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    Immunity - Introduction (PowerPoint Presentation Lecture)

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    Immunity - Introduction (PowerPoint Presentation Lecture)

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    daksonncop
    1 views21 pages
    Pathology Slides

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    Pathology Slides

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1 views21 pages

    Immunity - Introduction (PowerPoint Presentation Lecture)

    Uploaded by

    daksonncop
    Pathology Slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Immunity

    Fahad Asim
    Pharm.D. (PU), R.Ph. (Pb.),
    M.Phil. Pharmacology & Therapeutics
    Introduction
    The defense system of the body against
    any injurious stress is called immune
    system
    The stress may be intrinsic (inside of the
    body) or extrinsic (out side of the body)
    Antigen: is any substance that elicits an
    immune response, from a virus to a sliver.
    Antibody: Proteins secreted by the
    Lymphocytes in response to antigen
    Features of immune system
    antigen-specific: they recognize
    and act against particular antigens
    Systemic: not confined to the initial
    infection site, but work throughout
    the body, and have
    Memory: recognize and mount an
    even stronger attack to the same
    antigen the next time
    Fluid Systems of the Body
    Plasma
    Lymph
    Blood
    The 5 liters of blood of a 70 kg (154 lb) person
    constitute about 7% of the body's total weight.
    The blood flows from the heart into arteries,
    then to capillaries, and returns to the heart
    through veins.
    Blood is composed of 52–62% liquid plasma
    and 38–48% cells.
    The plasma is mostly water (91.5%) and acts
    as a solvent for transporting other materials
    (7% protein [consisting of albumins (54%),
    globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%), and assorted
    other stuff (1%)] and 1.5% other stuff).
    Blood is slightly alkaline (pH = 7.40 ± .05) and
    a tad heavier than water
    (density = 1.057 ± .009).
    Cells of the blood
    erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs),
    leukocytes (white blood cells or
    WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).
    The leukocytes are further subdivided
    into granulocytes (containing large
    granules in the cytoplasm) and
    agranulocytes (without granules).
    Leukocytes
    The granulocytes consist of
    – neutrophils (55–70%),
    – eosinophils (1–3%), and
    – basophils (0.5–1.0%).
    The agranulocytes are lymphocytes
    (consisting of B cells and T cells) and
    monocytes.
    Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and
    lymph systems, and make their home in
    the lymphoid organs.
    Normal Adult Blood Cell Counts
    Red Blood Cells 5.0*106/mm3
    Platelets 2.5*105/mm3
    Leukocytes 7.3*103/mm3
    Neutrophil 50-70%
    Lymphocyte 20-40%
    Monocyte 1-6%
    Eosinophil 1-3%
    Basophil <1%
    Lymph
    Lymph is an alkaline (pH > 7.0) fluid that
    is usually clear, transparent, and colorless.
    It flows in the lymphatic vessels and
    bathes tissues and organs in its protective
    covering.
    There are no RBCs in lymph and it has a
    lower protein content than blood.
    Like blood, it is slightly heavier than water
    (density = 1.019 ± .003).
    : IgG-76%, IgA-15%, IgM-8%, IgD-1%, and IgE-0.002%

    (a) complement fixation (proteins attach to antigen surface and cause holes to form,
    i.e., cell lysis), (b) neutralization (binding to specific sites to prevent attachment—this is
    the same as taking their parking space), (c) agglutination (clumping), (d) precipitation
    (forcing insolubility and settling out of solution), and other more arcane methods.

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