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    Cell Injury

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    daksonncop
    Pathology Slides

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    Cell Injury

    Uploaded by

    daksonncop
    2 views16 pages
    Pathology Slides

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Pathology Slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views16 pages

    Cell Injury

    Uploaded by

    daksonncop
    Pathology Slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    CELL INJURY

    AND
    HYPERTROPHY
    Presented By
    Maryam Manzoor
    Lecturer Pharmacology
    Rashid Latif College of Pharmacy
    CELL INJURY/ ADAPTION AND
    CELL DEATH
     Cells are structural and functional unit of body
    which constantly keep on adjusting their
    structure and function to accommodate
    changing demands and extracellular stresses
    in order to maintain homeostasis.
    CELL INJURY/ ADAPTION AND
    CELL DEATH
     As cells encounter physiologic stresses or
    pathologic stimuli, they can undergo
    adaptation, achieving a new state and
    preserving its function.
     Ifthe adaptive capability is exceeded or if the
    external stress is inherently harmful, cell injury
    develops.
    CELL INJURY/ ADAPTION AND
    CELL DEATH
     Within certain limits injury is reversible, and
    cells return to a stable baseline; however,
    severe or persistent stress results in
    irreversible injury and death of the affected
    cells.
    MECHANISMS OF CELL INJURY
    CELLULAR ADAPTATION
     Adaptations are reversible changes in the number,
    size, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in
    response to changes in their environment.
     Physiologic adaptations usually represent
    responses of cells to normal stimulation by
    hormones or endogenous chemical mediators
    (e.g., the hormone-induced enlargement of the
    breast and uterus during pregnancy).
     Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress
    that allow cells to modulate their structure and
    function and thus escape injury.
     Pathologic adaptations can be either hypertrophy,
    hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia.
    1- HYPERTROPHY

     Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells


    resulting in increase in the size of the organ.
     In hypertrophy there are no new cells, just
    bigger cells containing increased amounts of
    structural proteins and organelles.
     Hypertrophy occurs when cells have a limited
    capacity to divide.
     Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic.
    PHYSIOLOGICAL
    HYPERTROPHY
     Occurs in response to normal physiological
    requirement.

    EXAMPLES
     Uterus enlargement in pregnancy due to
    increased estrogen stimulated smooth muscles
    hypertrophy.
     Increased skeletal muscles due increased
    workload.
    PATHOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY

     Occurs in response to any pathological


    condition.
    EXAMPLES
     Cardiac enlargement that occurs with
    hypertension.
     Smooth muscles hypertrophy in pyloric
    stenosis
    MECHANISMS INVOLVING
    CARDIAL HYPERTROPHY
     Mechanical Triggers (stretch)
     TrophicTriggers (activation of Alpha
    adrenergic receptors)

     Stimulationof signal transduction-----


    synthesis of genes that form proteins
    like myofilaments----- increased force
    and contraction---------- increased
    work demand--- cell size increased.
     An adaptation to stress such as hypertrophy
    can progress to functionally significant cell
    injury if the stress is not relieved.

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