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    3 Senna

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    jay
    This document compares Indian and Alexandrian varieties of senna. It details their botanical classification, places of cultivation, harvesting processes, microscopic features, constituents including sennosides, and uses as a purgative. The varieties are differentiated based on characteristics like color, size, vein islet number, stomatal index, and palisade ratios.

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    3 Senna

    Uploaded by

    jay
    386 views11 pages
    This document compares Indian and Alexandrian varieties of senna. It details their botanical classification, places of cultivation, harvesting processes, microscopic features, constituents including sennosides, and uses as a purgative. The varieties are differentiated based on characteristics like color, size, vein islet number, stomatal index, and palisade ratios.

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    3.Senna

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    This document compares Indian and Alexandrian varieties of senna. It details their botanical classification, places of cultivation, harvesting processes, microscopic features, constituents including sennosides, and uses as a purgative. The varieties are differentiated based on characteristics like color, size, vein islet number, stomatal index, and palisade ratios.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    386 views11 pages

    3 Senna

    Uploaded by

    jay
    This document compares Indian and Alexandrian varieties of senna. It details their botanical classification, places of cultivation, harvesting processes, microscopic features, constituents including sennosides, and uses as a purgative. The varieties are differentiated based on characteristics like color, size, vein islet number, stomatal index, and palisade ratios.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Indian Alexandrian

    Dried leaflets of
    • Cassia angustifolia • Cassia acutifolia
    • Leguminosae • Leguminosae

    • Known as Tinnevelly Senna • Formerly exported from


    Alexandria but now from Port
    Sudan
    • Indigenous to S.Arabia ,
    cultivated in S.India
    (Tinnevelly) • Cultivated in Nile territories

    • Collected from wild sources


    Indian – Cultivation
    • Requires irrigated land
    • Red loamy ,coarse gravel soil. Also grows in
    alluvial loamy soil
    • Before sowing land ploughed twice , leveled
    • 1st sowing done in Feb – Mar
    • 2nd sowing in Oct – Nov by broadcasting
    method
    • Seeds triturated with sand for early
    germination
    • Allowed to grow for 5months till the growth of
    flower stalks occur which were cut down to
    initiate branching
    • N – fertilizers were supplied
    Indian
    • Harvesting done in 3 stages after 2 – 3 months of
    sowing
    1st leaflets thick , full grown , greenish
    2nd after 1month
    3rd after 4wks
    • Collected by women & dried
    • Packed in large bales using hydraulic pressure
    • Uprooted after 3rd collection

    • The one cultivated after rice crop on the same


    land in the same season gives best yields
    • If grown on dry land without irrigation poor
    yields
    Alexandrian
    • Branches collected when fruits are fully formed but still
    unripe
    • Rapidly dried in Sun & sold by Govt.auction
    • Graded into 1.Whole leaves
    2.Whole & broken leaves
    3.Siftings & pods
    • Pods & large stalks are 1st sifted , pods separated by hand
    • That passing through the sieve is tossed in shallow trays
    1.Leaves & fragments – surface
    2.Heavier Stalks , sand – bottom
    3.Leaves separated from fragments & graded by
    means of sieves , partly by hand picking –
    form siftings &mixed leaves
    • Whole leaves are picked by hand if required
    • Packed in mats / bales without pressing
    • Whole leaves sold to public
    • Other grades used for galanical preparations
    Description
    Uniformly lanceolate shape , Characteristc odor
    Mucilaginous , bitter , unpleasant taste,
    Entire margin , Acute apex

    • Indian • Alexandrian
    • Yellowish color • Greyish green color
    • Larger than Alexandrian
    • Less asymmetrical at • More asymmetric , unequal at
    base base
    • Less broken, flat • More broken , curled at edges
    • Shows impressions mid • Few pressed markings
    vein of other leaves as it • Small whitish hairs especially
    is in compressed bales near veins
    Microscopy (isobilateral leaf)
    • Epidermis polygonal , tubular, cells
    contain mucilage
    Scattered non lignified warty
    trichomes , curved near
    base
    Paracytic stomata
    • Mesophyll
    palisade on both the surfaces
    Single layered .
    Upper cells longer than lower
    Spongy parenchyma contain calcium
    Midrib
    • Biconvex
    • Flat dorsal surface & convex ventral surface
    • Epidermis present on both the surfaces
    • Palisade continuous over midrib on upper side
    • Lower palisade replaced by collenchyma
    • V.B Collateral & occupy central part of midrib
    Covered on both sides by sclerenchyma fibers
    • Xylem towards upper side , phloem lower side
    • Sclerenchyma fibers covered by a layer of
    parenchyma which contain calcium oxalate
    Constituents
    • 1st isolated aloe emodin & rhein
    • Sennosides A & B
    • Also contain yellow flavonol coloring matter
    Kaempferol & its glucoside Kaempferin
    • Isorhamnetin , myricyl alcohol , sterol
    • Mucilage , calcium oxalate , resin
    • Water soluble lignan & polysaccharide
    • Sennoside A upon hydrolysis gives
    Sennidin A (dextro form ) + 2 glucose
    • Sennoside B upon hydrolysis gives
    Sennidin B (meso form ) + 2 glucose
    Structure
    C 6H 11O 5 O O OH
    R1 Sennoside R1 R2 10-10’

    A COOH COOH Trans


    10
    R2 B COOH COOH Meso
    10’
    C CH 2OH COOH Trans
    D CH 2OH COOH Meso

    O
    C 6 H 11O5 O OH
    USES
    • Purgative

    Both varieties are differentiated by


    Alexandrian Indian
    • Vein islet number 25-30 20-23
    • Stomatal index 11.4-12.2-13 17.1-18.7-20
    • Palisade ratio(U) 4.5-9.5-18 4-7.5-12
    (L) 3.5-7-14.5 2.5-5.1-10.5
    • Borntrager’s test

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