ENGLISH LANGUAGE

CONTENTS
UNIT 1
BASIC TERMINOLOGY

To start the maritime communication, it’s necessary to consider the following generalities included here since
the use of them makes it easy to understand correctly what it’s supposed to be forecasted, which includes a
special importance in situations of emergency or catastrophe: it’s about standardized phrases from IMO
(International Maritime Organization).

Therefore, and as a start, we include two basic messages used at the beginning of a conversation:

· “Please use Standard Marine Communication Phrases."

· "I will use Standard Marine Communication Phrases."

These two phrases refer to the start of an interchange between land and vessel or vessel – vessel. It’s extremely
important since from now on we agree on the language of common use in navigation and will allow the
operators to be in context of the situation reducing, in this way, the possibility of mistake.

Another element of key importance in the naval communication is the knowledge of the spelling since this is
what will allow a better understanding of certain relevant terminology avoiding any misunderstanding which
could lead to the commission of serious mistakes. The sequence is: letter, word. Ex: SHIP: sierra, hotel, india,
papa.

Spelling codes
 There are eight indicators of messages for the communication earth – ship/ ship – earth and in radio
communication in general which have the following meanings:

i) Instruction
ii) Advice
iii) Warning
iv) Information
v) Question
vi) Answer
vii) Request
viii) Intention

Answers: when giving an affirmative answer you must respond ‘Yes,…’ plus the corresponding complete
phrase, likewise, when the answer is negative, you must say: ‘No,…’ completing with the remaining things to
be said. If in that moment you lack of the necessary information required and therefore, you can’t answer,
it’s necessary to say: ’Stand by…’ which means ‘hold on a second, keep on listening’, waiting to receive the
requested data to complete the message. If the operator lacks of the data, you must say: ‘No information’.

Greetings:

⚫ Formal greetings:

Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Good night
Goodbye

⚫ Informal greetings:

Hello
Hi
Bye
Bye bye
Common expressions:
⚫ Nice to meet you/Pleased to meet you/ It’s a pleasure to meet you
⚫ Welcome to …
⚫ Thank you/ Thanks/ Thank you very much
⚫ You’re welcome
⚫ How are you?
(I’m)fine/well/OK…And you?
⚫ Excuse me
⚫ Sorry
⚫ See you…(later/tomorrow/next (week)/on (Monday)/etc.

Subject Pronouns

Subjects – Sujetos
I Yo

You Tú

He El

She Ella

It El / Ella (animales o cosas)

We Nosotros / Nosotras

You Vosotros / Vosotras

They Ellos / Ellas

Verb : to be
Este verbo se traduce como SER o ESTAR, pero su conjugación en inglés es la misma.

Forma afirmativa:
Singular: I AM (yo soy o estoy)

YOU ARE (tu eres o estàs)

HE IS (èl es o està)

SHE IS (ella es o està)

IT IS (---- es o està)

Plural: WE ARE (nosotros somos o estamos)

YOU ARE (vosotros sois o estàis)

THEY ARE (ellos son o estàn)

Forma negativa:
Singular: I AM NOT

YOU ARE NOT

HE IS NOT

SHE IS NOT

IT IS NOT

Plural: WE ARE NOT

YOU ARE NOT

THEY ARE NOT

Tanto la forma afirmativa como la negativa se pueden abreviar en conversación:

I am = I’m I am not = I’m not

You are = You’re You are not = You aren’t o You’re not

He is = He’s He is not = He isn’t o He’s not

She is = She’s She is not = She isn’t o She’s not

It is = It’s It is not = It isn’t o It’s not

We are = We’re We are not = We aren’t o We’re not

They are = They’re They are not = They aren’t o They’re not

EJEMPLOS:

I am Susan Jones.
You are in my class.

Victor is a student. He is Italian.

Ana is my friend. She is very nice.

It is my English book.

We are in class.

Frank and Simon are in my class. They are from Canada.

These are pens. They are red.

Are you Susan Jones? Yes, I am

Are a student? No, I’m not.

What’s your name? My name is Carol Smith. It’s Carol Smith.

En inglés, la palabra NAME puede significar tanto nombre de pila como apellido.
First name (nombre de pila): Juana

Middle name (segundo nombre): María

Last name (apellido): Portela

Alphabet:

A /ei/ J /yei/ S /es/

B /bi/ K /kei/ T /ti/
C /si/ L /el/ U /iu/
D /di/ M /em/ V /vi/
E /i/ N /en/ W /dábliu/
F /ef/ O /ou/ X /eks/
G /yi/ P /pi/ Y /uai/
H /eich/ Q /kiu/ Z /set/
I /ai/ R /ar/

Possessive adjectives:
Se utilizan para indicar a quién pertenece el sujeto u objeto de la oración. Van seguidos de un sustantivo (o
una cláusula nominal).

Possessive Adjectives
My mi / mis

Your tu / tus

His su / sus

Her su / sus

Its su / sus

Our nuestro/a/os/as

Your vuestro/a/os/as

Their su / sus
Son muchos menos que en español, ya que no se diferencian en singular o plural. Por ejemplo:

my car mi auto

my cars mis autos

Plural
El plural de los sustantivos normalmente se forma agregando al singular una "s" o "es", cuando termina en
"o", "s", "x", "ch" o "sh".
one cat - two cats
one tomato - five tomatoes
Si el singular termina en consontante + "y" se cambia por "ies": one baby - two babies

Existen formas especiales de plural de algunos sustantivos:

man (hombre)- men (hombres)

woman (mujer) - women (mujeres)
knife (cuchillo) - knives (cuchillos)
wife (esposa) - wives (esposas)
sheep (oveja) - sheep (ovejas)

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns :

Demonstrative Adjectives
and Pronouns
this este / esta

these estos / estas

That ese / esa

Those esos / esas

Cuando se utilizan como adjetivos, deben estar seguidos de un sustantivo.

This calculator is very good. These cars are very fast.

Cuando se utilizan como pronombres, no están seguidos de sustantivos (dado que justamente los pronombres
sirven para reemplazarlos).

This is a calculator. These are calculators. That is a desk. Those are desks.
Imperative
Al igual que en español, el modo imperativo se utiliza para dar órdenes a otra persona.

En afirmativo, es igual que el verbo en infinitivo para todas las personas:

Go to the bank. (Vé / Vaya / Vayan al banco.)
Turn right. (Dobla / Doble / Doblen a la derecha.)
Read this book, please. (Lee / Lea / Lean este libro, por favor.)

En su forma negativa, se usa DON'T seguido del verbo en infinitivo para todas las personas:
Don't go to the bank. (No vayas / vaya / vayan al banco.)
Don't turn right. (No dobles / doble / doblen a la derecha.)
Don't read this book, please. (No leas / lea / lean este libro, por favor.)

There is / There are (se utilizan para expresar la cantidad de objetos o personas que se encuentran en
un determinado lugar). Ambas formas significan "Hay". La diferencia es que la primera se utiliza para el
singular y la segunda para el plural.

There is a chair in the bedroom.

There are two chairs in the bedroom.

Cuando se desea realizar una pregunta para saber si hay una determinada cantidad de objetos o
personas, se usa la forma interrogativa: Is there...? Are there...?
Is there a chair in the bedroom?
Are there two chairs in the bedroom?

Cuando se desea realizar una negación acerca de la cantidad de objetos o personas, se usa la forma
negativa agregando la palabra not: There is not... There are not… Se pueden contraer: There
isn't... There aren't…

There isn't a chair in the bedroom.

There aren't two chairs in the bedroom.

Personal information:
⚫ What’s your name?
My name’s… / My name is…
I’m … / I am…

⚫ What’s your surname/last name/family name?

My surname’s …/It’s …

⚫ How do you spell it?

It’s…
 ⚫ Where are you from?
I’m from…(country/city)

⚫ What nationality are you?

I’m …(nationality)

⚫ What’s your marital status?

I’m …(single/married/divorced/separated/
a widow(er)

⚫ How old are you?

I’m …(years old)

⚫ What’s your job/profession? /

What do you do(for a living)?
I’m a/an…
I work in…(place)/I work for…(company/person)/ I study

⚫ What languages do you speak?

I speak…(Spanish/English/French/etc.)

⚫ Do you have any brothers or sisters?

Yes, I have…/No, I don’t.

⚫ What’s your (mobile/cell) phone number?

It’s …
0= oh 22=double two
222=two double two

⚫ What’s your address?

It’s …(number)(name)Street/Road/Boulevard

⚫ What’s your e-mail address?

It’s …
@= at .=dot

Articles
El artículo indefinido "a" corresponde a "uno / una". Si la palabra que sigue comienza con sonido de vocal, se
usa "an".

El artículo definido "the" equivale a "el / la / los / las".

A a computer
An an apple
The the computer, the computers
 Professions

businessman Empresario bosun Contramaestre

actor Actor chief officer Primer oficial

actress Actriz Coast guard Officer Oficial de PNA

doctor Doctor Cook/ Chef Cocinero/a

nurse Enfermera Engineer Ingeniero/a

vet Veterinario Helmsman Timonel

student Estudiante Master/ Captain Capitán

teacher maestro/a Pilot Práctico

architect Arquitecto Pumpman Bombista

lawyer abogado/a Radio Officer Radio Operador

secretary Secretaria Rating Marinero

butcher Carnicero

waiter Mozo

policeman Policía

housewife ama de casa

maid Mucama
Numbers

1 2 3 4 5

One Two Three four five

6 7 8 9 10

Six Seven Eight nine ten

11 12 13 14 15

eleven Twelve Thirteen fourteen fifteen

16 17 18 19 20

sixteen Seventeen Eighteen nineteen twenty

20 21 22 2...

twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-...

30 31 32 3...

thirty thirty-one thirty-two thirty-...

40 41 42 4...

forty forty-one forty-two forty-...

50 51 52 5...

fifty fifty-one fifty-two fifty-...

60 61 62 6...

sixty sixty-one sixty-two sixty-...

70 71 72 7...

seventy seventy-one seventy-two seventy-...

80 81 82 8...

eighty eighty-one eighty-two eighty-...

90 91 92 9...

ninety ninety-one ninety-two ninety-...

100

one hundred

101 = 100 + 1
 one hundred and one
135 = 100 + 35

one hundred and thirty-five

200 300 400 500

two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred

600 700 800 900

six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred

999 = 900 + 99

nine hundred and ninety-nine

1000
2000 3000 ...000
one thousand
two thousand three thousand ... thousand

Para contar de 1000 en adelante, luego de thousand se agrega una coma y después la cifra indicada por los
últimos tres dígitos.

1234

one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four

9999

nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine

COLOURS

red blue green yellow violet

orange brown black white grey

ROOM IN A HOUSE

living room living guest room dormitorio de huésped

sitting room sala de estar bedroom dormitorio

dining room comedor playroom sala de juegos

bathroom baño kitchen cocina

toilet toilet attic ático

laundry room lavadero basement sótano

PLACES ON BOARD

Cabin/Chamber Camarote Galley Cocina

Bridge Puente bedroom dormitorio

Radio room Sala de radio Messroom casino/ Cámara

Store room Gamuza / pañol Laundry Lavandería

Pilot’s cabin Camarote del Engine room Sala de Máquinas

Práctico
Pump room Sala de bombas
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

Days of the Week

Monday Lunes

Tuesday Martes

Wednesday Miércoles

Thursday Jueves

Friday Viernes

Saturday Sábado

Sunday Domingo
Se escriben siempre con inicial mayúscula. Cuando debemos referirnos a una acción que se realiza
en un día de la semana, se debe usar la preposición on.

I don't go to school on Saturday.

Months of the Year

January February March

April May June

July August September

October November December

Se escriben siempre con inicial mayúscula. Cuando debemos referirnos a una acción que se realiza
en un mes determinado, se debe usar la preposición in.
Christmas is in December. (Navidad es en diciembre.)

Seasons

winter invierno

spring primavera

summer verano

autumn (GB), fall (US) otoño

Normalmente se escriben con inicial minúscula. Otoño se dice autumn en inglés británico
y fall en inglés americano.

Cuando debemos referirnos a una acción que se realiza en una estación determinada, se
debe usar la preposición in.

It's cold in winter. (Hace frío en invierno.)

Family Relationships

father padre

mother madre

husband esposo

wife esposa

son hijo

daughter hija

brother hermano

sister hermana

uncle tío

aunt tía

nephew sobrino

niece sobrina

grandfather abuelo

grandmother abuela
Countries, nationalities and Languages

Question words

English Spanish

Where Dónde

Why Por qué

Who Quién

What / (time) Qué / Cuál / A qué hora

Which Qué / Cuál

How long Por cuánto tiempo

How often Con qué frecuencia

Whose De quién

How many / much Cuántos / Cuánto

How old Cuántos años / Qué edad

How Cómo

How + adjective Para solicitar información

sobre tamaño, peso, altura
(How long / How etc. Descripciones
high...? etc)
Question structure of the verb to be in the present simple with QW’s

Question Verb (to Subject Complement

Word be)

What is (your) name? [no complement]

How old are you? [no complement]

Where is Juan from?

Who is (the) present for?

Remember:
In questions with the verb to be, only the question words can go in the beginning. Nothing may go in front of
the question words in full questions.

¿ De dónde eres? -> Lo lógico seria : From where are you? (INCORRECTO)

Recuerden que en inglés se utilizan las preposiciones al final de la pregunta (What is it for? Who are you
with? > ¿Para qué es?¿Con quién estás?)

Correcto: Where are you from? (QW + prep)

Typical questions with the above properties:

What is this for? (¿Para qué es esto?)

Who are the books for ? (¿Para quién son los libros?)

What is the movie about? (¿De qué se trata la película?)

Preguntas importantes con sus respuestas para aprender:

Where are you from? – I’m from Australia

What‘s (what + is) your address? – It’s 876 Snow Road.

What’s your nationality? – I’m Peruvian.

Whose pencil is this? – It is my pencil (Whose = de quién y se coloca antes del sustantivo)

How old is Marcus? – He’s twenty years old.

Why are you sad? – Because I am sick.

How are you? – I’m fine, thank you.

Telling the date

Present Simple
Affirmative Form

Al conjugar los verbos regulares en tiempo presente, debe agregarse para la tercera persona del
singular (He/She/It) una "s" al verbo base, mientras que para las demás personas el verbo permanece
igual. Por ejemplo, tomemos el verbo TO PLAY (jugar).
 TO PLAY
I play

You play

He plays

She plays

It plays

We play

You play

They play

Negative Form (para negar la acción indicada por el verbo)

Se compone de la persona, seguido del auxiliar DO conjugado, seguido de NOT y el verbo en infinitivo.

You + do + not + play

Cuando se trata de la tercera persona en singular, el auxiliar que se debe usar es DOES.

He + does + not + play

En lenguaje informal, pueden utilizarse las formas cortas:

DO + NOT = DON'T
DOES + NOT = DOESN'T

TO PLAY
I Do not Play = I don't play

You Do not Play = You don't play

He does not Play = He doesn't play

She does not Play = She doesn't play

It does not Play = It doesn't play

We Do not Play = We don't play

 You Do not Play = You don't play

They Do not Play = They don't play

Interrogative Form (para interrogar o realizar preguntas)

Se compone del verbo auxiliar DO seguido de la persona y el verbo en infinitivo.

Do + you + play

Cuando se trata de la tercera persona en singular, el auxiliar que se debe usar es DOES.

Does + he + play

TO PLAY
Do I play ?

Do you play ?

Does he play ?

Does she play ?

Does it play ?

Do we play ?

Do you play ?

Do they play ?

ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS THAT ARE TYPICAL OF THIS TENSE (ADVERBIOS Y

EXPRESIONES TÌPICAS DE ESTE TIEMPO VERBAL):
 ALWAYS (siempre)

NEVER (nunca)

OFTEN (a menudo)

SOMETIMES (a veces)

GENERALLY (generalmente)

USUALLY (usualmente)

EVERY DAY / WEEK (todos los días, todas las semanas etc.)

ONCE A MONTH (una vez al mes)

TWICE A YEAR (dos veces al año)

Todas estas expresiones adverbiales indican cierta rutina ó frecuencia.

Recuerde que estos adverbios (ALWAYS, NEVER, USUALLY, SOMETIMES, OFTEN , GENERALLY) ocupan una
posición especial en la oración:

I always get up at 6 o’clock.

She never listens to me.

They sometimes go to the movies.

El adverbio se coloca ADELANTE del VERBO excepto cuando es el “verb to be”:

He IS always late for work.

They ARE never ready.

She IS often hungry.

Cuando se utiliza el “verb to be” el adverbio de frecuencia VA ATRÀS DEL “VERB TO BE”.