from the two abovementioned terms. What Albanian language needs is the definition of the terminology and a closer approach by linguists on the terms used in grammar. Linguists must keep pace with developments made in other languages, especially in English language. Noun phrases are very important in both English and Albanian language. The noun phrase is distinguished from other phrases because it is a phrase that can have more syntactic functions than any other phrase. A clear distinction of the syntactic functions is necessary to clearly understand the grammar of a specific language.
41st International Conference - TEACHER OF THE FUTURE, 2023
The field of study known as comparative literature investigates the ways in which different socie... more The field of study known as comparative literature investigates the ways in which different societies' literary traditions and cultural practices are analyzed and compared. The importance of this study rests in the fact that it attempts to describe how two authors who come from different social and cultural backgrounds view and assess a hero's journey. The cultural and mythological examination of the evolution of the principal characters in Dickens' Great Expectations and Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn will be the primary focus of the paper and will serve as its foundation.
South East European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2023
This paper adheres to the idea that language does not solely serve to exchange information by des... more This paper adheres to the idea that language does not solely serve to exchange information by describing and thoroughly analyzing linguistic elements referred to as markers orphatic expressions. These linguistic elements are socio-pragmatic and are typically expressed in situational instances that call for social cues. We analyze such elements within the framework of Speech Act Theory and Politeness Theory seeking to gain deeper understanding on their role and functions in constructing interpersonal relations. The element at hand is the Macedonian marker pa observed in spoken statements given during the COVID-19 pandemics by high officials.
41st International Conference - TEACHER OF THE FUTURE, 2023
Word order is crucial when we study the functions of words in different sentences and constructio... more Word order is crucial when we study the functions of words in different sentences and constructions. The position of words in sentences and their function are closely observed in comparative studies. Function is not solely determined by the position of words in sentences. There are languages with fixed word order (like English language) and languages with flexible word order (like Albanian language). An important difference discussed in this paper is that English is a non-null subject language which means that subjects are grammatically mandatory. On the other hand, Albanian language is a null subject language and there are various sentences without a subject. Having in mind that the term empty subject is somehow new in English, questions are raised whether there are empty subjects in other languages and if they are recognized as syntactic constituents. The empty subject expressed with the pronoun ‘it’ is used to introduce a clause or provide a grammatical structure with no clear referent, but serves as a grammatical necessity. Examples with empty subjects in English language are translated to Albanian language in order to see if there are similarities or differences, or if there are empty subjects in Albanian language. However, the analysis in this paper found no such equivalents in translated sentences to Albanian language, especially when talking about empty subjects. Subjects in Albanian language are expressed explicitly and clearly and there is no need of an empty subject when the grammar of Albanian language and the word order allows sentences with no subject. Subjects, whether they are real or empty subjects (semantically empty), are usually found in the initial position in English. While this is generally true in English language, with some exceptions, it is not always the case with Albanian language because of the word order and null subject properties. Empty subjects have been studied for some time in English language, but there are not vast studies comparing empty subjects in English and Albanian language. The pronoun ‘it’ is an essential feature of English language to refer to time, weather, emotions and more (It is ten o’clock. It is sunny. It is unbelievable!). The pronoun ‘it’ in English language is not used only to express empty/dummy subjects. It can also be used as anticipatory ‘it’, which means that ‘it’ can be used to refer to a real subject found after the verb (It is likely that we will be late.). These are not rare occasions in English, but when these sentences are translated from English to Albanian language there are differences, including different word order or no subject at all in Albanian language (It is late./Është vonë.). Another important use of the pronoun ‘it’ is that it can be used in passive constructions as an empty subject (It is believed that he is guilty./Besohet se është me faj.) and the real subject is extraposed. Empty subject ‘it’ can be challenging for non-native speakers to master its varied uses and functions. Learners must master the use of ‘it’ in a variety of contexts and understand nuances and differences in meaning with translated sentences from English to Albanian language. The analysis of similarities and differences highlights divergences between these two languages. These findings contribute to understand the syntax and semantics of English and Albanian language by highlighting cross-linguistic variations.
5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference (IMSC) 2022, 2022
Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer pe... more Empty subject expressed with existential 'there' has confounded English linguists for a longer period of time. While some grammarians do not consider existential 'there' as real subject, Jespersen was the first to recognize and call it a 'lesser subject'. Huddleston and Quirk argue that 'there' is subject of existential sentences. On the other hand, there is no subject when we translate simple sentences from English to Albanian language with existential 'there'. In fact, such translated sentences start with a predicate. Existential 'there' and concord between the subject and predicate is also analyzed in this study. There are different examples where existential 'there' as subject takes a singular or a plural verb depending on the object in English language. There is a similar situation with the predicate in Albanian language when objects have an influence on the verb number. There are some differences, however, when existential 'there' is not in concord with some translated sentences in Albanian language. The second part of this study is focused on a questionnaire filled by students who had to choose between two given options, a singular or a plural verb with existential 'there' as the subject of the sentence for translated sentences from English to Albanian language.
Languages are dynamic and they change in order to accomplish their users’ needs. Language change ... more Languages are dynamic and they change in order to accomplish their users’ needs. Language change is a synchronic and diachronic process. From historical point of view, languages have always borrowed words from others languages and this is due to the language contact or other sociolinguistic circumstances and factors such as the sociolinguistic status of their speakers, their social prestige, the need to fulfill lexical gaps, the continuous scientific inventions and others. By using foreign words, speakers often feel more confident and unconsciously try to show their modern and updated version of themselves. This attitude leads to the borrowing of those words, and by this, the process of language change is always present. One way to observe language change is by revealing the main factors that make speakers borrow words. Nowadays, as a result of the development of modern technology, Albanian language is largely influenced by English language. Many linguists have tried to identify the...
A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be par... more A phrase is a word or a group of words that may stand as a single grammatical unit. It can be part of a clause or a sentence with or without any specific meaning. Phrases are mandatory constituents of simple, complex and compound sentences. The syntax of Albanian language has an early beginning, but its development is still an ongoing process. The main issues faced by the syntax of Albanian language have been the terminology, definition and classification of grammar and syntactic units. In the syntax of Albanian language there is a constant process of codification, i.e., definition of units and syntactic categories. Our interest here is the definition of the terms <em>word-group, syntagm, phrase </em>and<em> syntactic constituent</em>. On the other hand, the term <em>phrase</em> is well defined in English language. Clear and timely classification of different types of phrases has facilitated syntactic analysis of clauses and sentences. Phrases and...
Sentences types and word order patterns are directly related to each other. When referring to sen... more Sentences types and word order patterns are directly related to each other. When referring to sentence types, one must keep in mind that we do not refer to them according to their structure, but to their purpose, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. Word order, especially the S-V-O pattern, may vary depending on the type of the sentences. The typical pattern of the subject, verb and object in English language is normally fixed because English is an analytical language. On the other hand, Albanian language has a free word order mainly because it is a synthetic language, and because of noun cases and verb inflections. For example, we can say ‘ I bought a bike. ’, but we cannot say ‘ A bike bought I. ’. However, in Albanian we can say ‘ Une bleva nje biciklete. ’ and ‘ Nje biciklete bleva une. ’, with a normal and inverted word order. This word order change in Albanian must not be confused with passive voice, i.e., when a subject and an object change ...
English language is a foreign language for Macedonians as well as Albanians living in North Maced... more English language is a foreign language for Macedonians as well as Albanians living in North Macedonia. It is a mandatory subject at school that students have to attend. In this way, English language cannot be compared to other foreign languages that people in North Macedonia may encounter. It is common to hear two or more young Albanian or Macedonian people speaking in English among themselves. They may use it as a secret code of speaking in spoken and written discourse, especially when using online platforms. Young people living in North Macedonia do not find it difficult to understand English words all around them; they even consider it a modern form of living. On the other hand, most of the older generations living in North Macedonia do not understand English. But nowadays, most people living in North Macedonia, regardless of their age, use technology and Internet and in this way they are already familiar with many English words, and they have also learnt their semantic function ...
English language as an international language is used as a Lingua Franca in a global level. Alban... more English language as an international language is used as a Lingua Franca in a global level. Albanian and English language belong to two different language families and they are therefore quite different in different linguistic levels. Despite of this, many words with English origin were borrowed into Albanian language and most of them are accommodated in a way that they are not considered anymore as words with foreign origin. Nowadays, as we live in the era of technology and Internet, the spread of English words is common, especially among young students. They use them as part of their communication between them, but not only. They encounter English words in their school books, and they hear English words at school, especially when talking to their friends. The problem of language change has the root in the inappropriate and uncontrolled use of the language by all Albanian speakers, especially by journalists, publishers and editors, who through their work have the ability to easily ...
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