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12 Cranial Nerves Mnemonic

December 21, 2015 by Admin Leave a Comment

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. They arise from their nuclei in brain cortex and brain stem. They
supply motor fibers and bring sensory fibers from head and neck except few exceptions.

The names of most of these cranial nerves are related to their function and that makes it easy to
learn their names. But it is difficult to learn their names in sequence. For that you would need
mnemonic which would help you to learn all the names of 12 cranial nerves easily.

Here are the names of all the 12 cranial nerves:

Names of 12 Cranial nerves:

1. Olfactory

2. Optic

3. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

5. Trigeminal

6. Abducens

7. Facial

8. Vetibulocochlear

9. Glossopharyngeal

10. Vagus
 11. Accessory

12. Hypoglossal

You can learn more about the anatomy and functions of these nerves here.

Cranial Nerves Mnemonic:

Want to learn the names of about cranial nerves in order? Yes, then you would need a mnemonic. A
mnemonic that i am going to mention here would help you to learn names of cranial nerves in just
few minutes. And believe me, after learn the mnemonic, you would never forget any cranial nerve
name.

I have wasted a lot of time to learn these nerves in order but would forget all the names after some
time. But after learning this mnemonic, i remember all the cranial nerves names till date. And you
can do so. Just learn the mnemonic for cranial nerves below:

One Of Our Trend Teacher Asked For Very Good Van At Hospital

Take the starting letter of every word like this:

 One for Olfactory nerve.

 Of for optic nerve.

 Our for oculomotor nerve.

 Trend for Trochlear nerve.

 Teacher for trigeminal nerve.

 Asked for abducens nerve.

 FOR for facial nerve.

 Very for vestibulocochlear nerve.

 Good for glossophyrngeal nerve.

 VAN for vagus nerve

 AT for accessory nerve

 HOSPITAL for hypoglossal nerve.

 
As you can see, learning these name this way is very much easy as compared to learning them
without any mnemonic. The one mentioned above is the best one. Here are some more mnemonics.

Cranial nerves mnemonic for names in order:

 On old Olympus towering top a Fin and German viewed some hops.

 Ooh, ooh, ooh to touch and feel very good velvet. Such heaven.

 Oh, Oh, Oh, To Take A Family Vacation! Go Vegas And Hardees

Mnemonic for functions of cranial nerves:

Here are some more mnemonic that would help you to learn whether a sensory nerve carries
sensory, motor or both types of fibers:

 Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more.

These are some of the mnemonic to learn the names and functions of cranial nerves. If you know
about some otFunctions of hemoglobin

February 11, 2015 by Admin 2 Comments

Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying pigment, which is present in red blood cells.It has two parts.One is
called heme which is a prosthetic group. And the other is goblin protein.

Heme containing proteins are present in aerobic animals.And concerned with the transport of
oxygen.Heme part is same in all the animals.The difference is in the globin chains, that have different
aminoacids in different animals.

Structure of hemoglobin:

Heme:

Heme has one central iron, which is attached to four pyrol rings.The iron is in the forum of ferric
ion.The pyrol  rings are connected by methylene bridges.

Globin:

Globin is the protein part and consist of four chains.In human, there are two alpa chains and other
two may be beta,delta,gamma or epsilon depending on the type of hemoglobin.
Important Functions of hemoglobin:

1. Hemoglobin as oxygen carrier:

The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues of the body. This
is due to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. When hemoglobin comes in contact with
hemoglobin, it combines with it and form oxy-hemoglobin. This is a week bond. When blood reaches
to tissues, where oxygen is deficient, the bond is broken and oxygen diffuses out to tissues.

2. Hemoglobin as carbon dioxide carrier:

Some of carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to lungs through hemoglobin. Although the
majority of it is transported via plasma but still it carries some of CO2 to lungs.

3. Color of blood:

The red color of blood is due to hemoglobin. When red blood cells are separated from the blood, the
red color disappears. This means that the red color of blood is due to red blood cells. Hence the
name red blood cells is given to it. And as we know that hemoglobin is present inside red blood cells,
therefore it gives red coloration to RBCs

4. Buffering action:

Hemoglobin also acts as a buffer.Buffer means to resist change in pH.Blood has 7.4 pH and it remains
in the narrow range.Because, if it changes the life of the person may be endangered.Therefore,
hemoglobin plays very important role in keeping the pH of blood constant.

5. Erythrocyte metabolism:

Hemoglobin plays an important role in the modulation of erythrocyte metabolism.

6. Interaction with drugs:

Not only for oxygen, but hemoglobin act a very important role the transport of various drugs to their
site of action.

7. Physiological active catabolites:

These are some of the important functions of hemoglobin. There are many other functions. And may
be there would be many other functions, which would be still unknown. A lot of research work has
been done in this field and still there are many mysteries to be solved.

her mnemonics, let us know in the comments section below.

Classification of joints

January 13, 2015 by Admin Leave a Comment

What is a joint:

The junction between two or more bones or cartilage is called a joint.Joints keeps the bones
attached to one another and permits them to move.Some of them don’t permit movement,while
other permit slight movement and some permit freely movement.

Due to the degree of  movability joints are classified into three classes.But they are also classified
according to their shape,function,location,and number of bones.All of these are discussed one by
one:

1:Classification of joint on the basis of movability or Functional classification of joints:-

Joints are classified into three classes on the basis of movabiliy.These three classes are:immovable
joints,partially movable joints and freely movable joints.

Immovable joints:

These joints doesn’t permit movement and the bones are articulated by tough fibrous
tissue.Examples of such bones are sutural bones etc.They are also called Synarthroses.

Partially movable joints:

These joints show slight movement.A pad of cartilage is present between the two articular bones
which sometimes act as shock absorber like inter-vertebral disk between vertebrae.In these joints
the bones and cartilage are hold by fibrous ligaments.They are also called Amphiarthroses.

Freely movable joints or sinovial joints:

These joints show free moveabliliy but sometimes the movement is restricted due the shape of
articulating surfaces and ligaments which hold these bones together.

These joints have a fluid cavity called sinovial cavity which contains a lubricating fluid called sinovial
fluid.This fluid is secreted by sinovial membrane.These joints are also called Diarthroses.

The movements which are possible at sinovial joints are:

Flection: When the angle between the two bones is decreased.

Extension:When the angle between two bones is increases.

Abduction:Moving the part away from the mid-line.

Adduciton:Moving the part towards the mid-line.

Rotation:Turning the bone upon its axis.

Gliding:when one bone slides on the other.

2:Classification of joints according to the number of articulation bones:-

Simple Joint:

A joint in which two bones articulate eg.interphalangeal joint.

Compound joint:

When more than two bones articulate within one capsule like elbow joint.

Complex joint:

When interarticualar disc divide the joint cavity like acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint.

3:Structural classification of joints:

According to structure joints are classified into two main branches that are:

A:solid joints:-

These are further divided into fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints.

B:Cavitated joints:-

These includes sinovial joints.That contain a fluid called sinovial fluid inside a capsule and that’s why
they are called cavitated joints.

1:Fibrous joints:-

These joints are made up of fibers.They don’t permit movement but some of them permit slight
movement.These are classified into:

a)Sutures:

These are found in skull and are immoveable.

b)Syndesmosis:

when the bones are connected with interosseous ligament such joint is called sydesmosis.Such as
inferior tibiofibular joints.
c)Gomphosis:

Peg and socket joints are called gomphosis joints.Example of this type of joint is root of the tooth in
bony socket.

2:Cartilaginous joints:

When the articulating bones are joined by cartilage, such joint is called cartilagenous joint.These
joints are of two types:

a)Primary cartilaginous joints:

These joints are immovable and the bones are united by hyaline cartilage.They are temporary and
are replaced by bone in certain age.Example is joint between diaphysis and epiphysis in a long bone.

Primary cartilaginous joints are also called Synchondrosis.

b)Secondary cartilaginous joints:

In these joints the articulating surfaces are covered a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and then bones
are united by disc of fibrocartillage. The joints are permanent in nature and permit limited
movement.These are found mostly in the mid-line of the body such as inter-vertebral joints.

Secondary cartilaginous joints are also called Symphyses or fibrocartilaginous joints.

B)Cavitated joints:

It inculudes sinovial joints.

3:Synovial joints:

These joints help in the movements of different body parts and are the most mobile joints in the
body because they have cavities in which bones move.They have sinovial membrane in which a
lubricating fluid called sinovial fluid is present.

These are the different classification of joints but if you want to learn one or write on in exam then
the most important one is structural classification.