Lecture 6 Joints

THE JOINTS
Dr. Hira Rafique, PT

Senior Lecturer
MSPT-NM (RIU),
DPT(UOL)
INTRODUCTION
• Joints are the regions of the skeleton where
- 2 or more bones
- bones with cartilage articulate
- 2 or more cartilage
• Supported by variety of soft tissue structures

• Arthrology
• Functions:
i) to facilitate growth
ii) to transmit forces between bones.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Functional classification
 Immovable (synarthrosis)
Cranial sutures in adult

Primary cartilaginous joints in children
 Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Secondary cartilaginous joints

Syndesmosis
 Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Synovial joint
CLASSIFICATION
2. Structural classification
Depends on the nature of intervening soft

tissue, presence or absence of joint cavity
a) Fibrous joint
b) Cartilaginous joint
c) Synovial joint
Classification of
Joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Fixed Slightly movable Freely movable
(Synarthrosis) (Amphiarthrosis)
(Diarthrosis)
A. Sutures
1. Plane A. Pri. Cart. joints
2. Squamous 1. Plane
3. Serrate 2. Hinge
(Synchondrosis) 3. Pivot
4. Dentate
5. Schindylesis(wedge 4. Bicondylar
and groove joint) 5. Ellipsoid
6. Saddle
B. Sec.cart. Joints 7. Ball and socket
B. Gomphosis
(Symphysis)
C. Syndesmosis
FIBROUS JOINT
• Lacks intervening cart. between 2 bones

• United by fibrous CT
• Articulation :-Fixed (ROM restricted/ slight)
• Lacks joint cavity
• 3 types:- a) Sutures
b) Syndesmosis
c) Gomphosis
SUTURE
Restricted to skull
Synostosis on completion of
growth.
TYPES OF SUTURES
(median palatine suture)
(sagittal suture) (between temporal & parietal bone)
(lambdoid suture)
GOMBHOSIS
• Peg & socket joints between tooth & its socket
SYNDESMOSIS
• Fibrous connection between bones
• Represented by
 Interosseous ligament
 Slender fibrous cord
 Dense Aponeurotic membrane
Eg. Inf tibiofibular jt,

post part of sacroiliac jt.
Coracoclavicular joint
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
1. Primary Cartilaginous Joint
 Also called as synchondrosis

 In developing appendicular
skeleton
 hyaline cartilage
 temporary Joints
 epiphyseal plate ossified at
age 18-20years
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
2. Secondary Cartilaginous
Joints
 Also called as
symphysis
 limited to axial
skeleton
 permanent joints
 slightly moveable
 cavity present
SYNOVIAL JOINT
• Most evolved , uniquely
constructed specialized
joints
• Freely movable joint.
• Possess a joint cavity
having synovial
membrane and consists
of synovial fluid.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. Articular cartilage
 Articular surfaces are covered by
thin plates of hyaline cartilage
Exceptions:- acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
TM joints
( atypical synovial joints)
 Provides smooth friction-free

movements & resists
compression forces.
2. Fibrous capsule
 Longitudinal & interlacing

bundles of parallel fibers of
white collagen.
 Completely encloses a jt
except where it is interrupted
by synovial membrane.
 Stabilizes the jt in such a way

that it permits movements but
resists dislocation.
Ligaments
Capsular ligaments
• Region of constant stress, the collagen fibers
of the capsule are arranged to the line of
stress and strain and form capsular ligament.
Accessory ligaments
• Other then the articular capsule
3. Synovial membrane
 Thin highly vascular memb of CT.

 Pink, smooth and shiny.
 Lines capsule, covers exposed osseous
surfaces ,tendon sheaths, bursa
 but doesn't cover the articular cartilage,
intra-articular disc / menisci.
 Divided into synovial villi, folds, and
fringes
Function:
 produces synovial fluid
 absoption of fluid
 phagocytic activity
4. Synovial fluid
 Clear or pale yellow, egg albumin like fluid, viscous,
slightly alkaline at rest.
 Fluid vol is very small. :- < 0.5ml in large jt (knee)
 Composition: Hyaluronic acid, Lubricin, Proteinase
and Collagenase.
 Fxn :- reduce friction, shock absorption, nutrient,
lubrication and waste transportation and prevent
erosion or articular cartilage.
5. Intra-articular menisci, disc and fat pads

 Pads of white fibrocartilage between two bony
surfaces, not covered by synovial membrane.
 Avascular except periphery and anervous.
 Fxn: lubrication, strengthen jt as accessory
ligament, shock absorbers
 Fatty pads are fatty tissues in spaces where
articular cartilage is un even
BLOOD SUPPLY
• Periarticular arterial plexuses
• Articular cartilage: avascular
• Fibrous capsule & ligaments:

poor blood supply
• Synovial membrane: rich blood

supply
NERVE SUPPLY
• HILTON’S LAW
The nerves supplying

the joint capsule also
supply the muscles
regulating the
movement of the jt &
skin over the joint.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
1. Based on shape of articulating bone
• HOMOMORPHIC : Articulating surfaces are
plane
Examples. Plane and saddle joints
• HETEROMORPHIC : articulating surfaces are of
various shapes
Examples. Ball and socket joint, condyloid joint
and ellipsoid joint
2. Based on Complexity of Organization
I Simple joint: only 2 bones take part in

formation of a joint.
II Compound joint: > 2 bones take part in

formation of a joint.
III Complex joint: joint cavity is divided into 2 by

the intra-articular disc or meniscus, eg. TM
joint, knee joint.
3. Based on Axis of movements
I Uniaxial joint : Hinge, Pivot joint
II Biaxial joint: Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle joint
III Multiaxial joint: Ball and socket joint.

4. Depending upon Types of Movement
1. Gliding: plane joints

2. Angular: condyloid joints
3. Rotatory: pivot joint
4. Circumductory: ball and socket joints
5. Architectural or structural classification
Articulating surface- Flat
Gliding or Sliding Movements
Eg. Intercarpal & Intertarsal

Intermetacarpal
Intermetatarsal
Uniaxial
Resemble hinge of door
Articular surface- pulley shaped
Eg. Humero-ulnar Jt.

Interphalangeal Jt.
Knee & Ankle Jt
2. HINGE JOINT
Biaxial
Elliptical convex surface of one bone

articulates with elliptical concave
surface of other bone
Eg. Radio-Carpal Joint
Meta-tarso phalangeal Joint

Meta-carpophalangeal Joint
3. ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS
Uniaxial Joint Eg. Superior Radio-ulnar Jt.
Median Atlanto-axial
Articular surface of one bone
is rounded & fits into the
concavity of another bone.
Further rounded part

surrounded by a
Ligamentous ring.
4.PIVOT JOINT
5.BICONDYLAR JOINT
Biaxial
Round articular surface of one bone fits into socket type articular
surface of another bone.
Eg. Knee Joint, Temporo-mandibular Joint

Bi-axial
Articular surfaces are reciprocally

saddle shaped i.e Concavo-convex.
Eg. Carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb,

Calcaneo-cuboid Joint
Sterno-clavicular Joint
malleolar Joint
6.SADDLE JOINT
7. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
Multi-axial
Rounded convex surface of one bone fits into the cup-like

socket of another bone.
Eg Hip Joint, Shoulder Joint.

Lecture 6 Joints

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6 Joints

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6 Joints

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE JOINTS

Dr. Hira Rafique, PT

• Supported by variety of soft tissue structures

Cranial sutures in adult

 Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

Secondary cartilaginous joints

 Freely movable (diarthrosis)

Depends on the nature of intervening soft

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

• Lacks intervening cart. between 2 bones

(median palatine suture)

(sagittal suture) (between temporal & parietal bone)

Eg. Inf tibiofibular jt,

1. Primary Cartilaginous Joint

 Also called as synchondrosis

 Provides smooth friction-free

 Longitudinal & interlacing

 Stabilizes the jt in such a way

 Thin highly vascular memb of CT.

5. Intra-articular menisci, disc and fat pads

• Articular cartilage: avascular

• Fibrous capsule & ligaments:

• Synovial membrane: rich blood

The nerves supplying

I Simple joint: only 2 bones take part in

II Compound joint: > 2 bones take part in

III Complex joint: joint cavity is divided into 2 by

I Uniaxial joint : Hinge, Pivot joint

II Biaxial joint: Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle joint

III Multiaxial joint: Ball and socket joint.

1. Gliding: plane joints

Articulating surface- Flat

Gliding or Sliding Movements

Eg. Intercarpal & Intertarsal

Resemble hinge of door

Articular surface- pulley shaped

Eg. Humero-ulnar Jt.

Elliptical convex surface of one bone

Eg. Radio-Carpal Joint

Meta-tarso phalangeal Joint

Further rounded part

Eg. Knee Joint, Temporo-mandibular Joint

Articular surfaces are reciprocally

Eg. Carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb,

Rounded convex surface of one bone fits into the cup-like

Eg Hip Joint, Shoulder Joint.

You might also like