Basics of English Grammar

BASICS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PRESENT TENSE BE,

DEMONSTRATIVES,
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES,
PRESENT CONTINOUS, CAN,
PREPOSITIONS
PRESENT TENSE BE
● The verb BE has three forms: AM, IS,

ARE, which we have to use according to
the pronoun or subject.
TO BE
Occu Adjec
Noun Place
p ti
s s
ation ves
s
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Subject Verb Form Example
I AM I am a teacher.
You ARE You are a student.
He IS He is in the lab.
She IS She is my sister.
It IS It is a city.
We ARE We are friends.
They ARE They are doctors.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
You can make negative sentences similar to

the sentences before. The only different is to
add NOT after am, is, are, as you can see in
the following chart.
She is not sad They are not in the

school
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I am not I`m not
He He`s not = He
She is isn’t She’s not =
not It She isn’t It’s not
= It isn’t
We We’re not = We
You are aren’t You’re not =
not They You aren’t They’re not
= They aren’t
YES / NO QUESTIONS
● In English we have to kind of

questions: Yes/No questions and
Wh-questions.
● The Yes / No Questions are called
that because the answers always start
with Yes or No
●Remember to answer Yes/No
questions you
have to pay attention to the subject.
YES / NO QUESTIONS
Affirmative John and Peter ar

Statement: Yes / No students.
John and e
Peter
Are
question: Short Yes, they are/ No, they
Answers: students?
aren’t
Yes, they are students. / No
Full they are not students.
/Complete
Affirmative
Answers: Mary is tall and
Statement: Yes / No thin. Mary tall and
Is
question: Short Yes, she is / No, she
thin?
Answers: isn’t
Yes, she is tall and thin. / No,
Full she is not tall and thin
/Complete
WH - QUESTIONS
● The wh-questions look for

information accoding to the
question word.
● In this kind of questions you never
answer Yes or No, because they are
asking for some information. The answer
is a statement with the information
according to the question word.
WH - QUESTIONS
Wh-word Information Example

about…
What Things What is this? It is a book.
Name What is your name?
Occupatio Roberth. What do you do? I
ns am a driver.
Activities What is he doing? He’s
working
Who People Who is the director of the
school? Carlos Samaniego.
Where Places Where is he? In the house.
How State How are you? I am
Form / manner sad. How is Loja? It
REVIEW
Negative
Statement Yes/No Question Short Answers
Statemen
ts
Yes, you are / No, you are
I am a teacher. I am not a teacher. Am I a teacher?
not
You are a You are not a
Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not
student. student.
He is in the lab. He is not in the lab. Is he in the lab? Yes, he is / No, he is not
Yes, she is / No, she is
She is my sister. She is not my sister. Is she my sister?
not
It is a city. It is not a city. Is it a city? Yes, it is / No, it is not

Yes, we are / No, we are
We are friends. We are not friends. Are we friends?
not
They are They are not Yes, they are / No they
Are they doctors?
doctors. doctors. are not
DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THIS / THESE when the objects are near to the

speaker.
This is a These are

blackboard papers
THESE +
THIS Plural
+Singula Nouns
r Nouns
DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THAT / THOSE when the objects are far from the
speakers.
That is a lake. THAT + Singular

Those are Nouns
mountains THOSE + Plural
Nouns
DEMONSTRATIVES
Questions
What is that?
●
That is an airplane.
Is that a bird?
●
No, it is an airplane.
●
What are
those? Those
are books
●
Are those books?
Yes, they are
books.
PLURAL NOUNS
Noun ending Forming the Examples

plural
s, x, ch or sh Add -es boss -
bosses tax -
taxes bush -
bushes
consonant + y Change y fly -
to i then flies try
Add –es - tries
curry –
curries
most others Add -s cat - cats
IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the Examples

plural
Ends with -fe Change f to knife -
v then knives life -
Add –s lives wife -
wives
Ends with –f Change f to half -
v then halves wolf
Add –es - wolves
loaf -
loaves
Ends with - o Add –es potato -
IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the Examples

plural
ALL KINDS Change the man - men
vowel or foot - feet
Change the child -
word or children
Add a person -
different people tooth
ending - teeth
mouse - mice
Unchanging Singular and shee
plural are the p
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I My
You Your
He His
She Her +
It Its
We Our
The Their NOU
y N
POSSESSIVE ADJTECTIVES
His shirt is
Her pants are new
blue
This is her
This is our
cat
house
POSSESSIVE FORM ‘S
Kevin’s wife is
Charlie’s book is
Rose. His wife is black.
Rose.
The Child’s mother is

happy
PREPOSITION OF PLACE
IN (dentro de) In the house in a

shop In a room
in a
town
In a car in a
garden
ON (sobre On a shelf on a wall
una On a plate on the
superficie) table On a balcony
on a door
AT (lugar específico) At the bus station at
home At the door at the
PRESENT CONTINOUS
●
The present Subject BE -ING
continous tense is FORM
used to describe I Am Singing
activities that happen
now, that means He
Is Singing
activities that are Sh
develop in the e It
moment of speaking
We
Are Singing
You
The
y
PRESENT CONTINOUS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS

I am dancing I am not dancing Am I dancing?
You are eating You are not eating Are you eating?
He is sleeping He is not sleeping Is he sleeping?
She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?
It is running It is not running Is it running?
We are walking We are not walking Are we walking?
They are They are not studying Are they studying?

studying
RULES
How to make the -

Verb ending ING form Examples
in...
1 vowel + Double the swim - swimming
1 consonant, then hit - hitting
consonan add –ING get – getting
t
1 vowel + 1 Remove E, then coming
consonant + add –INGcome lose - losing
E- live – living
[anything else] Add –ING say - saying
go - going
walk - walking
CAN / CAN’T
●
Can is used to show
ability
He can’t play the He can play

They can
piano football
dance
He can He can
swim skate
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
YES/NO
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
QUESTIONS
I can cook I can not cook Can I cook? Yes, you can / No,you can´t
You can dance You can not dance Can you dance? Yes I can / No I can’t
He can play He can not play Can he play? Yes, he can / No, he can`t
She can swim She can not swim Can she swim? Yes, she can / No, she can’t
It can run It can not run Can it run? Yes, it can / No, it can’t
We can sing We can not sing Can we sing? Yes, we can / No, we can’t
Yes, they can / No, they
They can walk They can not walk Can they walk ? can’t

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BASICS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

PRESENT TENSE BE,

● The verb BE has three forms: AM, IS,

Subject Verb Form Example

You ARE You are a student.

She IS She is my sister.

We ARE We are friends.

They ARE They are doctors.

You can make negative sentences similar to

She is not sad They are not in the

I am not I`m not

● In English we have to kind of

Affirmative John and Peter ar

● The wh-questions look for

Wh-word Information Example

It is a city. It is not a city. Is it a city? Yes, it is / No, it is not

We use THIS / THESE when the objects are near to the

This is a These are

That is a lake. THAT + Singular

Noun ending Forming the Examples

Noun type Forming the Examples

Noun type Forming the Examples

The Child’s mother is

IN (dentro de) In the house in a

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS

He is sleeping He is not sleeping Is he sleeping?

She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?

It is running It is not running Is it running?

We are walking We are not walking Are we walking?

They are They are not studying Are they studying?

How to make the -

He can’t play the He can play

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