Element | Origin of name[1][2] | Group | Period | Block | Standard atomic weight Ar°(E)[a] |
Density[b][c] | Melting point[d] | Boiling point[e] | Specific heat capacity[f] |
Electronegativity[g] | Abundance in Earth's crust[h] |
Origin[i] | Phase at r.t.[j] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atomic number Z |
Symbol | Name | (Da) | (g/cm3) | (K) | (K) | (J/g · K) | (mg/kg) | |||||||
1 | H | Hydrogen | Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming' | 1 | 1 | s-block | 1.0080 | 0.00008988 | 14.01 | 20.28 | 14.304 | 2.20 | 1400 | primordial | gas |
2 | He | Helium | Greek hḗlios 'sun' | 18 | 1 | s-block | 4.0026 | 0.0001785 | –[k] | 4.22 | 5.193 | – | 0.008 | primordial | gas |
3 | Li | Lithium | Greek líthos 'stone' | 1 | 2 | s-block | 6.94 | 0.534 | 453.69 | 1560 | 3.582 | 0.98 | 20 | primordial | solid |
4 | Be | Beryllium | Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[3] | 2 | 2 | s-block | 9.0122 | 1.85 | 1560 | 2742 | 1.825 | 1.57 | 2.8 | primordial | solid |
5 | B | Boron | Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag) | 13 | 2 | p-block | 10.81 | 2.34 | 2349 | 4200 | 1.026 | 2.04 | 10 | primordial | solid |
6 | C | Carbon | Latin carbo 'coal' | 14 | 2 | p-block | 12.011 | 2.267 | >4000 | 4300 | 0.709 | 2.55 | 200 | primordial | solid |
7 | N | Nitrogen | Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming' | 15 | 2 | p-block | 14.007 | 0.0012506 | 63.15 | 77.36 | 1.04 | 3.04 | 19 | primordial | gas |
8 | O | Oxygen | Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming' | 16 | 2 | p-block | 15.999 | 0.001429 | 54.36 | 90.20 | 0.918 | 3.44 | 461000 | primordial | gas |
9 | F | Fluorine | Latin fluo 'to flow' | 17 | 2 | p-block | 18.998 | 0.001696 | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.824 | 3.98 | 585 | primordial | gas |
10 | Ne | Neon | Greek néon 'new' | 18 | 2 | p-block | 20.180 | 0.0009002 | 24.56 | 27.07 | 1.03 | – | 0.005 | primordial | gas |
11 | Na | Sodium | Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache' · Symbol Na, from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron 'natron' |
1 | 3 | s-block | 22.990 | 0.968 | 370.87 | 1156 | 1.228 | 0.93 | 23600 | primordial | solid |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece | 2 | 3 | s-block | 24.305 | 1.738 | 923 | 1363 | 1.023 | 1.31 | 23300 | primordial | solid |
13 | Al | Aluminium | Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum' | 13 | 3 | p-block | 26.982 | 2.70 | 933.47 | 2792 | 0.897 | 1.61 | 82300 | primordial | solid |
14 | Si | Silicon | Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium) | 14 | 3 | p-block | 28.085 | 2.3290 | 1687 | 3538 | 0.705 | 1.9 | 282000 | primordial | solid |
15 | P | Phosphorus | Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' | 15 | 3 | p-block | 30.974 | 1.823 | 317.30 | 550 | 0.769 | 2.19 | 1050 | primordial | solid |
16 | S | Sulfur | Latin | 16 | 3 | p-block | 32.06 | 2.07 | 388.36 | 717.87 | 0.71 | 2.58 | 350 | primordial | solid |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' | 17 | 3 | p-block | 35.45 | 0.0032 | 171.6 | 239.11 | 0.479 | 3.16 | 145 | primordial | gas |
18 | Ar | Argon | Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert) | 18 | 3 | p-block | 39.95 | 0.001784 | 83.80 | 87.30 | 0.52 | – | 3.5 | primordial | gas |
19 | K | Potassium | Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash · Symbol K, from Neo-Latin kalium, from German |
1 | 4 | s-block | 39.098 | 0.89 | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.757 | 0.82 | 20900 | primordial | solid |
20 | Ca | Calcium | Latin calx 'lime' | 2 | 4 | s-block | 40.078 | 1.55 | 1115 | 1757 | 0.647 | 1.00 | 41500 | primordial | solid |
21 | Sc | Scandium | Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia' | 3 | 4 | d-block | 44.956 | 2.985 | 1814 | 3109 | 0.568 | 1.36 | 22 | primordial | solid |
22 | Ti | Titanium | Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos | 4 | 4 | d-block | 47.867 | 4.506 | 1941 | 3560 | 0.523 | 1.54 | 5650 | primordial | solid |
23 | V | Vanadium | Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja | 5 | 4 | d-block | 50.942 | 6.11 | 2183 | 3680 | 0.489 | 1.63 | 120 | primordial | solid |
24 | Cr | Chromium | Greek chróma 'color' | 6 | 4 | d-block | 51.996 | 7.15 | 2180 | 2944 | 0.449 | 1.66 | 102 | primordial | solid |
25 | Mn | Manganese | Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium | 7 | 4 | d-block | 54.938 | 7.21 | 1519 | 2334 | 0.479 | 1.55 | 950 | primordial | solid |
26 | Fe | Iron | English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' · Symbol Fe, from Latin ferrum |
8 | 4 | d-block | 55.845 | 7.874 | 1811 | 3134 | 0.449 | 1.83 | 56300 | primordial | solid |
27 | Co | Cobalt | German Kobold, 'goblin' | 9 | 4 | d-block | 58.933 | 8.90 | 1768 | 3200 | 0.421 | 1.88 | 25 | primordial | solid |
28 | Ni | Nickel | Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology | 10 | 4 | d-block | 58.693 | 8.908 | 1728 | 3186 | 0.444 | 1.91 | 84 | primordial | solid |
29 | Cu | Copper | English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus | 11 | 4 | d-block | 63.546 | 8.96 | 1357.77 | 2835 | 0.385 | 1.90 | 60 | primordial | solid |
30 | Zn | Zinc | Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone' | 12 | 4 | d-block | 65.38 | 7.14 | 692.88 | 1180 | 0.388 | 1.65 | 70 | primordial | solid |
31 | Ga | Gallium | Latin Gallia 'France' | 13 | 4 | p-block | 69.723 | 5.91 | 302.9146 | 2673 | 0.371 | 1.81 | 19 | primordial | solid |
32 | Ge | Germanium | Latin Germania 'Germany' | 14 | 4 | p-block | 72.630 | 5.323 | 1211.40 | 3106 | 0.32 | 2.01 | 1.5 | primordial | solid |
33 | As | Arsenic | Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit. 'golden' | 15 | 4 | p-block | 74.922 | 5.727 | 1090[l] | 887 | 0.329 | 2.18 | 1.8 | primordial | solid |
34 | Se | Selenium | Greek selḗnē 'moon' | 16 | 4 | p-block | 78.971 | 4.81 | 453 | 958 | 0.321 | 2.55 | 0.05 | primordial | solid |
35 | Br | Bromine | Greek brômos 'stench' | 17 | 4 | p-block | 79.904 | 3.1028 | 265.8 | 332.0 | 0.474 | 2.96 | 2.4 | primordial | liquid |
36 | Kr | Krypton | Greek kryptós 'hidden' | 18 | 4 | p-block | 83.798 | 0.003749 | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.248 | 3.00 | 1×10−4 | primordial | gas |
37 | Rb | Rubidium | Latin rubidus 'deep red' | 1 | 5 | s-block | 85.468 | 1.532 | 312.46 | 961 | 0.363 | 0.82 | 90 | primordial | solid |
38 | Sr | Strontium | Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found | 2 | 5 | s-block | 87.62 | 2.64 | 1050 | 1655 | 0.301 | 0.95 | 370 | primordial | solid |
39 | Y | Yttrium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium | 3 | 5 | d-block | 88.906 | 4.472 | 1799 | 3609 | 0.298 | 1.22 | 33 | primordial | solid |
40 | Zr | Zirconium | Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued' | 4 | 5 | d-block | 91.224 | 6.52 | 2128 | 4682 | 0.278 | 1.33 | 165 | primordial | solid |
41 | Nb | Niobium | Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum | 5 | 5 | d-block | 92.906 | 8.57 | 2750 | 5017 | 0.265 | 1.6 | 20 | primordial | solid |
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) | 6 | 5 | d-block | 95.95 | 10.28 | 2896 | 4912 | 0.251 | 2.16 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
43 | Tc | Technetium | Greek tekhnētós 'artificial' | 7 | 5 | d-block | [97][a] | 11 | 2430 | 4538 | – | 1.9 | ~ 3×10−9 | from decay | solid |
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia' | 8 | 5 | d-block | 101.07 | 12.45 | 2607 | 4423 | 0.238 | 2.2 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
45 | Rh | Rhodium | Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose' | 9 | 5 | d-block | 102.91 | 12.41 | 2237 | 3968 | 0.243 | 2.28 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
46 | Pd | Palladium | Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet | 10 | 5 | d-block | 106.42 | 12.023 | 1828.05 | 3236 | 0.244 | 2.20 | 0.015 | primordial | solid |
47 | Ag | Silver | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Ag, from Latin argentum |
11 | 5 | d-block | 107.87 | 10.49 | 1234.93 | 2435 | 0.235 | 1.93 | 0.075 | primordial | solid |
48 | Cd | Cadmium | Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes | 12 | 5 | d-block | 112.41 | 8.65 | 594.22 | 1040 | 0.232 | 1.69 | 0.159 | primordial | solid |
49 | In | Indium | Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines | 13 | 5 | p-block | 114.82 | 7.31 | 429.75 | 2345 | 0.233 | 1.78 | 0.25 | primordial | solid |
50 | Sn | Tin | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Sn, from Latin stannum |
14 | 5 | p-block | 118.71 | 7.265 | 505.08 | 2875 | 0.228 | 1.96 | 2.3 | primordial | solid |
51 | Sb | Antimony | Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony' · Symbol Sb, from Latin stibium 'stibnite' |
15 | 5 | p-block | 121.76 | 6.697 | 903.78 | 1860 | 0.207 | 2.05 | 0.2 | primordial | solid |
52 | Te | Tellurium | Latin tellus 'ground, earth' | 16 | 5 | p-block | 127.60 | 6.24 | 722.66 | 1261 | 0.202 | 2.1 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
53 | I | Iodine | French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet' | 17 | 5 | p-block | 126.90 | 4.933 | 386.85 | 457.4 | 0.214 | 2.66 | 0.45 | primordial | solid |
54 | Xe | Xenon | Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign' | 18 | 5 | p-block | 131.29 | 0.005894 | 161.4 | 165.03 | 0.158 | 2.60 | 3×10−5 | primordial | gas |
55 | Cs | Caesium | Latin caesius 'sky-blue' | 1 | 6 | s-block | 132.91 | 1.93 | 301.59 | 944 | 0.242 | 0.79 | 3 | primordial | solid |
56 | Ba | Barium | Greek barýs 'heavy' | 2 | 6 | s-block | 137.33 | 3.51 | 1000 | 2170 | 0.204 | 0.89 | 425 | primordial | solid |
57 | La | Lanthanum | Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 138.91 | 6.162 | 1193 | 3737 | 0.195 | 1.1 | 39 | primordial | solid |
58 | Ce | Cerium | Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.12 | 6.770 | 1068 | 3716 | 0.192 | 1.12 | 66.5 | primordial | solid |
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.91 | 6.77 | 1208 | 3793 | 0.193 | 1.13 | 9.2 | primordial | solid |
60 | Nd | Neodymium | Greek néos dídymos 'new twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 144.24 | 7.01 | 1297 | 3347 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 41.5 | primordial | solid |
61 | Pm | Promethium | Prometheus, a Titan | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | [145] | 7.26 | 1315 | 3273 | – | 1.13 | 2×10−19 | from decay | solid |
62 | Sm | Samarium | Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 150.36 | 7.52 | 1345 | 2067 | 0.197 | 1.17 | 7.05 | primordial | solid |
63 | Eu | Europium | Europe | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 151.96 | 5.244 | 1099 | 1802 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 2 | primordial | solid |
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 157.25 | 7.90 | 1585 | 3546 | 0.236 | 1.2 | 6.2 | primordial | solid |
65 | Tb | Terbium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 158.93 | 8.23 | 1629 | 3503 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 162.50 | 8.540 | 1680 | 2840 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 5.2 | primordial | solid |
67 | Ho | Holmium | Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 164.93 | 8.79 | 1734 | 2993 | 0.165 | 1.23 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
68 | Er | Erbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 167.26 | 9.066 | 1802 | 3141 | 0.168 | 1.24 | 3.5 | primordial | solid |
69 | Tm | Thulium | Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 168.93 | 9.32 | 1818 | 2223 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.52 | primordial | solid |
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 173.05 | 6.90 | 1097 | 1469 | 0.155 | 1.1 | 3.2 | primordial | solid |
71 | Lu | Lutetium | Latin Lutetia 'Paris' | 3 | 6 | d-block | 174.97 | 9.841 | 1925 | 3675 | 0.154 | 1.27 | 0.8 | primordial | solid |
72 | Hf | Hafnium | Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor) | 4 | 6 | d-block | 178.49 | 13.31 | 2506 | 4876 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 3 | primordial | solid |
73 | Ta | Tantalum | King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium | 5 | 6 | d-block | 180.95 | 16.69 | 3290 | 5731 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2 | primordial | solid |
74 | W | Tungsten | Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone' · Symbol W, from Wolfram, from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[4] |
6 | 6 | d-block | 183.84 | 19.25 | 3695 | 6203 | 0.132 | 2.36 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
75 | Re | Rhenium | Latin Rhenus 'Rhine' | 7 | 6 | d-block | 186.21 | 21.02 | 3459 | 5869 | 0.137 | 1.9 | 7×10−4 | primordial | solid |
76 | Os | Osmium | Greek osmḗ 'smell' | 8 | 6 | d-block | 190.23 | 22.59 | 3306 | 5285 | 0.13 | 2.2 | 0.002 | primordial | solid |
77 | Ir | Iridium | Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow | 9 | 6 | d-block | 192.22 | 22.56 | 2719 | 4701 | 0.131 | 2.20 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
78 | Pt | Platinum | Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver' | 10 | 6 | d-block | 195.08 | 21.45 | 2041.4 | 4098 | 0.133 | 2.28 | 0.005 | primordial | solid |
79 | Au | Gold | English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' · Symbol Au, from Latin aurum |
11 | 6 | d-block | 196.97 | 19.3 | 1337.33 | 3129 | 0.129 | 2.54 | 0.004 | primordial | solid |
80 | Hg | Mercury | Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility · Symbol Hg, from Latin hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros 'water-silver' |
12 | 6 | d-block | 200.59 | 13.534 | 234.43 | 629.88 | 0.14 | 2.00 | 0.085 | primordial | liquid |
81 | Tl | Thallium | Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig' | 13 | 6 | p-block | 204.38 | 11.85 | 577 | 1746 | 0.129 | 1.62 | 0.85 | primordial | solid |
82 | Pb | Lead | English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' · Symbol Pb, from Latin plumbum |
14 | 6 | p-block | 207.2 | 11.34 | 600.61 | 2022 | 0.129 | 1.87 (2+) 2.33 (4+) |
14 | primordial | solid |
83 | Bi | Bismuth | German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead' | 15 | 6 | p-block | 208.98 | 9.78 | 544.7 | 1837 | 0.122 | 2.02 | 0.009 | primordial | solid |
84 | Po | Polonium | Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie | 16 | 6 | p-block | [209][a] | 9.196 | 527 | 1235 | – | 2.0 | 2×10−10 | from decay | solid |
85 | At | Astatine | Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes | 17 | 6 | p-block | [210] | (8.91–8.95) | 575 | 610 | – | 2.2 | 3×10−20 | from decay | unknown phase |
86 | Rn | Radon | Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn | 18 | 6 | p-block | [222] | 0.00973 | 202 | 211.3 | 0.094 | 2.2 | 4×10−13 | from decay | gas |
87 | Fr | Francium | France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey | 1 | 7 | s-block | [223] | (2.48) | 281 | 890 | – | >0.79[5] | ~ 1×10−18 | from decay | unknown phase |
88 | Ra | Radium | Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray' | 2 | 7 | s-block | [226] | 5.5 | 973 | 2010 | 0.094 | 0.9 | 9×10−7 | from decay | solid |
89 | Ac | Actinium | Greek aktís 'ray' | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [227] | 10 | 1323 | 3471 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 5.5×10−10 | from decay | solid |
90 | Th | Thorium | Thor, the Norse god of thunder | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 232.04 | 11.7 | 2115 | 5061 | 0.113 | 1.3 | 9.6 | primordial | solid |
91 | Pa | Protactinium | English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium. | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 231.04 | 15.37 | 1841 | 4300 | – | 1.5 | 1.4×10−6 | from decay | solid |
92 | U | Uranium | Uranus, the seventh planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 238.03 | 19.1 | 1405.3 | 4404 | 0.116 | 1.38 | 2.7 | primordial | solid |
93 | Np | Neptunium | Neptune, the eighth planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [237] | 20.45 | 917 | 4273 | – | 1.36 | ≤ 3×10−12 | from decay | solid |
94 | Pu | Plutonium | Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [244] | 19.85 | 912.5 | 3501 | – | 1.28 | ≤ 3×10−11 | from decay | solid |
95 | Am | Americium | Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [243] | 12 | 1449 | 2880 | – | 1.13 | – | synthetic | solid |
96 | Cm | Curium | Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 13.51 | 1613 | 3383 | – | 1.28 | – | synthetic | solid |
97 | Bk | Berkelium | Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 14.78 | 1259 | 2900 | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
98 | Cf | Californium | California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [251] | 15.1 | 1173 | (1743)[b] | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | Albert Einstein, German physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [252] | 8.84 | 1133 | (1269) | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
100 | Fm | Fermium | Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [257] | (9.7)[b] | (1125)[6] (1800)[7] |
– | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
101 | Md | Mendelevium | Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [258] | (10.3) | (1100) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
102 | No | Nobelium | Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [259] | (9.9) | (1100) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | Ernest Lawrence, American physicist | 3 | 7 | d-block | [266] | (14.4) | (1900) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand | 4 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (17) | (2400) | (5800) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
105 | Db | Dubnium | Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR | 5 | 7 | d-block | [268] | (21.6) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | Glenn Seaborg, American chemist | 6 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (23–24) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
107 | Bh | Bohrium | Niels Bohr, Danish physicist | 7 | 7 | d-block | [270] | (26–27) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
108 | Hs | Hassium | Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany | 8 | 7 | d-block | [271] | (27–29) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist | 9 | 7 | d-block | [278] | (27–28) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs | 10 | 7 | d-block | [281] | (26–27) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist | 11 | 7 | d-block | [282] | (22–24) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
112 | Cn | Copernicium | Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer | 12 | 7 | d-block | [285] | (14.0) | (283±11) | (340±10)[b] | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
113 | Nh | Nihonium | Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken | 13 | 7 | p-block | [286] | (16) | (700) | (1400) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
114 | Fl | Flerovium | Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist | 14 | 7 | p-block | [289] | (11.4±0.3) | (284±50)[b] | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
115 | Mc | Moscovium | Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR | 15 | 7 | p-block | [290] | (13.5) | (700) | (1400) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
116 | Lv | Livermorium | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California | 16 | 7 | p-block | [293] | (12.9) | (700) | (1100) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
117 | Ts | Tennessine | Tennessee, US, home to ORNL | 17 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7.1–7.3) | (700) | (883) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
118 | Og | Oganesson | Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist | 18 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7) | (325±15) | (450±10) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
- ^ a b c Standard atomic weight
- '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
- '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
- ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
- ^ Density (sources)
- ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Heat capacity (sources)
- ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
- ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
- ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
- ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
- ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
- ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
Used in article List of chemical elements § List.
Properties and parameters
edit- Element
- atomic number (Z)
- Symbol
|symbol=
- name (wikilink)
- Etymology
|etymology=
|etymology-symbol=
; used when symbol is not obvious (like "Hg")
- Group
- Period
- Block
- Standard atomic weight
- Density
|density=
- Melting point in kelvin
|mpK=
- Boiling point in kelvin
|bpK=
- Specific heat capacity
|heatcapacity=
- Electronegativity
|elnegativity=
- Abundance in Earth's crust
|abundance=
- Occurrence
- Phase
Columns (properties) that have no parameter are read from the § element data lists
A parameter (property) can have a footnote added like |density-fn={{efn-la|name=prediction}}
When the value has bracket notation, eg. (1.23), use the val template like {{val|1.23|p=(|s=)}}
. To display a bracketed range, eg. (22-24), use {{val|22|-|24|p=(|s=)}}
where the second parameter is what goes between the two numbers (only a limited set of values is accepted, consult the template documentation). Use of {{val}}
is necessary to make the value(s) sort correctly in the column.
Footnotes
edit| {{efn-la|name=saw}} | {{efn-la|name=prediction}} | {{efn-la|name=density}} | {{efn-la|name=mp}} | {{efn-la|name=bp}} | {{efn-la|name=heatcapacity}} | {{efn-la|name=abundance}} | {{efn-la|name=origin}} | {{efn-la|name=phase}} | {{efn-la|name=helium}} | {{efn-la|name=arsenic}}
Technical background
edit- {{efn-la}}
See also
edit- {{List of chemical elements/2020}} -- compare OLD and NEW table (1 July 2021)
- :de:Etymologische_Liste_der_chemischen_Elemente
- British English with Oxford and IUPAC spelling (established)
- ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
- ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
- ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
- ^ "Fermium". RSC.