This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes.
Noble gas
+1 Bold values are main oxidation states
Element | Negative states | Positive states | Group | Notes | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5 | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | +9 | |||||
Z | |||||||||||||||||||
1 | hydrogen | H | −1 | +1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
2 | helium | He | 0 | 18 | 0[1] | ||||||||||||||
3 | lithium | Li | −1 | +1 | 1 | [2] | |||||||||||||
4 | beryllium | Be | 0 | +1 | +2 | 2 | [3] [4] | ||||||||||||
5 | boron | B | −5 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 13 | [5] [6][7] [8][9] [8] | |||||||||
6 | carbon | C | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 14 | |||||||
7 | nitrogen | N | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 15 | [8] [8][10] [8] [8] [8] | ||||||
8 | oxygen | O | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | 16 | [8] [8] [8] | ||||||||||
9 | fluorine | F | −1 | 17 | |||||||||||||||
10 | neon | Ne | 0 | 18 | 0[11] | ||||||||||||||
11 | sodium | Na | −1 | 0 | +1 | 1 | [8][12] | ||||||||||||
12 | magnesium | Mg | 0 | +1 | +2 | 2 | [13] [14] | ||||||||||||
13 | aluminium | Al | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 13 | [15] [16][17] [8][18] [19] | |||||||||
14 | silicon | Si | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 14 | [8] [8] [8][20] [8][21] [8] [8] | ||||||
15 | phosphorus | P | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 15 | [8] [8][22] [8][23] [8] [8] | ||||||
16 | sulfur | S | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 16 | [8] [8] [8] [8] | ||||||
17 | chlorine | Cl | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 17 | [8] [8] [8] | |||||||
18 | argon | Ar | 0 | 18 | 0[24] | ||||||||||||||
19 | potassium | K | −1 | +1 | 1 | [25] | |||||||||||||
20 | calcium | Ca | +1 | +2 | 2 | [26] | |||||||||||||
21 | scandium | Sc | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 3 | [27] [28] [29] | |||||||||||
22 | titanium | Ti | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 4 | [30] [8][31] [32] [8] [8] | ||||||||
23 | vanadium | V | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 5 | [33] [8][34] [8] [8] [8] [8] | |||||||
24 | chromium | Cr | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 6 | [35] [8] [8][36] [8] [8] [8] [8] | |||||
25 | manganese | Mn | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 7 | [8] [37][8] [8][8] [8] [8] [8] [8] | ||||
26 | iron | Fe | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 8 | [8] [8][8] [38] [8] [39] [8] [40] ? | ||||
27 | cobalt | Co | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 9 | [41] [8][8] [8] [8] [42] | |||||||
28 | nickel | Ni | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 10 | [43] [8][44] [45] [8] [46] | ||||||||
29 | copper | Cu | −2 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 11 | [47][48] [8] [8] [8] | |||||||||
30 | zinc | Zn | −2 | 0 | +1 | +2 | 12 | [49] [50] ? | |||||||||||
31 | gallium | Ga | −5 | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 13 | [51] [51] [52] [51] [8] [8] ? | ||||||
32 | germanium | Ge | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 14 | [53] [8] [8] ? | ||||||
33 | arsenic | As | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 15 | [54] [55] [8] [56] ? | ||||||
34 | selenium | Se | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 16 | [57] [58] [59] ? | ||||||
35 | bromine | Br | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +7 | 17 | [60] [8] [8] | ||||||||
36 | krypton | Kr | +1 | +2 | 18 | ? | |||||||||||||
37 | rubidium | Rb | −1 | +1 | 1 | [61] | |||||||||||||
38 | strontium | Sr | +1 | +2 | 2 | [62] | |||||||||||||
39 | yttrium | Y | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 3 | [63] [8] ? | |||||||||||
40 | zirconium | Zr | −2 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 4 | [64][65] [8] [66][67] [8] | |||||||||
41 | niobium | Nb | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 5 | [68] [8] [8] [8] [8] ? | |||||||
42 | molybdenum | Mo | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 6 | [69] [8] [8][70] [8] [8] [8] [8] | |||||
43 | technetium | Tc | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 7 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] | |||||||
44 | ruthenium | Ru | −2 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | 8 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] | ||||||
45 | rhodium | Rh | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 9 | [71] [8][72] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [73] | |||||
46 | palladium | Pd | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 10 | [74] [75] [76] | |||||||||
47 | silver | Ag | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 11 | [77] [78][79] [8] [8] | |||||||||
48 | cadmium | Cd | −2 | +1 | +2 | 12 | [80] [81] | ||||||||||||
49 | indium | In | −5 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 13 | [82] [83] [84] [8] [8] ? | ||||||||
50 | tin | Sn | −4 | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 14 | [85] [86] [87] ? | ||||||
51 | antimony | Sb | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 15 | [88] ? | ||||||
52 | tellurium | Te | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 16 | [8] ? | ||||||
53 | iodine | I | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 17 | [89] ? | |||||||
54 | xenon | Xe | 0 | +2 | +4 | +6 | +8 | 18 | [90] [91] | ||||||||||
55 | caesium | Cs | −1 | +1 | 1 | [92] | |||||||||||||
56 | barium | Ba | +1 | +2 | 2 | [93] | |||||||||||||
57 | lanthanum | La | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [94] [8] | |||||||||||
58 | cerium | Ce | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [8] | ||||||||||||
59 | praseodymium | Pr | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | f-block groups | [63] [95] [96] ? | |||||||||
60 | neodymium | Nd | 0 | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [63] [8] | |||||||||||
61 | promethium | Pm | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | ? | |||||||||||||
62 | samarium | Sm | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [97] [8] | |||||||||||
63 | europium | Eu | 0 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | 0[63] | ||||||||||||
64 | gadolinium | Gd | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [8] [8] | |||||||||||
65 | terbium | Tb | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [63] [94] [96] [8] | ||||||||||
66 | dysprosium | Dy | 0 | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [63] [8] | |||||||||||
67 | holmium | Ho | 0 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [96] | ||||||||||||
68 | erbium | Er | 0 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [96] | ||||||||||||
69 | thulium | Tm | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [94] [8] | |||||||||||
70 | ytterbium | Yb | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [63] [94] [8] | |||||||||||
71 | lutetium | Lu | 0 | +2 | +3 | 3 | [63] [96] | ||||||||||||
72 | hafnium | Hf | −2 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 4 | [98][99] [100] [8] [8] | |||||||||
73 | tantalum | Ta | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 5 | [101] [8] [8] [8] [8] ? | |||||||
74 | tungsten | W | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 6 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] ? | |||||
75 | rhenium | Re | −3 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | 7 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] ? | |||||
76 | osmium | Os | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | 8 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] ? | |||
77 | iridium | Ir | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | +9 | 9 | [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [102] ? | ||
78 | platinum | Pt | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 10 | [8] [8] ? | |||||
79 | gold | Au | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +5 | 11 | [8] [103] [8] [8] ? | |||||||
80 | mercury | Hg | −2 | +1 | +2 | 12 | [104] | ||||||||||||
81 | thallium | Tl | −5 | −2 | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | 13 | [105] ? | |||||||||
82 | lead | Pb | −4 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | 14 | [8] [106] ? | |||||||
83 | bismuth | Bi | −3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | 15 | [8] [107] [8] ? | ||||||
84 | polonium | Po | −2 | +2 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 16 | [108] [8] | ||||||||||
85 | astatine | At | −1 | +1 | +3 | +5 | +7 | 17 | [8] [8] [8] | ||||||||||
86 | radon | Rn | +2 | +6 | 18 | ? | |||||||||||||
87 | francium | Fr | +1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
88 | radium | Ra | +2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
89 | actinium | Ac | +3 | f-block groups | |||||||||||||||
90 | thorium | Th | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [109] [8] [8] ? | ||||||||||
91 | protactinium | Pa | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | f-block groups | [8] [8] ? | |||||||||||
92 | uranium | U | −1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | f-block groups | [109] [110] [8] [8] ? | ||||||||
93 | neptunium | Np | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | f-block groups | [8] [111] [8] [8] ? | |||||||||
94 | plutonium | Pu | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | f-block groups | [8], [8] [8] [8] ? | ||||||||
95 | americium | Am | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | f-block groups | [8] [8] [8] [8] | |||||||||
96 | curium | Cm | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | f-block groups | [8] [112] [113] | |||||||||||
97 | berkelium | Bk | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | f-block groups | [8] [112] ? | |||||||||||
98 | californium | Cf | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | f-block groups | [8] [8] [114][112] | |||||||||||
99 | einsteinium | Es | +2 | +3 | +4 | f-block groups | [8] | ||||||||||||
100 | fermium | Fm | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [8] | |||||||||||||
101 | mendelevium | Md | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [8] | |||||||||||||
102 | nobelium | No | +2 | +3 | f-block groups | [8] | |||||||||||||
103 | lawrencium | Lr | +3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
104 | rutherfordium | Rf | +3 | +4 | 4 | [115] | |||||||||||||
105 | dubnium | Db | +3 | +4 | +5 | 5 | [115] | ||||||||||||
106 | seaborgium | Sg | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | 6 | [115] | |||||||||||
107 | bohrium | Bh | +3 | +4 | +5 | +7 | 7 | [115] | |||||||||||
108 | hassium | Hs | +3 | +4 | +6 | +8 | 8 | [115] | |||||||||||
109 | meitnerium | Mt | +1 | +3 | +6 | 9 | [115] | ||||||||||||
110 | darmstadtium | Ds | +2 | +4 | +6 | 10 | [115] | ||||||||||||
111 | roentgenium | Rg | −1 | +3 | +5 | 11 | [115] | ||||||||||||
112 | copernicium | Cn | +2 | +4 | 12 | [115] | |||||||||||||
113 | nihonium | Nh | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
114 | flerovium | Fl | 14 | ||||||||||||||||
115 | moscovium | Mc | 15 | ||||||||||||||||
116 | livermorium | Lv | −2 | +4 | 16 | [116] | |||||||||||||
117 | tennessine | Ts | −1 | +5 | 17 | ||||||||||||||
118 | oganesson | Og | −1 | +1 | +2 | +4 | +6 | 18 | [115] [117] [118] [118] [115] |
Documentation
editSee {{Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data/doc}} for an overview. This list pulls data from {{Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data}} for each element then formats the result with {{Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-row}}
See also: oxidation states in {{infobox element}}
editThe oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
See also
edit- Technical subtemplates
- ^ Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e-)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see Dong, Xiao; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Lobanov, Sergey; Saleh, Gabriele; Qian, Guang-Rui; Zhu, Qiang; Gatti, Carlo; Deringer, Volker L.; Dronskowski, Richard; Zhou, Xiang-Feng; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana; Popov, Ivan A.; Boldyrev, Alexander I.; Wang, Hui-Tian (6 February 2017). "A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure". Nature Chemistry. 9 (5): 440–445. arXiv:1309.3827. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..440D. doi:10.1038/nchem.2716. PMID 28430195. S2CID 20459726.
- ^ Li(–1) has been observed in the gas phase; see R. H. Sloane; H. M. Love (1947). "Surface Formation of Lithium Negative Ions". Nature. 159: 302–303. doi:10.1038/159302a0.
- ^ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
- ^ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ^ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (in German). p. 139.
- ^ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135.
- ^ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
- ^ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne; see Perutz, Robin N.; Turner, James J. (August 1975). "Photochemistry of the Group 6 hexacarbonyls in low-temperature matrices. III. Interaction of the pentacarbonyls with noble gases and other matrices". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (17): 4791–4800. doi:10.1021/ja00850a001.
- ^ The compound NaCl has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual stoichiometries under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1310.7674. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. PMID 24357316. S2CID 15298372.
- ^ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380
- ^ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.
- ^ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001. S2CID 94972243.
- ^ Al(–1) has been reported in Na5Al5; see Haopeng Wang; Xinxing Zhang; Yeon Jae Ko; Andrej Grubisic; Xiang Li; Gerd Ganteför; Hansgeorg Schnöckel; Bryan W. Eichhorn; Mal-Soon Lee; P. Jena; Anil K. Kandalam; Boggavarapu Kiran; Kit H. Bowen (2014). "Aluminum Zintl anion moieties within sodium aluminum clusters". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 140 (5). doi:10.1063/1.4862989.
- ^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
- ^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
- ^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
- ^ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ^ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
- ^ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
- ^ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
- ^ Ar(0) has been observed in argon fluorohydride (HArF) and ArCF22+, see Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. (2010). "Generation of the ArCF22+ Dication". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1: 358. doi:10.1021/jz900274p.
- ^ John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
- ^ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
- ^ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
- ^ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
- ^ Ti(-2) is known in Ti(CO)2−6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
- ^ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
- ^ V(–3) is known in V(CO)3−5; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ V(0) is known in V(CO)6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Cr(–4) is known in Na4Cr(CO)4; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Cr(0) is known in Cr(CO)6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Mn(–2) is known in Mn(cod)2−2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
- ^ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
- ^ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
- ^ Co(–3) is known in Na3Co(CO)3; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Ni(–2) is known in Ni(COD)2−2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Ni(0) is known in Ni(CO)4; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
- ^ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
- ^ Cu(−2) have been observed as dimeric anions [Cu4]2– in La2Cu2In; see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001.
- ^ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
- ^ Zn(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in Ca5Zn3 (structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−); see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
- ^ Zn(I) has been reported in decamethyldizincocene; see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". Science. 305 (5687): 1136–8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. S2CID 38990338.
- ^ a b c Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
- ^ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
- ^ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ^ Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
- ^ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
- ^ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
- ^ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
- ^ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction
- ^ Rb(–1) is known in rubidides; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
- ^ Zr(–2) is known in Zr(CO)2−6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5. ISBN 9780080450476.
- ^ Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). "Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3.
- ^ Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). "Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation". Applied Physics Letters. 106 (10). Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106j1603M. doi:10.1063/1.4914180. hdl:1721.1/104888. ISSN 0003-6951.
- ^ Nb(–3) occurs in Cs3Nb(CO)5; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
- ^ Mo(–4) occurs in Na4Mo(CO)4; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
- ^ Mo(0) occurs in molybdenum hexacarbonyl; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
- ^ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1140. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.
- ^ Pd(I) is known in [Pd2]2+ compounds; see Christoph Fricke; Theresa Sperger; Marvin Mendel; Franziska Schoenebeck (2020). "Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (7). doi:10.1002/anie.202011825.
- ^ Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). "Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis" (PDF). Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 129–156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013.
- ^ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
- ^ Ag(−2) have been observed as dimeric and monomeric anions in Ca5Ag3, (structure (Ca2+)5(Ag–Ag)4−Ag2−⋅4e−); see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
- ^ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
- ^ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
- ^ Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
- ^ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
- ^ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
- ^ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [1], p. 69.
- ^ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [2], p. 6.
- ^ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ^ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements" (PDF). p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60. S2CID 132399530.
- ^ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. Bibcode:2008RuCRv..77..739N. doi:10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788. S2CID 250898175.
- ^ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe42+).
- ^ Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the p block. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9.
- ^ Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
- ^ Xu, Wei; Lerner, Michael M. (2018). "A New and Facile Route Using Electride Solutions to Intercalate Alkaline Earth Ions into Graphite". Chemistry of Materials. 30 (19): 6930–6935. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03421. S2CID 105295721.
- ^ a b c d La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMC 8578558. PMID 34753931.
- ^ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.
- ^ a b c d e All the lanthanides, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
- ^ SmB6- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,? 121,? 8,? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..
- ^ Hf(–2) occurs in Hf(CO)62−; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
- ^ Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Hf and [(η5-C5R5Hf(CO)4]−, see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5. ISBN 9780080450476.
- ^ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893.
- ^ Ta(–3) occurs in Ta(CO)53−; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
- ^ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
- ^ Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 10556900.
- ^ Brauer, G.; Haucke, W. (1936-06-01). "Kristallstruktur der intermetallischen Phasen MgAu und MgHg". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 33B (1): 304–310. doi:10.1515/zpch-1936-3327. ISSN 2196-7156.
MgHg then lends itself to an oxidation state of +2 for Mg and -2 for Hg because it consists entirely of these polar bonds with no evidence of electron unpairing. (translated)
- ^ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z. PMID 11666505.
- ^ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). "Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 122 (3): 34505. Bibcode:2005JChPh.122c4505J. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 15740207.
- ^ Bi(0) state exists in a N-heterocyclic carbene complex of dibismuthene; see Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (May 9, 2022). "Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects". Royal Society of Chemistry. 51 (22): 8540–8556. doi:10.1039/d2dt00755j. PMID 35578901. S2CID 248675805.
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- ^ a b Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.
- ^ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.
- ^ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.
- ^ a b c Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.
- ^ Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. S2CID 98052484.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- ^ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 83. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
- ^ Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H. doi:10.1063/1.480842.
- ^ a b Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18.