20160531noon Sumi Kang Post-Online.pdf

Korean Journal of Rhetoric, 2018

What is the humanities? How to study the humanities? These are the fundamental questions that Korean researchers of the humanities should ask, if they really want to overcome thoroughly the problems or the obstacles they face painfully nowadays. Among many possibilities, I strongly recommand the Hakmun-Seon(學問禪), which intends to inherit the Wonhyo’s philosophy and his Seon(禪), through the Problematology, and particularly the Philosophy of Conscience and its Conscience-Seon(良心禪). The main axes of the Hakmun-Seon, in which IQ, EQ and specially SQ cowork harmoniously, are two inseparable parts: (1) Metacognitive Analysis by “Gyeong-in-ui-ye-ji-sin”(敬仁義禮智信) of Confusianism, or Six Paramitas of Bouddhism, in the Spiritual level; (2) Research Approach by means of “Hak-mun-sa-byeon-haeng”(學問思辯行) of “Chungyong”(中庸). The Hakmun-Seon, which is a sort of “Meta-Research” in the Scholarly Studies, is also a Inmun-Seon(人文禪), comprising Hwajaeng-Seon(和諍禪) and Translation-Seon(飜譯禪). This InmunSeon, much more inclusive than the traditional Bouddhist Seon[Zen], can be hopefully a good way of Research for Korean Humanities Studies.

Journal of the Korean Biblia Society for Library and Information Science, 2017

This paper employs entitymetrics analysis on the research works of Dong-ju Yun. He was a Korean poet who was studied by many researchers on his works, religion and life. We collected 1,076 papers about Dong-ju Yun and conducted various approaches including co-author citation analysis, topic modeling analysis to identify the topic trend in the study of Dong-ju Yun. Also we extracted entities like person's name and literature's title from abstract to examine the relationship among them. The result of this paper enables us to objectively identify the topic trend and infer implicit relationships between key concept associated with Dong-ju Yun based on text data. Moreover, we observed sub-research topics such as life, poem, aesthetic existence, comparative literature, literary translation, and religious beliefs. This paper shows how entitymetrics can be utilized to study intellectual structures in the humanities.

한문학보 (Han Mun Hak Bo), 2021

This study analyzes the persuasive style proses (論說類) of Kyekok (谿谷) Chang Yu (張維), with an aim to identify their traits. Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses will be first surveyed before proceeding to the discussion on three characteristic aspects visible in the subject matters of the writings, as well as the employed methods of expressions. There are eighteen works in persuasive style proses by Chang Yu: three assessments (辯), three arguments (論), one explanation (解), and ten theories (說). Among those writings, two works do not show as strong character of persuasive style prose as others; and “An Assessment on the Hypothetical Argument between Mencius and Zhuang Zhou (設孟莊論辯)”, being an imaginary conversation which does not convey the author’s opinion, could be hardly distinguished as a persuasive style prose. Fifteen works, except these three works, overtly belong in the persuasive style prose category in terms of their format and their contents. The subject matter and the modes of expressions in Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses reveal following key characteristics. First, commentary on a person carefully takes into consideration one’s personality and their circumstances when analyzing their psychology. An Argument on “Why Emperor Gaozu of Han Did Not Honor Ji Xin (漢祖不錄紀信論)” is one of such works; when compared with the thematically identical writings by Chu Sepung and Ŏ Yupong, this trait becomes more apparent. Similar method of profiling is also apparent in “A Theory on Blue and White Eyes (靑白眼說)”. Secondly, Chang Yu expresses his firm belief in the immortal value of literature (文) in his writings. In “The Argument that Liu Zongyuan Died and Became a Deity (柳宗元死而爲神論)”, he argues that the extraordinary energy of the heaven and earth is embodied within ‘the literature (文章)’, and that the talent and postmortem deification of Liu Zongyuan had been possible for he was bestowed with unprecedented energy (間氣). In “An Assessment on Whether Poetry Impoverishes a Man (詩能窮人辨)”, he claims that the talent of a poet is constituted by the spiritual energy bestowed by the spirit of heaven and earth, and that the poetic talent circulates alongside the force of universe (大化). Also, in “An Explanation on the Lid of a Pickle Jar (覆醬瓿解)”, he contends that in the face of adversity, a junzi (君子) or daren (達人) merely illuminates the Way (道) through unwavering writing. Thirdly, his writings feature a pursuit of a dispassionate ego, which remains unaffected by external objects. In “A Theory about Bamboo Swaying in the Wind (風竹說)”, the bamboo tree materializes the self which soberly preserves one’s true colors despite varied changes. This work also emphasizes the need for the Neo-confucian way of cultivating one’s mind. Yet, “A Theory on the Soil for Fortune (福田說)” argued that the advancement to such stage is possible through Buddhist enlightenment. Furthermore, A Theory on the Soil for Fortune features the notion of seeing all things equally (濟物), while “A Theory on the Seagull that did not Descend (海鷗不下說)” features the stage of Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease (逍遙遊). The self which is independent and irrespective of external objects is the main ideal featured in Chang Yu‘s proses; and the paths to the ideal take from in Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist transcendence. The suggested traits do not completely encapsulate the characteristics of Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses. Also, these traits should be discussed in connection to the other writings ― such as farewells writings (贈序類) or prefaces and postscripts (序跋類) ― by Chang Yu. Despite the limitations, hopefully the findings presented in this study would be of help in scrutinizing an aspect of the Chang Yu’s writings.

Journal of Koreanology, 2022

The aim of this paper is to ruminate on Hŏ Kyun (許筠)’s writing style by examining two farewell prose (送序) written for envoys to China, as they appear in Sŏngsobubugo (惺所覆瓿藁). Two writings are worth ruminating for they exemplify two important traits of Hŏ Kyun’s guwen (古文) writing style, respectively as regular and irregular forms of farewell prose. “Sending Kim Chachung to the Capital of the Emperor” (送金子中赴京序) explains that Kim Siyang(Chachung) was appointed as the third envoy (書狀官; official in charge of documentation during envoy trips) to restore the climate of “abiding by the law and protecting righteousness (持法守正)” from Sŏngjong era. Dignified yet powerful argument is elaborately arranged through comparison and contrast, repetition of stress and ease, and transposition of subject and object, as well as reiteration and amplification. “Sending Cho Chise to the Capital of the Emperor” (送趙持世赴京序) forefrontly employs a narrative – interestingly, writer himself is the main character of the narrative, not the recipient. The writer reminiscences about how their hope of traveling to China together was frustrated a number of times due to the ‘disruption from the naught of fate’. Five instances of ups and downs appear before the denouement; in each stage, he repeats yet variegates the doubt about human desire and heaven’s will, and thereby impressively depicts his shift in mentality - from anticipation and doubt to frustration and disappointment. In this writing, one theme – to lament the arbitrariness of fate - envelops the another, inner theme - to congratulate a friend’s envoy trip; and the writer skillfully weaves two themes by constructing a layered structure. Both writings reveal his concern for the beauty of form, best expressed as ‘discipline’ (法), yet a brimming vigor (氣勢) can be sensed from between the lines. Such vigor comes from Hŏ Kyun’ having embodied the ability to arrange the forms in his writing habit. The “relentless energy” (滔滔) visible in Hŏ Kyun’s works – said in “Thoughts on Writing” (文說) - is based on his writing style, which involves elaborate logic and composition, plenty of changes, and unique structure of narrative.

Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, 2018

Development of guideline for reporting CAse REport for Sasang medicine (CARES) Seul Lee, So-Hyoung Kim, Sang-Yun Han, Yongjae Lee, Jeongyun Lee, Nayoung Bae, Han Chae Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Div. of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Div. of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Introduction The case report provides pivotal basis for clinical research and education, however systematically organized guideline for reporting case report was not properly applied and it tackled the development of traditional medicine in Korea. The purpose of this study was to implement guideline for reporting CAse REport(CARE guideline) incorporating unique characteristics of Sasang medicine with the help of examples and explanations. Methods and Results The guideline for reporting CAse REport for Sasang me...

2020

To examine the optimal temperature, light intensity, and shell-type for shell-living conchocelis production, we tested the shell infiltration of free-living conchocelis fragments under various environmental conditions. Under a combination of various temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and light intensities (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol m-2 s-1), the optimal infiltration conditions of the evaluated three Pyropia species were 20-25°C and 5-80 μmol m-2 s-1 for P. yezoensis, 20-30°C and 20-80 μmol m-2 s-1 for P. seriata, and 20-25°C and 20-80 μmol m-2 s-1 for P. dentata. The infiltration efficiency of free-living conchocelis for different shell types was greater in Korean and Chinese oyster Crassostrea gigas shells than that in scallop Argopecten irradians and clam Meretrix lusoria shells. These results suggest that oyster shells are suitable substrates for shell-living conchocelis production. In conclusion, the present results for optimal infiltration conditions for free-living conchocelis of the three examined Pyropia species will contribute significantly to the production of stable shell-living conchocelis.

대동한문학 (Daedonghanmunhak), 2022

This research aims to probe the meanings of farewells and the characteristics of Son’gok Yi Tal’s farewell poetry, as well as the modes of expressions employed in verbalizing the subject matter. Good byes appear often in Yi Tal‘s poetry because his poetic self within the work is a ’wanderer’ and a ‘vagabond’. Being unable to settle down and having to leave produces repeated farewells. His poetic self wanders due to warfare and poverty – which compounds the sadness of the good byes. Although this poetic self reflects the actual personal history of Yi Tal, neither the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, nor the historical and social contexts of the poet – for instance, of him being a sŏ-ŏl, which impoverished him - are made apparent in the poetry. Rather, farewell is depicted as a yoke of destiny in which no human can free themselves from. His farewell poetry focuses on illustrating the human ‘sorrow’ itself which is sealed inside fate. The decision to select farewell as the subject matter in his works, including yuefu poetry(樂府詩), also comes from the idea that farewell is the most apt subject for a genuine depiction of human sentiment. Next, modes of expressions in Yi Tal’s farewell poetry have been inspected in two aspects. The first aspect concerns the characteristics apparent in the use of imagery; in describing the scene – which gives rise to the sentiment of farewell - Yi Tal often employs images of descent and darkness, as well as images of aimless drifting. Another in this aspect is the effective use of acoustic imagery; the sounds that are largely associated with seasons – such as cry of a cuckoo, nightingale, fall cicada, cricket, or a frosty wind – ring through the poems, working to deepen the sentiments of farewell. Following this, characteristics pertaining to composition techniques are discussed. First, Yi Tal juxtaposes farewells with encounters to highlight its sorrowful nature. The joy of the meeting intensifies the sorrow of the parting – and a brief encounter during the war brings sadness rather than delight. The farewells of the past are reminded in a poem about an encounter, and short meetings are followed by long separations. This mode of expression effectively communicates the sorrow of a good bye as a yoke of destiny. Another is to articulate the farewell of tomorrow in the last two lines of the poem; this mode serves to show the restrained sorrow through visualization. Yi Tal is an important poet who epitomizes a certain turn that took place in mid Chosŏn era – the turn towards admiration of the Tang poetry style. His works call for a more thorough inspection, especially since the number of the remaining works is scarce. And in doing so, ‘farewell’ is a topic that requires much deliberation because of the weight it carries in his works. Further discussion is warranted on whether Yi Tal’s farewell poetry shows any difference when compared to the farewell poetry of his peers, or the poets of later generations.

2008

Journal of Korean Literature in Classical Chinese, 2020

This study examines the intent and effects of written conversations in Wŏn Chungkŏ’s Record of a Boat Journey (乘槎錄, Sŭngsarok) documenting the 1763 diplomatic mission to Japan. Record of a Boat Journey is noteworthy amongst its kind for an abundance of written conversations, especially in using them to vividly portray the diplomatic mission. As such, this paper first outlined the topics of these conversations: about 160 of these conversations and poetry responses mention exchanging letters and friendships, with 85 of these describing their contents. Most are with people who accompanied the mission and kept talking with the envoys, as well as figures Wŏn regarded highly. Topics also include the writer’s interests, i.e. scholarship and propriety, ceremonies and precedents of mission diplomacy, and the murder of Ch'oe Ch'ŏnchong. The paper then analyzes the intent and effects of Record of a Boat Journey’s descriptions of conversations in three aspects. First, Wŏn cites conversations to depict his journey through Japan and present sources of information. Second, Wŏn’s citations seek to trace the roots of issues that occurred during the mission, as verified by the description of how Ch'oe Ch'ŏnchong’s murder was handled. Third, Wŏn attached importance to teaching Japanese scholars orthodox scholarship and propriety, and the conversations act as evidence of how the Japanese he met were influenced by his efforts. The method of citing conversations as sources on Japan is borrowed from Sin Yuhan’s Record of Crossing the Sea (海遊錄, Haeyurok). However, Record of a Boat Journey’s quoting of conversations in its journal entries differs as they demonstrate how information about Japan was acquired over the course of the mission, illustrating how later envoy records carried on and adapted methods of description from their predecessors. One final characteristic distinguishing Record of a Boat Journey from other envoy records is its focus on written conversations depicting the process of befriending Japanese literati as part of the teaching of orthodox scholarship. Relatively little research exists on written conversation in envoy records or travel journals as opposed to those on written conversation and poetry exchange collections. The author hopes that this analysis of Record of a Boat Journey will spur more research of this kind.

고전과 해석, 2022

Sŏ Gŏ-jŏng (徐居正)’s opinion on the usefulness of poetry is a critical element which not only defines the fundamental character of Tonginsihua (東人詩話, “Criticisms on the Poems by Korean Poets”), but also influences the criteria of literary criticism in Tonginsihua. This is closely related to the intent of the work, which is to elevate the stature of literature. This study explores the discussions on the usefulness of poetry in Tonginsihua, and examines how they have manifested in actual literary criticism. The usefulness of poetry discussed in Tonginsihua, which be abridged to “having to do with teaching (關於世敎)”, comes from the creative perspective. In regards to the usefulness that is teaching, the most important principle of creation is to allegorize (諷諭). It is to enlighten and encourage the inferior, and tacitly advise the superior. In the aspect of the reader or appreciation, the usefulness of the poetry is ‘to be moved (感動) and to act subsequently (感發)’. The unique poetic mode of expression is one of the most effective instruments in conveying the earnest emotion of a person; poetic expression moves one’s mind, and brings out the transformation of thought and actions on an ethical level. By reading an allegorical or encouraging poetry, one becomes enlightened; should a ruler acts upon reading the allegorical poetry, a country might be saved. In short, the author’s intentions in writing – ’to teach (世敎)’ – could be materialized in ‘being moved (感動)’ and ’being pushed to act (感發)’. Such perspective on the usefulness of poetry has influenced the specific criteria of literary criticism in Tonginsihua. Throughout Tonginsihua, works with the messages of loyalty, patriotism and love for the people, and allegory were highly rated. It is revealed that theme of a poem is prioritized over the elegance of its expressions, and sometimes only the message of a poem is sported without commenting on the expressive side of the work. Also, pros and cons of a certain poetry are discussed centering on their connotations, and an emphasis is placed on the usefulness of the allegorical poetry. Next, the inquiry moves on to examine the bases for differentiating between renewals (點化) and imitation (蹈襲) of references, which has been a long time subject of debate in academia when discussing the arguments on yongsa (用事, using reference) presented in Tonginsihua. Successfully using an existing phrase while adding sophistication to expression and producing a new meaning constitutes a renewal, whereas a failed attempt constitutes an imitation. Sŏ Gŏ-jŏng differentiates the two in accords to these general standards; however, he applied relatively ‘lax’ standards to the works with messages of satire, encouragement, loyalty, and love for the people - which are beneficial in ‘teaching’ - and rated highly the works that showcased outstanding expressions and the usefulness of the teaching. Also, he argued that works by poets like Ch’oi Hae (崔瀣), who have great character, need not be concerned on whether they are a renewal or an imitation. This is an instance in which the thematic aspect – the implications of the theme - had been applied to the fullest. One of the main creative objective of Tonginsihua was to raise the stature of literature. To fulfill the aim of the Guo Feng (國風) and contribute to teaching was the ideal of literature shared by bureaucrat writers of the early Chosŏn period. Tonginsihua is a work which actualized such ideas in literary criticism. While the criteria of criticism which Sŏ Gŏ-jŏng employs on renewal/imitation may seem arbitrary, when bearing in mind that such criteria are based on the thematic aspects centering on the usefulness of teaching/moving, a structurality of some extent can be found. This provides important grounds in reevaluating the value of Tonginsihua as a professional literary criticism.