Food Processing Technology

Soft ice-cream samples were prepared with different proportions of cream and skimmed milk powder (SMP) and were examined for quality by physico-chemical parameters and sensory attributes. The specific proportions of cream and SMP were designed using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Response surface analysis indicated that sensory flavour, texture and overall acceptability (OAA) scores of soft ice-cream varied from 7.12 to 8.86, 6.66 to 8.03 and 6.90 to 8.45, respectively. The differences in the sensory scores for respective attributes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). The soft icecream containing a minimum level of 3.24% cream and 4.94% SMP resulted in a product having a minimum of 4.3% fat, 5.7% lactose and 33% total solids, with a minimum OAA score of 8. The derived mathematical second-order polynomial models against cream (X) and SMP (Y) were found to be adequate as coefficients of multiple determinants (R 2) were more than 80% except for melting resistance.

Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit commonly known as aonla is the oldest minor fruit of India. It belongs to the family Euphorbeaceae and is native of India, Srilanka, Malaysia, and China [1]. The main varieties of aonla grown in India are Banarasi, Chakaiya, Hathijhool, Bansi red, Pinki-tinged, NA7, Anand Aonla – II, Krishna, etc. The aonla gets ready for harvesting during November – January. The fruit, due to its sour and astringent taste, has very limited table value. The fresh fruits are generally not consumed due to their high astringency but it has got great potential in processed forms. Aonla fruits are highly perishable in nature and hence its storage in atmospheric conditions after harvesting is very limited [2]. The fruit is used in the preparation of various ayurvedic tonics like chavanprash, triphala, etc. However, aonla fruits are processed into a number of food products like preserve, jam, jelly, candy, toffee, pickle, sau...

Introduction Food safety is an essential aspect of the food industry. It is crucial to detect harmful contaminants in food before it reaches the consumers to avoid foodborne illness. Biosensors are one of the technologies that have been developed to ensure the safety of the food industry. Biosensors can detect various contaminants such as pathogens, toxins, and chemical residues. The use of biosensors in the food industry is growing, and it has the potential to revolutionize food safety.

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging additive manufacturing technique which is an extension of 3D printing. In 4D printing, structures can change their shape and function over time in response to external stimuli such as water, temperature, pH and light. 4D printing is still in its nascent stage, and its application in the food industry is limited. The main factors composing 4D printing technology are software, printing ink, 3D printers, and stimulus. The most common stimulant used in 4D printing is temperature and microwaves have a significant impact on 4D objects' shape-changing behavior. In this review, we give an overview of the software, printer, printing ink and stimuli used for 4D printing and summarise the rheological effect on the printing ink and the current application of 4D food printing based on physical changes over time due to hydration and dehydration.

Evaporative cooling system is one of the cooling techniques, but the limitation is that
cooling can be done up to wet bulb temperature only, so a study has been taken up to
design, develop a two-stage evaporative cooling system. Cooling performance of twostage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system was experimentally investigated. For this
purpose, a two-stage evaporative cooling experimental setup consisting of an indirect
cooling stage (IDC) followed by a direct evaporative cooling stage (DEC) was designed,
constructed and tested. The performance evaluation was done with respect to three
different air supply velocities, three pad thicknesses and three water flow rates. The results
showed that air velocity of 16.70 m/s, pad thickness of 200 mm, and water flow rate of 5
lpm were found to be the best operating parameters to obtain maximum reduction in air
temperature between 22.10 to 25.80 °C. Also, average relative humidity of air leaving was
found to be in the range of 40.50% to 72.83%. The obtained results were investigated for
best operating parameters with a CFD code. The mathematical model, governing equations
and the boundary conditions were implemented in the code and the calculated results were
analyzed and compared with experimental data. The results were almost similar in both the
cases and briefly described here under

For the parallel configuration of the robot manipulator, the solution of Forward Kinematics (FK) is tough as compared to Inverse Kinematics (IK). This work presents a novel hybrid method of optimizing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) specifically Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Step-wise Linear Regression (SWLR) to solve the complex FK of Delta Parallel Manipulator (DPM). The joint space angular positional data has been iterated using IK to generate point cloud of Cartesian space positional data. This data set is highly random and broad which leads to higher-order nonlinearity. Hence, normalization of the dataset has been done to avoid outliers from the dataset and to achieve better performance. The developed ANN based MLP gave a mean square error of 0.0000762 and an overall R 2 value of 0.99918. Finally, the proposed network has been simulated to solve FK of the parallel manipulator and to check its efficacy. For given joint angles, the proposed network predicted positional values which are in good approximation with known trajectory solved by standard analytical method.

Tyrosinase is the enzyme that catalyses the biosynthesis of melanin, a pigment involved in the browning of fruits and vegetables. The study of tyrosinase has both economic significance in the food industry, and research interest due to its possible role in the plant defence system. In the present study, the reaction rate and enzymatic activity of tyrosinase were investigated with fresh banana and potato extracts. The enzyme was assayed by adding dihydroxyphenylalanine as the substrate into solutions containing different quantities of diluted extracts. Enzyme activity was quantified by the amount of the coloured intermediate dopachrome, the concentration of which was determined by using a spectrophotometer. The results from both group and class data revealed that the rate of tyrosinase reaction was dependent on the reaction time and the concentration of the enzyme. In addition, the enzyme activity was shown to be higher in banana (1.10 μmol/min/g in group data, 2.41 μmol/min/g in class data) than that in potato (0.41 μmol/min/g), which was consistent with previous studies.

Experiments were conducted to characterise the changes, especially of water status in germinating and non-germinating wheat seeds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR relaxation time (T 2 ) measurements showed tri-phasic or bi-phasic characteristics during different stages of hydration, depending on the seed's ability to germinate. Component analysis of T 2 data revealed the existence of only two components, bound and bulk water, in dry seeds. In contrast, both the germinating and non-germinating wheat seeds had a three-component water proton system (bound, bulk and free water) in phase I of hydration. During the lag phase (phase II) of hydration, bulk water component of non-germinating seeds disappeared completely, resulting in a two component water proton system. Nevertheless, the three component water proton system was observed in the germinating seeds in phase II. Following phase II, rapid hydration (phase III) was observed in germinating seeds only. Water protons were reorganised and there were increases in bulk and free water but decreases in bound water concomitantly. Comparison of the physical state of water in these seeds by NMR spectroscopy with that of tissue leachate conductivity measurement suggests that the seed membrane system was affected more evidently in non-germinating seeds, leading to the disorganised cell structure. The present study provides evidence that the reorganisation of physical state of water in germinating wheat seeds during hydration is essential for its subsequent event of germination.

The relationship between high temperature stress injury and temperature dependence of the transverse relaxation time (T2) of leaf water was examined using NMR in four cultivars of wheat differing in their sensitivity to high temperature stress. The T2declined with increasing temperature between 25 and 35 °C. A comparison of relative injury based on electrolyte leakage and T2, between 40 and

The medical records of several hundred patients evaluated by a single metabolic geneticist over a five-year period were reviewed for cases meeting established diagnostic criteria for CRPS. Quantitative pedigree analysis for maternal inheritance was determined by dividing the sum of neuroendocrine conditions in all first and second-degree relatives by the number of relatives, and comparing the maternal and paternal lineages. A ratio P3 is considered to be highly suggestive of maternal inheritance.

Mitochondrial dysfunction including that caused by oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), a cytosolic thiol disulfide oxido-reductase, reduces glutathionylated proteins to protein thiols and helps maintain redox status of proteins during oxidative stress. Grx1 downregulation aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and motor neuron disease. We examined the mechanism underlying the regulation of mitochondrial function by Grx1. Downregulation of Grx1 by shRNA results in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which is prevented by the thiol antioxidant, alipoic acid, or by cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition. The thiol groups of voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), an outer membrane protein in mitochondria but not adenosine nucleotide translocase (ANT), an inner membrane protein, are oxidized when Grx1 is downregulated. We then examined the effect of b-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine (L-BOAA), an excitatory amino acid implicated in neurolathyrism (a type of motor neuron disease), that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Exposure of cells to L-BOAA resulted in loss of MMP, which was prevented by overexpression of Grx1. Grx1 expression is regulated by estrogen in the CNS and treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with estrogen upregulated Grx1 and protected from L-BOAA mediated MMP loss. Our studies demonstrate that Grx1, a cytosolic oxidoreductase, helps maintain mitochondrial integrity and prevents MMP loss caused by oxidative insult. Further, downregulation of Grx1 leads to mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative modification of the outer membrane protein, VDAC, providing support for the critical role of Grx1 in maintenance of MMP.

The rise in intracellular Ca 2+ mediated by AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease, but the exact route of Ca 2+ entry into motor neurons is not clearly known. In the present study, we examined the role of voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in AMPA induced Ca 2+ influx and subsequent intracellular signaling events responsible for motor neuron degeneration. AMPA stimulation caused sodium influx in spinal neurons that would depolarize the plasma membrane. The AMPA induced [Ca 2+ ] i rise in motor neurons as well as other spinal neurons was drastically reduced when extracellular sodium was replaced with NMDG, suggesting the involvement of voltage gated calcium channels. AMPA mediated rise in [Ca 2+ ] i was significantly inhibited by L-type VGCC blocker nifedipine, whereas x-agatoxin-IVA and x-conotoxin-GVIA, specific blockers of P/Q type and N-type VGCC were not effective. 1-Napthyl-acetyl spermine (NAS), an antagonist of Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors partially inhibited the AMPA induced [Ca 2+ ] i rise but selectively in motor neurons. Measurement of AMPA induced currents in whole cell voltage clamp mode suggests that a moderate amount of Ca 2+ influx occurs through Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors in a subpopulation of motor neurons. The AMPA induced mitochondrial calcium loading [Ca 2+ ] m , mitochondrial depolarization and neurotoxicity were also significantly reduced in presence of nifedipine. Activation of VGCCs by depolarizing concentration of KCl (30 mM) in extracellular medium increased the [Ca 2+ ] i but no change was observed in mitochondrial Ca 2+ and membrane potential. Our results demonstrate that a subpopulation of motor neurons express Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors, however the larger part of Ca 2+ influx occurs through L-type VGCCs subsequent to AMPA receptor activation and consequent mitochondrial dysfunction is the trigger for motor neuron degeneration. Nifedipine is an effective protective agent against AMPA induced mitochondrial stress and degeneration of motor neurons.