Bottle gourd (Lagenaria. siceraria), a vigorous annual climbing vine with large leaves belongs to... more Bottle gourd (Lagenaria. siceraria), a vigorous annual climbing vine with large leaves belongs to Cucurbitaceae family and known as calabash, lauki, white flowered gourd, trumpet gourd, calebassier, courage bouteille, cojombro, guiro amargo, upo, talayag, gucuzzi, zucca melon and mokwa, olo kwa. Bottle gourd fruits having the shape of a bottle are yellowish green with whiter pulp. Bottle gourd is one of the cheapest source of nutrients and potential source of natural antioxidants. The fruit is also a good source of vitamin B complex and choline along with fair amounts of vitamin C. Bottle gourd has long been an important component of indigenous herbal medicine, particularly in Asia. The fruits are traditionally used as a nutritive entity having cardioprotective, cardiotonic, general tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, antidote to certain poisons, alternative purgative, and cooling effects. It is also considered to be beneficial in insanity, epilepsy and other nervous diseases. Bottle gour...
Received: 22/10/2013 Revised: 11/11/2013 Accepted: 13/11/2013 Abstract Mango is one of the most i... more Received: 22/10/2013 Revised: 11/11/2013 Accepted: 13/11/2013 Abstract Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits in the world and currently ranked 5 in total world production among the major fruit crops. As mango is a seasonal fruit, about 20% of fruits are processed for products such as puree, nectar, leather, pickles, canned slices, and chutney. These products experience worldwide popularity and have also gained importance in national and international market. During processing of mango, by-products such as peel and kernel are generated. Mango peels and seeds are rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fibres, enzymes phytosterols and tocopherol; whereas and the peel extract exhibits potential antioxidant properties. Processing of mango by-products reduces waste disposal problem, adds value to the product for food and other industrial use, and the isolated active component can be used in food fortification.
Biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at different levels viz. 0, 2... more Biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at different levels viz. 0, 2.5, 5.0 7.5 and 10% (w/w) in the standard formulation. The influence of replacement of wheat flour in biscuit with pumpkin powder in the formulation of biscuit resulted in a significant change in the textural and sensory qualities of biscuits. As the replacement level of wheat flour with pumpkin powder increased from 0 to 10% (w/w), the hardness and fracturability was increased. Biscuit prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at the level of 2.5% (w/w) was found to be more acceptable from sensory point of view and thereafter sensory score was reduced. Biscuits with more pumpkin powder had a more yellow color than those with less pumpkin powder. Adding more pumpkin powder increased the level of carotene in the biscuits.
Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro an... more Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro and micro nutrients of great importance in human nutrition. There is considerable variation among nutritional values of moringa, which depends on factors like genetic background, environment and cultivation methods. The plant is proven with tremendous medicinal properties. moringa has been described as one of the most amazing trees God has created. Almost every part of the moringa tree, viz. fruit, flower, seed, bark, root and gum is a rich repository of proteins, vitamins and minerals including potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, folic acid as well as b-carotene.The review covers health benefits of moringa as well as technology of post-harvest handling and processing of moringa for utilization in value added products.
Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods; that were domesticated and cultivated as early as... more Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods; that were domesticated and cultivated as early as 10,000 years ago. The millets cultivation is taken up usually in degraded and marginal lands that receive very less rainfall and are poor in soil nutrient content. Seven important millets cultivated globally are finger millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, proso millet, kodo millet, and little millet. Overdependence on cereals after the green revolution and the present-day sedentary lifestyle of people has proliferated health-related disorders like obesity, diabetes, coronary diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and risk of colon, breast, and oesophageal cancer. The only way to fight back is through the introduction of nutritionally rich millets in our daily diets. Millets are unique for their richness in dietary fibers, antioxidants, minerals, phytochemicals, polyphenols, and proteins; that act as elixir to fight against health-related disorders. Recent global phenomen...
The need to stem the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance has prompted multiple, sometimes... more The need to stem the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance has prompted multiple, sometimes conflicting, calls for changes in the use of antimicrobial agents. One source of disagreement concerns the major mechanisms by which antibiotics select resistant strains. For infections like tuberculosis, in which resistance can emerge in treated hosts through mutation, prevention of antimicrobial resistance in individual hosts is a primary method of preventing the spread of resistant organisms in the community. By contrast, for many other important resistant pathogens, such as penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistance is mediated by the acquisition of genes or gene fragments by horizontal transfer; resistance in the treated host is a relatively rare event. For these organisms, indirect, population-level mechanisms of selection account for the increase in the prevalence of resistance. These mechanisms can operate even when treatment has a modest, or even negative, effect on an individual host's colonization with resistant organisms.
Summary: We have examined the degradation of 14C ring- and side-chain-labelled 2,4,5-trichlorophe... more Summary: We have examined the degradation of 14C ring- and side-chain-labelled 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Dichomitus squalens and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The effects of Mn2+ on the degradation of these radiolabeled substrates by D. squalens and the effect of nitrogen limitation on their degradation by D. chrysosporium suggested that in both fungi, side-chain cleavage was catalysed by a mechanism independent of the lignin degradation system, whereas the degradation of the aromatic ring was dependent on the lignin degradative system. Using unlabelled substrates, a pathway for the degradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids was elucidated in D. squalens. Time courses for the degradation of unlabelled chlorophenoxyacetic acids by D. squalens demonstrated that the corresponding chlorophenol was the initial product formed. The chlorophenol intermediate was xylosylated to form the chlorophenolxyloside. In turn, the chlorophenolxyloside could be hydrolysed by an intracellular -x...
Millets are staple food in the developing world, especially in the drylands of Africa and Asia. M... more Millets are staple food in the developing world, especially in the drylands of Africa and Asia. Most of the millets are indigenous to Africa and later domesticated to other parts of the world. Globally, millets are cultivated in 93 countries and only 7 countries have more than 1 M ha acreage of millets. In general, more than 97% of millets production and consumption is by developing nations. It has been estimated that from 1961 to 2018 around 25.71% area under millets cultivation has been declined across the continents. However, global millet productivity has increased by 36% from 1961 (575 kg/ha) to 2018 (900 kg/ha). The average data of the last 58 years indicated that millet production reduced in most parts of the world, except Africa. The highest increment was recorded in West Africa, almost double than the 1960s. In Asia, although the area under millet cultivation has declined production trend showed a gradual increase, which led to productivity enhancement. In the Indian scenar...
Oxidation decreases consumer acceptability of food by changing its organoleptic properties, destr... more Oxidation decreases consumer acceptability of food by changing its organoleptic properties, destroying essential nutrients and producing toxic compounds. Antioxidants delay oxidation of lipids in foods as well in human systems. Studies reveal that synthetic antioxidants may trigger diseases in human when consumed over a certain concentration. The toxicological effects of synthetic food antioxidants have been the focus of controversy in recent years. There is scope to use natural antioxidants, present in many components of food and plant sources, as a preservative. In this review different synthetic and natural antioxidants present in various foods, reactions with food and the biological system, extraction techniques and their pitfalls as well as legal implication are discussed.
Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine
Alpha-lipoic acid is touted as a powerful antioxidant and possibly a conditionally essential nutr... more Alpha-lipoic acid is touted as a powerful antioxidant and possibly a conditionally essential nutrient in older mammals. The safety and efficacy of dl-alpha-lipoic acid was evaluated in 30 adult beagles that were evenly randomized into five groups, each of which was fed one of five different foods with varying inclusion rates of dl-alpha-lipoic acid (0, 150, 1500, 3000, and 4500 ppm). All dogs were fed their respective portion of food daily as their sole source of nutrition for 6 months. Evaluations included general health, body weight, food intake, hematologic and serum biochemical parameters, and glutathione:oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratios in lymphocytes. No signs of toxicity were observed at any except the highest level of dl-alpha-lipoic acid inclusion, and no consistent abnormalities were noted in hematologic or biochemical measures at any level. There was a significant overall effect (P< .05) of food on the difference of GSH:GSSG ratio between Day 84 and Day 0. All in...
This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositorie... more This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Popped sorghums are popular snack foods and are usually prepared using dry heat. In this investig... more Popped sorghums are popular snack foods and are usually prepared using dry heat. In this investigation, the effect of varieties (Nandel, local Red, Mugad, GJ 42), which were having distinct physico-chemical properties and pericarp thickness on popping properties were studied. Each of the four sorghum varieties was pretreated by moisture conditioning up to 16.5 ± 0.5% wb, 0.5% salt and 10% oil, and popped by domestic microwave oven set at 900 W for 140 s. Popping and sensory properties of popped sorghum grains were measured. The physico-chemical properties such as, diameter, sphericity, thousand grain weight, particle density, bulk density, hardness, amylose content, fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash were found to be significantly different among the four varieties. Amylose content and pericarp thickness were highly positively correlated to popping yield and volume expansion ratio. The Mugad grain variety showing the highest popping qualities, found to have small grain size (3.04 mm), lower sphericity (0.99), high bulk density (833.4 kg/m 3 ), medium grain hardness (10.55 kg), higher pericarp thickness (56.46 mm) along with higher amylose content than the other four varieties.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA receptors Excitotoxicity Voltage gated calcium channels Calciu... more Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA receptors Excitotoxicity Voltage gated calcium channels Calcium signaling Mitochondrial calcium Oxidative stress a b s t r a c t It is well established that motor neurons are highly vulnerable to glutamate induced excitotoxicity. The selective vulnerability of these neurons has been attributed to AMPA receptor mediated excessive rise in cytosolic calcium and consequent mitochondrial Ca 2þ loading. Earlier we have reported that in motor neurons a generic rise in [Ca 2þ ] i does not always lead to mitochondrial Ca 2þ loading and membrane depolarization but it occurs upon AMPA receptor activation. The mechanism of such specific mitochondrial involvement upon AMPA receptor activation is not known. The present study examines the mitochondrial Ca 2þ regulation and oxidative stress in spinal cord neurons upon AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor activation. Stimulating the spinal neurons with AMPA exhibited a sharp rise in [Ca 2þ ] m in both motor and other spinal neurons that was sustained up to the end of recording time of 30 min. The rise in [Ca 2þ ] m was substantially higher in motor neurons than in other spinal neurons which could be due to the differential mitochondrial homeostasis in two types of neurons. To examine this possibility, we measured AMPA induced [Ca 2þ ] m loading in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors. In both cell types the AMPA induced [Ca 2þ ] m loading was blocked by mitochondrial calcium uniporter blocker ruthenium red. In motor neurons it was also inhibited substantially by CGP37157 and cyclosporine-A, the blockers of Na þ /Ca 2þ exchanger and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) respectively, whereas no effect of these agents was observed in other spinal neurons. Thus in motor neurons the Ca 2þ sequestration by mitochondria occurs through mitochondrial calcium uniporter as well as due to reversal of Na þ /Ca 2þ exchanger, in contrast the latter pathway does not contribute in other spinal neurons. The ROS formation was inhibited by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME in both types of neurons, however the mitochondrial complex-I inhibitor rotenone suppressed the ROS formation only in motor neurons. It appears that activation of cytoplasmic nNOS leads to ROS formation in both http://dx..in (N.B. Joshi). b r a i n r e s e a r c h ] ( ] ] ] ] ) ] ] ] -] ] ] Please cite this article as: Joshi, D.C., et al., AMPA receptor activation causes preferential mitochondrial Ca 2þ load and oxidative stress in motor neurons. Brain Research (2015), http://dx.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2015
The demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) has an early inflammatory phase followed by an ... more The demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) has an early inflammatory phase followed by an incurable progressive phase with subdued inflammation and poorly understood neurodegenerative mechanism. In this study, we identified various parallelisms between progressive MS and the dysmyelinating mouse model Shiverer and then genetically deleted a major neuron-specific mitochondrial anchoring protein Syntaphilin (SNPH) from the mouse. Prevailing evidence suggests that deletion of SNPH is harmful in demyelination. Surprisingly, SNPH deletion produces striking benefits in the Shiverer by prolonging survival, reducing cerebellar damage, suppressing oxidative stress, and improving mitochondrial health. In contrast, SNPH deletion does not benefit clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for early-phase MS. We propose that deleting mitochondrial anchoring is a novel, specific treatment for progressive MS.
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria. siceraria), a vigorous annual climbing vine with large leaves belongs to... more Bottle gourd (Lagenaria. siceraria), a vigorous annual climbing vine with large leaves belongs to Cucurbitaceae family and known as calabash, lauki, white flowered gourd, trumpet gourd, calebassier, courage bouteille, cojombro, guiro amargo, upo, talayag, gucuzzi, zucca melon and mokwa, olo kwa. Bottle gourd fruits having the shape of a bottle are yellowish green with whiter pulp. Bottle gourd is one of the cheapest source of nutrients and potential source of natural antioxidants. The fruit is also a good source of vitamin B complex and choline along with fair amounts of vitamin C. Bottle gourd has long been an important component of indigenous herbal medicine, particularly in Asia. The fruits are traditionally used as a nutritive entity having cardioprotective, cardiotonic, general tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, antidote to certain poisons, alternative purgative, and cooling effects. It is also considered to be beneficial in insanity, epilepsy and other nervous diseases. Bottle gour...
Received: 22/10/2013 Revised: 11/11/2013 Accepted: 13/11/2013 Abstract Mango is one of the most i... more Received: 22/10/2013 Revised: 11/11/2013 Accepted: 13/11/2013 Abstract Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits in the world and currently ranked 5 in total world production among the major fruit crops. As mango is a seasonal fruit, about 20% of fruits are processed for products such as puree, nectar, leather, pickles, canned slices, and chutney. These products experience worldwide popularity and have also gained importance in national and international market. During processing of mango, by-products such as peel and kernel are generated. Mango peels and seeds are rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fibres, enzymes phytosterols and tocopherol; whereas and the peel extract exhibits potential antioxidant properties. Processing of mango by-products reduces waste disposal problem, adds value to the product for food and other industrial use, and the isolated active component can be used in food fortification.
Biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at different levels viz. 0, 2... more Biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at different levels viz. 0, 2.5, 5.0 7.5 and 10% (w/w) in the standard formulation. The influence of replacement of wheat flour in biscuit with pumpkin powder in the formulation of biscuit resulted in a significant change in the textural and sensory qualities of biscuits. As the replacement level of wheat flour with pumpkin powder increased from 0 to 10% (w/w), the hardness and fracturability was increased. Biscuit prepared by replacing wheat flour with pumpkin powder at the level of 2.5% (w/w) was found to be more acceptable from sensory point of view and thereafter sensory score was reduced. Biscuits with more pumpkin powder had a more yellow color than those with less pumpkin powder. Adding more pumpkin powder increased the level of carotene in the biscuits.
Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro an... more Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro and micro nutrients of great importance in human nutrition. There is considerable variation among nutritional values of moringa, which depends on factors like genetic background, environment and cultivation methods. The plant is proven with tremendous medicinal properties. moringa has been described as one of the most amazing trees God has created. Almost every part of the moringa tree, viz. fruit, flower, seed, bark, root and gum is a rich repository of proteins, vitamins and minerals including potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, folic acid as well as b-carotene.The review covers health benefits of moringa as well as technology of post-harvest handling and processing of moringa for utilization in value added products.
Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods; that were domesticated and cultivated as early as... more Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods; that were domesticated and cultivated as early as 10,000 years ago. The millets cultivation is taken up usually in degraded and marginal lands that receive very less rainfall and are poor in soil nutrient content. Seven important millets cultivated globally are finger millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, proso millet, kodo millet, and little millet. Overdependence on cereals after the green revolution and the present-day sedentary lifestyle of people has proliferated health-related disorders like obesity, diabetes, coronary diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and risk of colon, breast, and oesophageal cancer. The only way to fight back is through the introduction of nutritionally rich millets in our daily diets. Millets are unique for their richness in dietary fibers, antioxidants, minerals, phytochemicals, polyphenols, and proteins; that act as elixir to fight against health-related disorders. Recent global phenomen...
The need to stem the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance has prompted multiple, sometimes... more The need to stem the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance has prompted multiple, sometimes conflicting, calls for changes in the use of antimicrobial agents. One source of disagreement concerns the major mechanisms by which antibiotics select resistant strains. For infections like tuberculosis, in which resistance can emerge in treated hosts through mutation, prevention of antimicrobial resistance in individual hosts is a primary method of preventing the spread of resistant organisms in the community. By contrast, for many other important resistant pathogens, such as penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistance is mediated by the acquisition of genes or gene fragments by horizontal transfer; resistance in the treated host is a relatively rare event. For these organisms, indirect, population-level mechanisms of selection account for the increase in the prevalence of resistance. These mechanisms can operate even when treatment has a modest, or even negative, effect on an individual host's colonization with resistant organisms.
Summary: We have examined the degradation of 14C ring- and side-chain-labelled 2,4,5-trichlorophe... more Summary: We have examined the degradation of 14C ring- and side-chain-labelled 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Dichomitus squalens and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The effects of Mn2+ on the degradation of these radiolabeled substrates by D. squalens and the effect of nitrogen limitation on their degradation by D. chrysosporium suggested that in both fungi, side-chain cleavage was catalysed by a mechanism independent of the lignin degradation system, whereas the degradation of the aromatic ring was dependent on the lignin degradative system. Using unlabelled substrates, a pathway for the degradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids was elucidated in D. squalens. Time courses for the degradation of unlabelled chlorophenoxyacetic acids by D. squalens demonstrated that the corresponding chlorophenol was the initial product formed. The chlorophenol intermediate was xylosylated to form the chlorophenolxyloside. In turn, the chlorophenolxyloside could be hydrolysed by an intracellular -x...
Millets are staple food in the developing world, especially in the drylands of Africa and Asia. M... more Millets are staple food in the developing world, especially in the drylands of Africa and Asia. Most of the millets are indigenous to Africa and later domesticated to other parts of the world. Globally, millets are cultivated in 93 countries and only 7 countries have more than 1 M ha acreage of millets. In general, more than 97% of millets production and consumption is by developing nations. It has been estimated that from 1961 to 2018 around 25.71% area under millets cultivation has been declined across the continents. However, global millet productivity has increased by 36% from 1961 (575 kg/ha) to 2018 (900 kg/ha). The average data of the last 58 years indicated that millet production reduced in most parts of the world, except Africa. The highest increment was recorded in West Africa, almost double than the 1960s. In Asia, although the area under millet cultivation has declined production trend showed a gradual increase, which led to productivity enhancement. In the Indian scenar...
Oxidation decreases consumer acceptability of food by changing its organoleptic properties, destr... more Oxidation decreases consumer acceptability of food by changing its organoleptic properties, destroying essential nutrients and producing toxic compounds. Antioxidants delay oxidation of lipids in foods as well in human systems. Studies reveal that synthetic antioxidants may trigger diseases in human when consumed over a certain concentration. The toxicological effects of synthetic food antioxidants have been the focus of controversy in recent years. There is scope to use natural antioxidants, present in many components of food and plant sources, as a preservative. In this review different synthetic and natural antioxidants present in various foods, reactions with food and the biological system, extraction techniques and their pitfalls as well as legal implication are discussed.
Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine
Alpha-lipoic acid is touted as a powerful antioxidant and possibly a conditionally essential nutr... more Alpha-lipoic acid is touted as a powerful antioxidant and possibly a conditionally essential nutrient in older mammals. The safety and efficacy of dl-alpha-lipoic acid was evaluated in 30 adult beagles that were evenly randomized into five groups, each of which was fed one of five different foods with varying inclusion rates of dl-alpha-lipoic acid (0, 150, 1500, 3000, and 4500 ppm). All dogs were fed their respective portion of food daily as their sole source of nutrition for 6 months. Evaluations included general health, body weight, food intake, hematologic and serum biochemical parameters, and glutathione:oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratios in lymphocytes. No signs of toxicity were observed at any except the highest level of dl-alpha-lipoic acid inclusion, and no consistent abnormalities were noted in hematologic or biochemical measures at any level. There was a significant overall effect (P< .05) of food on the difference of GSH:GSSG ratio between Day 84 and Day 0. All in...
This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositorie... more This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Popped sorghums are popular snack foods and are usually prepared using dry heat. In this investig... more Popped sorghums are popular snack foods and are usually prepared using dry heat. In this investigation, the effect of varieties (Nandel, local Red, Mugad, GJ 42), which were having distinct physico-chemical properties and pericarp thickness on popping properties were studied. Each of the four sorghum varieties was pretreated by moisture conditioning up to 16.5 ± 0.5% wb, 0.5% salt and 10% oil, and popped by domestic microwave oven set at 900 W for 140 s. Popping and sensory properties of popped sorghum grains were measured. The physico-chemical properties such as, diameter, sphericity, thousand grain weight, particle density, bulk density, hardness, amylose content, fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash were found to be significantly different among the four varieties. Amylose content and pericarp thickness were highly positively correlated to popping yield and volume expansion ratio. The Mugad grain variety showing the highest popping qualities, found to have small grain size (3.04 mm), lower sphericity (0.99), high bulk density (833.4 kg/m 3 ), medium grain hardness (10.55 kg), higher pericarp thickness (56.46 mm) along with higher amylose content than the other four varieties.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA receptors Excitotoxicity Voltage gated calcium channels Calciu... more Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA receptors Excitotoxicity Voltage gated calcium channels Calcium signaling Mitochondrial calcium Oxidative stress a b s t r a c t It is well established that motor neurons are highly vulnerable to glutamate induced excitotoxicity. The selective vulnerability of these neurons has been attributed to AMPA receptor mediated excessive rise in cytosolic calcium and consequent mitochondrial Ca 2þ loading. Earlier we have reported that in motor neurons a generic rise in [Ca 2þ ] i does not always lead to mitochondrial Ca 2þ loading and membrane depolarization but it occurs upon AMPA receptor activation. The mechanism of such specific mitochondrial involvement upon AMPA receptor activation is not known. The present study examines the mitochondrial Ca 2þ regulation and oxidative stress in spinal cord neurons upon AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor activation. Stimulating the spinal neurons with AMPA exhibited a sharp rise in [Ca 2þ ] m in both motor and other spinal neurons that was sustained up to the end of recording time of 30 min. The rise in [Ca 2þ ] m was substantially higher in motor neurons than in other spinal neurons which could be due to the differential mitochondrial homeostasis in two types of neurons. To examine this possibility, we measured AMPA induced [Ca 2þ ] m loading in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors. In both cell types the AMPA induced [Ca 2þ ] m loading was blocked by mitochondrial calcium uniporter blocker ruthenium red. In motor neurons it was also inhibited substantially by CGP37157 and cyclosporine-A, the blockers of Na þ /Ca 2þ exchanger and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) respectively, whereas no effect of these agents was observed in other spinal neurons. Thus in motor neurons the Ca 2þ sequestration by mitochondria occurs through mitochondrial calcium uniporter as well as due to reversal of Na þ /Ca 2þ exchanger, in contrast the latter pathway does not contribute in other spinal neurons. The ROS formation was inhibited by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME in both types of neurons, however the mitochondrial complex-I inhibitor rotenone suppressed the ROS formation only in motor neurons. It appears that activation of cytoplasmic nNOS leads to ROS formation in both http://dx..in (N.B. Joshi). b r a i n r e s e a r c h ] ( ] ] ] ] ) ] ] ] -] ] ] Please cite this article as: Joshi, D.C., et al., AMPA receptor activation causes preferential mitochondrial Ca 2þ load and oxidative stress in motor neurons. Brain Research (2015), http://dx.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2015
The demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) has an early inflammatory phase followed by an ... more The demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) has an early inflammatory phase followed by an incurable progressive phase with subdued inflammation and poorly understood neurodegenerative mechanism. In this study, we identified various parallelisms between progressive MS and the dysmyelinating mouse model Shiverer and then genetically deleted a major neuron-specific mitochondrial anchoring protein Syntaphilin (SNPH) from the mouse. Prevailing evidence suggests that deletion of SNPH is harmful in demyelination. Surprisingly, SNPH deletion produces striking benefits in the Shiverer by prolonging survival, reducing cerebellar damage, suppressing oxidative stress, and improving mitochondrial health. In contrast, SNPH deletion does not benefit clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for early-phase MS. We propose that deleting mitochondrial anchoring is a novel, specific treatment for progressive MS.
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Papers by Dinesh Joshi