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FI G U R E S
S P E E C H
OF
Figures of Speech
• A figure of speech, according

to the Oxford Learner’s
Dictionary, is defined as “a
word or phrase used in a
different way from its usual
meaning in order to create a
Figures of Speech
• The Cambridge Dictionary

defines a figure of speech as
“an expression that uses
words to mean something
different from their ordinary
meaning.
Figures of Speech
• According to the Collins

Dictionary, a figure of speech
is “an expression or word that
is used with a metaphorical
rather than a literal
Alliteration
• the repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Examples:
Sally sold some seashells.
Bob brought the box of bricks to the basement.
Anaphora
• the repetition of the same word or phrase at
the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
Examples:
Get busy living or get busy dying.
So many places, so little time.
I wish I may; I wish I might.
Run far, run fast.
Antithesis
• the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in
balanced phrases.
Examples:
It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times,
it was the age of wisdom, it was the age
Apostrophe
• to address some absent person or thing, some
abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a
nonexistent character.
Examples:
“O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
“Death, be not proud, though some have called
thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”
“Death, be not proud, though some have called
thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”
Assonance
• identity or similarity in sound
between internal vowels in
neighboring words.
Examples:
“Hear the mellow wedding bells”
“A rolling stone gathers no moss”
Chiasmus
• a verbal pattern in which the second
half of an expression is balanced against
the first but with the parts reversed.
Examples:
"The truth is the light and the light is the
truth“
Euphemism
• the substitution of an inoffensive term
for one considered offensively explicit.
Examples:
• His great-grandfather passed away last
week.
• It is so unfortunate that we have to let
Hyperbole
• an extravagant statement; the use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of
emphasis or heightened effect.
Examples:
“It’s so fluffy I’m gonna die!”
“ I am so hungry I could eat all the food here.”
“My brother said that he had a million things to
Irony
• the use of words to convey the opposite
of their literal meaning. Also, a
statement or situation where the
meaning is contradicted by the
appearance or presentation of the idea.
Irony
Types of Irony
1. Verbal irony is when the author has put the
characters’ lines in such a way that the intended
meaning is the exact opposite of what is being
said.
2. Situational irony is the one in which the
events in the story or play give the readers a
result that is different from what they had been
expecting to occur.
Irony
Example:
One of the characters in your story is a
hypochondriac, always convinced that
they have an exotic and uncurable
disease. An ironic ending for that
character would be if they died of a
common cold.
Litotes
• a figure of speech consisting of an
understatement in which an affirmative is
expressed by negating its opposite.
• It uses a double negative to create a positive.
Examples:
You’re not wrong.
Not unkind.
That lesson is not hard.
Metaphor
• an implied comparison between two unlike
things that actually have something important
in common.
Examples:
Susan was a cheetah in the race today.
My mom has a heart of gold.
My friend’s sister, Sharon, is a night owl.
Metonymy
• a figure of speech in which one word or
phrase is substituted for another with
which it's closely associated; also, the
rhetorical strategy of describing
something indirectly by referring to
things around it.
• Metonymy is a literary device in which a
word or object stands in for a closely
Metonymy
Examples:
“The pen is mightier than the sword.”
“Everyone should pledge their allegiance
to the crown.”
“My class teacher asked me to give her
a hand with the notebooks and records.”
Onomatopoeia
. the use of words that imitate the sounds
associated with the objects or actions they refer
to.
Examples:
“The bee buzzed in my ear.”
“The boom of the fireworks scared the baby.”
“We sat huddled by the crackling fire as the rain
Oxymoron
• a figure of speech in which incongruous or
contradictory terms appear side by side.
• It is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to
create a new meaning.
Examples:
That strawberry cake was awfully good.
I feel these patterns are pretty ugly and not up to
the mark.
Paradox
• a statement that appears to contradict
itself.
Examples:
“All animals are equal, but some animals
are more equal than others.”
“Deep down, you're really shallow.”
Personification
• a figure of speech in which an
inanimate object or abstraction is
endowed with human qualities or
abilities.
Examples:
The sun kissed me while I was clicking
Pun
• play on words, sometimes on different senses
of the same word and sometimes on the
similar sense or sound of different words.
Examples:
Never trust an atom; they make up everything.
I told a chemistry joke, but there was no
reaction.
Simile
• a stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or
"as") between two fundamentally dissimilar
things that have certain qualities in common.
Examples:
Move like a snail.
My love is like a red rose.
Iniyan is always as busy as a bee.
Synecdoche
• a figure of speech in which a part is used to
represent the whole (for example, ABCs for
alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England
won the World Cup in 1966").
Examples:
I know the voices dying with a dying fall.
Jack got some new wheels!
Understatement
• a figure of speech in which a writer or
speaker deliberately makes a situation
seem less important or serious than it is.
Examples:
Telling a friend about the expensive trip you
just took to Disney World: "It's a little pricy.“
In the middle of an intense thunderstorm:
"We're having a little rain."

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FI G U R E S

• A figure of speech, according

• The Cambridge Dictionary

• According to the Collins

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