Aicrpda Nicra Ar 2018 19

AICRPDA – NICRA
रा ट्रीय जलवायु समु थान कृिष म नवप्रवतर्न

National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture
Managing Weather Aberrations

through Real Time Contingency Planning
वािषर्क प्रितवेदन
Annual Report
2018-19
अिखल भारतीय समि वत बारानी कृिष अनस

ु ंधान पिरयोजना
All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture
ICAR - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
Hyderabad - 500059
i
Annual Report 2018-19
Citation
Managing Weather Aberrations through Real Time Contingency Planning, AICRPDA-NICRA
Annual Report, 2018-19, All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, ICAR-Central
Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India. p.184
Compiled and Edited by

G. Ravindra Chary
K.A. Gopinath
Boini Narsimlu
Technical Assistance & Manuscript Processing

D. Anantha V. Rao
Rasul Abdul
P.S. Prabhamani
Hindi
G. Prabhakar
Other Support
N. Manikya Rao
K. Sankar Reddy
Front Cover: Rainwater harvesting in farm pond and supplemental irrigation through sprinklers in soybean,
AICRPDA Centre, Parbhani
Back Cover: Intercultivation in groundnut in Patameghpar village, Jamnagar district; Supplemental

irrigation through drip system in castor in Kalimati/Dholiya village, Banaskantha district; Short duration
rice variety ‘Dishang’ in Chamua village, Lakhimpur district; Intercropping of pigeonpea + fieldbean (1:1)
in Chikkamaranahalli village, Bengaluru Rural district
Printed at
Balaji Scan Pvt. Limited, 11-2-1145, Beside Matas Temple,
Nampally, Hyderabad–500 00, Tel : 23303424 / 25
ii
AICRPDA – NICRA
Preface
Managing weather risks, particularly delayed onset of south-west

monsoon and agricultural drought, is the key challenge in rainfed
agriculture. A decrease of one standard deviation from the mean annual
rainfall often leads to a complete loss of the crop. Dry spells of 2 to 4
weeks during critical crop growing stages cause partial or complete crop
failure. Under National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture
(NICRA), the 23 network centres of All India Coordinated Research
Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) conceptualized Real-Time
Contingency Plan (RTCP) implementation to manage weather risks. The RTCP was implemented, both
on-station and on-farm trials/demonstrations, with two pronged approach i.e. preparedness and real-
time contingency measures, with established village level institutional mechanisms.
During the Sixth Annual Review Workshop of AICRPDA-NICRA held during 25-26 May,
2018 at ICAR-CRIDA, the trials/demonstrations at both on-station and in 55 AICRPDA-NICRA
villages in 24 districts across 15 states, were critically reviewed. The Technical programme 2018-19
was strengthened at 23 centres including collaboration with All India Coordinated Research Project on
Agrometeorology, ICAR-IIOR & AICRPs on Castor/Sesame/Niger, ICAR-IIMR & AICRPs on Millet
Crops, and NICRA-KVK villages.
During 2018-19, the onset of monsoon was delayed by 15, 18 and 20 days, respectively in NICRA
villages of Garhwa, Faizabad and Rewa districts. The crops experienced 2 to 4 dry spells in NICRA
villages in Akola, Anantapuramu, Bhilwara, Bengaluru Rural, Vijayapura, Bhiwani, Indore, Parbhani,
Jamnagar, Solapur and Mirzapur districts during kharif and 2 to 4 dry spells in Lakhimpur, Garwa,
Bastar, Samba, Vijayapura and Thoothukkudi districts during rabi season. The interventions to cope
with delayed onset of monsoon and seasonal drought were demonstrated in more than 1000 farmers’
fields in 55 villages. The real-time coping measures helped in enhancing the crop yields and more
income to the farmers.
The salient achievements of AICRPDA-NICRA technical programme 2018-19, both on-
station and on-farm, are presented in this document. I compliment the team of scientists from PC Unit,
AICRPDA and 23 AICRPDA centres for implementing the technical program and for generating real-
time data on impact of NICRA programme.
We are highly grateful to Dr. T. Mohapatra, Secretary (DARE) & DG, ICAR, New Delhi for his
valuable guidance to the project. We profusely thank Dr. K. Alagusundaram, DDG (NRM) In-charge
& DDG (Agril. Engg.), Dr. S. Bhaskar, ADG (A, AF & CC) and Dr. S.K. Chaudhari, ADG (S & WM)
for all the guidance and support to AICRPDA from time to time. We acknowledge the support of
Dr. M. Prabhakar, PI, NICRA, PC, AICRPAM and scientists of NICRA-KVKs. We are also highly
thankful to all the participating farmers from 55 AICRPDA-NICRA villages across the country for
their participation, contribution and support.
(G. Ravindra Chary)

Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Contents
S. Page
Agro-climate zone/Centre
No. No.
Executive summary 1
Introduction 13
1. Salient Achievements – Technology Demonstration 23
1.1 Dry Semi Arid Zone (500-750 mm) 23
1.1.1 Arjia 32
1.1.2 Anantapuramu 38
1.1.3 Agra 44
1.1.4 Hisar 51
1.1.5 Kovilpatti 56
1.1.6 Rajkot 64
1.1.7 SK Nagar 73
1.1.8 Solapur 79
1.1.9 Vijayapura
1.2 Moist Semi Arid Zone (750-1000 mm)
1.2.1 Akola 90
1.2.2 Bengaluru 96
1.2.3 Indore 102
1.2.4 Parbhani 105
1.2.5 Jhansi 112
1.2.6 Rakh Dhiansar 117
1.3 Dry Sub-humid Zone (1000-1250 mm)
1.3.1 Ballowal Saunkhri 120
1.3.2 Chianki 125
1.3.3 Faizabad 130
1.3.4 Rewa 134
1.3.5 Varanasi 137
v
S. Page
Agro-climate zone/Centre
No. No.
1.4 Moist Sub-humid zone (1250-1500 mm)
1.4.1 Jagdalpur 139
1.4.2 Phulbani 143
1.5 Per- humid Zone
1.5.1 Biswanath Chariali 146
2.0 NICRA – Strategic Research 153
3.0 NICRA – Other Activities 155
3.1 Village Institutions
3.1.1 Village Climate Risk Management Committee (VCRMC) 155
3.1.2 Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) 156
3.1.3 Village Seed Bank 159
3.1.4 Fodder Bank 161
3.2 Training / Field days / Field visits organized
3.2.1 Trainings 161
3.2.2 Field days 164
3.3 Agro-advisories 165
3.4 Soil Health Cards 166
3.5 Linkages developed 166
4 Publications 167
5 Project Team of AICRPDA – NICRA 171
Acronyms 175
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AICRPDA – NICRA
कायर्कारी सारांश
मौसम की प्रितकूलताओं से जूझने के िलए सही समय की थान था। ितल की थानीय िक म (389 िकलोग्राम प्रित
आकि मक योजना (आरटीसीपी) का कायार् वयन एवं तैयारी हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म शेखर ने उ नत बीज पैदावार (634
पर िवशेष यान देते हुए रा ट्रीय जलवायु समु थान कृिष म िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (18798/- पए प्रित हे-
नवप्रवतर् न (िनक्रा) के अंतगर् त अिखल भारतीय समि वत क्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (1.71) िदया। इसके बाद जेएलटी-
बारानी कृिष अनस ु धं ान पिरयोजना (एक्रीपडा) के 23 कद्र म 408 (627 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) का थान था।
एवं खेत पर प्रदशर् न/जांच का आयोजन िकया जा रहा है। सही म य मौसमी सूखा
समय की आकि मक योजनाओं (आरटीसीपी) का कायार् व-
यन िद्व तरीय ि कोण से िकया जा रहा है, यािन i) सही समय अरिजया के अधर् -शु क वटीर्सोल मदृ ाओं म, शु क दौर (2579
के आकि मक उपाय एवं ii) तैयारी। वषर् 2018-19 के दौरान, िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) के तरु तं बाद पयार् त नमी पर पणर्
15 रा य म या त 24 िजल के 23 गांव कद्र (55 गांव ) प्रयोग की तल ु ना म शु क दौर (14 िदन) के दौरान मैक्रो -माइ-
के 1000 से अिधक िकसान के खेत म मानसून के आरंभ क्रो यूिट्रएंट्स के पणर् प्रयोग से मह वपूणर् प से उ नत मक्का
म देरी एवं मौसमी सूखा (शीघर् , म य एवं अंितम) से जूझने अनाज का पैदावार (2887 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) दजर् िकया
के ह तक्षेप को प्रदिशर् त िकया गया। वषर् 2018 के दौरान गया। इसके अलावा, िनयंत्रण (2326 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर)
गढ़वाह (झारखंड़), फै ज़ाबाद (उ तर प्रदेश) एवं रीवा (म य की तल ु ना म 0.5 प्रितशत की दर से जल म घल ु नशील नाइ-
प्रदेश) के िनक्रा के गांव म मानसून के आने म क्रमश: 15,18 ट्रोन, फासफोरस, पोटाश (18:18:18) + 0.5 प्रितशत की दर
एवं 20 िदन की देरी हुई। इसके अलावा, अकोला (महारा- से ZnSO4 के पणर् प्रयोग से अिधक लाभ (44761/- पए प्रित
ट्र), अनंतपरु मु (आंध्र प्रदेश), भीलवाड़ा (राज थान), बगलु हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (3.43) सिहत 38.3 प्रितशत तक
ग्रामीण (कनार् टक), िवजयपरु (कनार् टक), िभवानी (हिरयाणा), का अिधक अनाज (3217 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) पैदावार
इंदौर (म य प्रदेश), परभनी (महारा ट्र), जामनगर (गज दजर् िकया गया।
ु रात),
सोलापरु (महारा ट्र) एवं िमजार् परु (उ तर प्रदेश) के िनक्रा के िब वनाथ चिरअिल के आद्रर् इनसे टीसोल मदृ ाओं म, सूखे से
गाव म फसल के िविभ न तर पर 2-4 शु क दौर आए। तनाव के बाद (885 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) पणर् िछड़काव की
िवशेष उपलि धयां नीचे दी जा रही ह : तलु ना म शु क दौर (35 िदन म) के दौरान तोिरया की फसल
1) कद्र पर पर पणर् िछड़काव से मह वपूणर् प से उ नत बीज पैदावार
(948 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं अिधक लाभ (21519/-
मानसून की शु आत म देरी पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) दजर् िकया गया। पोषक के ोत म, अ य
िचया की म, मानसून की शु आत म 15 िदन (24 जून) उपचार की तल ु ना म 0.5 प्रितशत की दर से जल म घल ु न-
की देरी हुई। थानीय िक म (3146 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) शील कं लेक्स उवर् रक (19:19:19) + 05 प्रितशत की दर से
की तल ु ना म वषार् आधािरत म यम चावल की उ त िक म ZnSO4 + 0.5 प्रितशत की दर से बोरॉक्स के पणर् प्रयोग से
अरैज़-तेज ने अिधक लाभ (55284/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं मह वपूणर् प से उ त बीज पैदावार (1027 िकलोग्राम प्रित
बी:सी अनपु ात (2.96) सिहत 47 प्रितशत उ नत अनाज हेक्टेयर) दजर् िकया गया जबिक 2 प्रितशत की दर से यूिरआ
पैदावार (4624 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) दजर् िकया। इसके के पणर् िछड़काव से अिधक लाभ (27558/- पए प्रित हेक्टे-
बाद िक म पीएसी-801 (4151 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) का यर) दजर् िकया गया।
1
2) खेत पर शु आती मौसमी सूखा

I. सही समय के आकि मक उपाय व नेदोड् डी गांव (अनंतपरु मु िजला, आंध्र प्रदेश) के वषार्
मानसून की शु आत म देरी आधािरत ए फीसोल मदृ ाओं म, िबना संरक्षण कूंड (550 िक-
लोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल
ु ना म देशी हल से अरंड फसल
कंु भी एवं बनखेता गांव (गढवाह िजला, झारखंड) म, की हर पंिक्त के पास संरक्षण कूंड की खदु ाई द्वारा व- थाने
मानसून की शु आत म 15 िदन तक की देरी हुई। थानीय नमी संरक्षण से अिधक लाभ (16884/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं
िक म (2857 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म अिधक बी:सी अनपु ात (2.4) सिहत 21 प्रितशत उ नत अरंड पैदावार
पैदावार, सूखा सही ण,ु म यम अविध हाइिब्रड चावल चावल (666 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) प्रा त हुआ।
(पीएसी-801) ने उ नत अनाज पैदावार (3718 िकलोग्राम
वरखेड गांव (अकोला िजला, महारा ट्र) के म यम काली
प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं कुल लाभ (40788/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर)
मदृ ाओं म, िबना संरक्षण कूंड (1536 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर)
िदया। मक्का की थानीय िक म (1774 िकलोग्राम प्रित हे-
की िकसान की प्रिक्रया की तल ु ना म सोयाबीन फसल की
क्टेयर) की तल ु ना म िक म कं चन ने उ नत अनाज पैदावार
बोवाई 30-35 िदन के बाद हर पंिक्त के पास संरक्षण कूंड
(2354 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया। इसी प्रकार, थानीय
की खदु ाई द्वारा व- थाने नमी संरक्षण से उ नत बीज पैदावार
िक म की तल ु ना म रागी (ए-404), वार (सीएसवी-20) एवं
(1875 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (33120/- पए
ितल (शेखर) के उ नत िक म ने 33.2 प्रितशत से 55.4
प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी अनपु ात (2.4) एवं वषार् जल उपयोग
प्रितशत तक का उ नत पैदावार िदया।
क्षमता (1.86 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी) दजर् िकया गया।
हरदोया गांव (फै ज़ाबाद िजला, उ तर प्रदेश) म, मानसून
म य मौसमी सूखा
की शु आत म 18 िदन तक की देरी हुई। चावल की थानीय
िक म (1315 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म िक म चमआ ु गांव (लिखमपरु िजला, असम) म, िबना अितिर-
एनडीआर-97 ने उ नत अनाज पैदावार (1906 िकलोग्राम प्रित क्त िसंचाई (3015 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तलु ना म
हेक्टेयर) एवं कुल लाभ (10216/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया। कृिष तालाब से वाटर िलि टंग पंप द्वारा 2 सटीमीटर की
इसी प्रकार, अरहर की थानीय िक म (1250 िकलोग्राम प्रित गहराई तक एक अितिरक्त िसंचाई देने से अिधक कुल लाभ
हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना िक म एनडीए-1 ने उ नत बीज पैदावार (27700/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी अनपु ात (1.58) सिहत
(1846 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (73250/- पए चावल की पैदावार (4520 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) म 33.3
प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (3.85) िदया। प्रितशत तक की बढ़ो तरी हुई।
राउरा एवं पटुना गांव (रीवा िजला, म य प्रदेश) म, मानसून वरखेड गांव (अकोला िजला, महारा ट्र) म, िबना संरक्षण
की शु आत म 20 िदन तक की देरी हुई। अरहर की थानीय िसंचाई (1726 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म कृिष
िक म (720 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म िक म तालाब म संिचत वषार् जल से एक संरक्षण िसंचाई (25 िम.मी.)
आशा ने उ नत बीज पैदावार (920 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टे- के प्रयोग से सोयाबीन का उ नत बीज पैदावार (1952 िकलो-
यर) एवं कुल लाभ (38,600/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी ग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (41905/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर)
अनपु ात (4.21) िदया। इसी प्रकार, उड़द की थानीय िक म एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (2.70) दजर् िकया गया।
(220 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल
ु ना िक म एलबीजी-20 बभलु गांव (परभनी िजला, महारा ट्र) की ह की काली मदृ ाओं
ने उ नत बीज पैदावार (350 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं कुल म, िबना अितिरक्त िसंचाई (842 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की
लाभ (9250/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया। तल
ु ना म कृिष तालाब म संिचत वषार् जल से ि प्रंकलर प्रणाली
2
AICRPDA – NICRA
द्वारा 5 सटीमीटर की एक अितिरक्त िसंचाई सोयाबीन के िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), अिधक लाभ (28620/- पए प्रित
फली िनमार् ण तर पर देने से कुल लाभ (27869/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (2.43) प्रा त हुआ।
हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (2.39) सिहत सोयाबीन की बीज
कदेसारा कलान गांव (लिलतपरु िजला, उ तर प्रदेश) म, िबना
पैदावार (1410 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) म 67.5 प्रितशत तक
अितिरक्त िसंचाई (708 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना
विृ द्ध हुई।
म संिचत वषार् जल से (40 िम.मी.) अितिरक्त िसंचाई देने से
अंितम मौसमी सूखा मूंगफली की फली के पैदावार म 49 प्रितशत (1078 िकलो-
तहकपाल गांव (ब तर िजला, छ तीसगढ़) म, वषार् ग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की विृ द्ध हुई। इसके साथ ही साथ अिधक
आधािरत िमडलड् स के अंतगर् त िबना अितिरक्त िसंचाई कुल लाभ (38448/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात
(1883 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल
ु ना म कृिष तालाबो (2.35) प्रा त हुआ।
म संिचत वषार् जल से 2 सटीमीटर की एक जीवनरक्षक िसंचाई कािलमित गांव(बन कांता िजला, गज ु रात) म, िबना अितिरक्त
ने चावल की उ नत अनाज पैदावार (2097 िकलोग्राम प्रित िसंचाई (892 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म अरंड म
हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (7493/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी पु पण से कै सूल िवकास के दौरान सू म िसंचाई द्वारा कृिष
अनपु ात (2.05) िदया। तालाब म संिचत वषार् जल से दो अितिरक्त िसंचाई (हर बार 30
बधु ादानी गांव (कं धमाल िजला, ओिडशा) म, िबना अितिर- िम.मी.) देने से अिधक कुल लाभ (41528/- पए प्रित हेक्टे-
क्त िसंचाई (1970 एवं 1910 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की यर), बी:सी अनपु ात (2.52) सिहत 27.1 प्रितशत उ नत बीज
तल ु ना म चावल की िक म नवीन एवं सहाभागी म िनकटवतीर् पैदावार (1134 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया।
जलाशय से अितिरक्त िसंचाई देने से क्रमश: अिधक कुल लाभ II. तैयािरयां
(15925/- पए एवं 14000/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) सिहत 27.4
वषार्जल प्रबंधन
एवं 25.7 प्रितशत उ नत अनाज पैदावार (2510 एवं 2400
िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया। कवलगी एवं ह नतु गी गांव (िवजयपरु िजला, कनार् टक) के
म यम काली मदृ ाओं म, िकसान की प्रिक्रया (325 – 341
कािलमित गांव (बन कांता िजला, गज ु रात) के गहरी दोमट
िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल
ु ना म चना म गहरी जतु ाई द्वारा
मदृ ा म, िबना अितिरक्त िसंचाई (1395 िकलोग्राम प्रित हे-
व- थाने नमी संरक्षण से 21.2 एवं 21.6 प्रितशत उ नत
क्टेयर) की तल ु ना म अरंड म पु पण से कै सूल िवकास के
बीज पैदावार (394 एवं 415 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) हुआ।
दौरान सू म िसंचाई द्वारा कृिष तालाब म संिचत वषार् जल से
दो अितिरक्त िसंचाई (हर बार 30 िम.मी.) देने से अिधक कुल नगला दु हे खान गांव (आग्रा िजला, उ तर प्रदेश) के वषार्
लाभ (65414/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी अनपु ात (4.53) आधािरत इनसे टीसोल मदृ ा म, िकसान की िछड़काव प्रिक्रया
(1999 िकलोग्राम प्रितहेक्टेयर) की तल
एवं वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (2.27 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम. ु ना िरडजर सीडर से
मी.) सिहत 39 प्रितशत उ नत बीज पैदावार (1943 िकलो- बाजरे की बोवाई ने उ नत अनाज पैदावार (2363 िकलोग्राम
ग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) िदया। प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (39230/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर),बी:सी
अनपु ात (3.50) एवं वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (5.42 िकलोग्राम
उजलांबा गांव (परभनी िजला, महारा ट्र) के ह की से म यम
प्रित हेक्टेयर िम.मी.) िदया।
काली मदृ ा म, िबना अितिरक्त िसंचाई (900 िकलोग्राम प्रित
हेक्टेयर) की तलु ना म सोयाबीन (िक म एमएयूएस-158) म घंघआ ु गांव (बन कांता िजला, गज ु रात) म, िबना खंड मढ़
कृिष तालाब म संिचत वषार् जल से 5 सटीमीटर की गहराई (888 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की िकसान की प्रिक्रया की
तक अितिरक्त िसंचाई देने से उ नत बीज उ पादन (1430 तल ु ना खंड मढ़ सिहत बाजरा म व- थाने नमी संरक्षण से
3
उ नत अनाज एवं कडबी (958 एवं 2595 िकलोग्राम प्रित पोषकत व प्रबंधन
हेक्टेयर) पैदावार, कुल लाभ (18593/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), लापिसया गांव (राजसमंद िजला (राज थान) म, Zn
बी:सी अनपु ात (1.91) एवं वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (2.50 िक- प्रयोग रिहत (2287 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की िकसान की
लोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी) दजर् िकया गया। प्रिक्रया की तल
ु ना म, मक्का म 25 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर की
बधु ादानी गांव (कं धमाल िजला, आिडशा) म, एकल मक्का एवं दर से ZnSO4 के प्रयोग ने अिधक कुल लाभ (29012/- पए
िबना व- थाने नमी संरक्षण (2140 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (2.89) सिहत 17.8 प्रित-
की तल ु ना म मक्का + लोिबया अंतर स ययन प्रणाली म गहरी शत उ त अनाज पैदावार (2693 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर)
ग्री म जतु ाई द्वारा व- थाने नमी संरक्षण एवं मढ़ की ऊंचाई म िदया।
विृ द्ध ने उ नत मक्का समतु य पैदावार (4420 िकलोग्राम प्रित नगला दु हे खान गांव (आग्रा िजला, उ तर प्रदेश) म,
हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (30565/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी पोटाश (K) प्रयोग रिहत (1920 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की
अनपु ात (3.49) एवं वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (3.49 िकलोग्राम िकसान की प्रिक्रया की तल ु ना म, िसफािरश की गई उवर् रक
प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी.) िदया। मात्रा (60:40 िकलोग्राम नाइट्रोजन, फासफोरस प्रित हेक्टेयर)
स ययन प्रणािलयां सिहत 50 िकलोग्राम K2O प्रित हेक्टेयर के प्रयोग से अिधक
पतामेघपार गांव (जामनगर िजला, गज ु रात) की म यम कुल लाभ (95473/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात
काली मदृ ा म, एकल कपास (2213 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) (6.6) सिहत सरस की पैदावार म 32.3 प्रितशत (2540 िक-
की तलु ना म कपास + ितल अंतर स ययन प्रणाली (1:1) ने लोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) तक की विृ द्ध हुई।
उ नत कपास समतु य पैदावार (2850 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टे- िचक्कामारनह ली गांव (बगलू ग्रामीण िजला, कनार् टक)
यर), भूिम समतु य अनपु ात (1.29), कुल लाभ (80670/- म, के वल 100 प्रितशत िसफािरश िकए गए उवर् रक (2502
पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी अनपु ात (2.47) एवं वषार् जल िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) के प्रयोग की तल
ु ना म, रागी (एमआर-
उपयोग क्षमता (4.52 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी.) िदया। 1) + अरहर (बीआरजी-5) (8:2) के अंतर स ययन प्रणाली
मदाना गांव (सांबा िजला, ज मु एवं क मीर) म, एकल म 100 प्रितशत िसफािरश िकया गया उवर् रक (50:40:37.5
मक्का (1850 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल ु ना म मक्का िकलोग्राम नाइट्रोजन, फासफोरस, पोटाश प्रित हेक्टेयर) +
+ उड़द अंतर स ययन प्रणाली (1:1) ने 19.1 प्रितशत 12.5 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर ZnSO4 के प्रयोग से उ नत रागी
उ नत मक्का समतु य पैदावार (2609 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टे- समतु य पैदावार (2677 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ
यर) सिहत कुल लाभ (31993/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी (59173/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (3.22) दजर्
अनपु ात (2.42) एवं वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (4.73 िकलोग्राम िकया गया।
प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी.) िदया। ऊजार् प्रबंधन
मथु क
ु ृ णापरु म गांव (थथु क्ु कुडी िजला, तिमलनाडु) के नरोटेवाड़ी गांव (सोलापरु िजला, महारा ट्र) के म यम
गहरी काली मदृ ा म, एकल कपास (625 िकलोग्राम प्रित हे- काली मदृ ा म, थानी बीज िड्रल (610 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टे-
क्टेयर) की तल ु ना म कपास + उड़द अंतर स ययन प्रणाली यर) की तल ु ना म टू-बाउल फटीर् सीड िड्रल से रबी वार की
(2:1) ने उ नत कपास समतु य पैदावार (1036 िकलोग्राम बोवाई ने अिधक कुल लाभ (6940/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), बी:सी
प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ (15729/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर), एवं अनपु ात (1.27) एवं ऊजार् उपयोग क्षमता (1.89) सिहत 18
वषार् जल उपयोग क्षमता (4.5 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर-िम.मी.) प्रितशत अिधक उ नत अनाज पैदावार (720 िकलोग्राम प्रित
िदया। हेक्टेयर) िदया।
4
AICRPDA – NICRA
व नेदोड् डी गांव (अनंतपरु मु िजला, आंध्र प्रदेश) के वषार् जैिवक प्रबंधन के अंतगर् त वाले लॉट म मह वपूणर् प से
आधािरत ए फीसोल मदृ ाओं म, बैल द्वारा चािलत थानीय उ नत काबर् न (C) (0.66 प्रितशत) दजर् िकया गया। अजैिवक
बीज िड्रल की तल ु ना म बैल द्वारा चािलत अनंता लांटर से उ पादन प्रणाली की तलु ना म जैिवक प्रबंधन के अंतगर् त लॉट
मूंगफली की बोवाई करने से प्रचालन लागत एवं म म क्रमश: समेिकत उ पादन प्रणाली के समान थे। इसके साथ ही उ नत
14 एवं 55 प्रितशत की बचत हुई। इसके अलावा, िकसान की उपल ध पोटाश (K) (242.3 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कॉपर
प्रिक्रया (190 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की तल
ु ना म बैल द्वारा (Cu) (2.01 पीपीएम), लोहा (Fe) (13.4 पीपीएम) एवं िजंक
चािलत अनंता लांटर से 10.5 प्रितशत उ नत फली पैदावार (Zn) (0.69 पीपीएम) दजर् िकया गया।
(210 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) प्रा त हुआ। गांव जलवायु जोिखम प्रबंधन सिमित (वीसीआरएमसी)
खनेर गांव (सांबा िजला, ज मु एवं क मीर) म, िकसान आकि मक फसल योजना, मदृ ा एवं फसल आधािरत
की बीज िछड़काव प्रिक्रया (2082 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) की ह तक्षेप एवं क टम हायिरंग कद्र का उ नत कामकाज जैसे
तलु ना म मैज लांटर से मक्का की बोवाई से अिधक कुल लाभ िविभ न जलवायु जोिखम समु थान ह तक्षेप के लाभािथर् य
(35198/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (2.72) एवं कायार् वयन की पहचान करने म िनक्रा के हर गांव म
सिहत 17.5 प्रितशत अिधक उ नत अनाज पैदावार िदया। थािपत गांव जलवायु जोिखम प्रबंधन सिमित (वीसीआरएम-
मैज़ लांटर से 16.70 का ऊजार् उपयोग क्षमता सिहत ऊजार् सी) प्रभाव गांव तरीय सं थान िसद्ध हुई।
का िनवेश एवं उ पाद क्रमश: 6905 एमजे प्रित हेक्टेयर एवं
115298 एमजे प्रित हेक्टेयर था। क टम हायिरंग कद्र
वैकि पक भूिम उपयोग क टम हायिरंग कद्र संसाधनहीन गरीब िकसान को कम

लागत पर आव यकता आधािरत उपकरण /मशीन को िकराए
नरोटेवाड़ी गांव (सोलापरु िजला, महारा ट्र) के म यम पर देता है। तािक ये िकसान कम समय म अिधक ऊजार् क्षमता
काली मदृ ा म, एकल आंवला (1500 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टे- सिहत बडे भू-भाग पर भूिम की तैयारी, सटीक बोवाई एवं अ य
यर) की तलु ना म आंवला + बाजरा प्रणाली से उ नत आंवला कृिष प्रचालन का कायर् पूरा कर सक। वषर् 2018-19 के दौरान,
समतु य पैदावार (2511 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर), कुल लाभ क टम हायिरंग कद्र द्वारा 55 गांव म फै ले 900 हेक्टेयर
(27229/- पए प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं बी:सी अनपु ात (1.87) दजर् क्षेत्र के िविभ न कृिष प्रचालन काय को पूरा िकया गया एवं
िकया गया। भारी मांग के समय िमक की कमी को दूर करने म मह वपूणर्
िनक्रा अनक
ु ू ल अनस
ु धं ान योगदान िदया।
जैिवक, अजैिवक एवं समेिकत उ पादन प्रणािलय के गांव बीज बक
अंतगर् त िविभ न फसल के िन पादन के मू यांकन ने प ट िनक्रा के गांव म िविभ न क्षेत्रीय फसल के कम अविध,
िकया िक अजैिवक एवं जैिवक प्रबंधन की तल ु ना म समेिकत सूखा एवं बाढ़ सही णु िक म को भागीदारी गांव तरीय बीज
प्रबंधन (1138 िकलोग्राम प्रितहेक्टेयर) के अंतगर् त लॉट म उ पादन शु िकया गया। बीज की अनपु ल धता की सम या
सूरजमख ु ी का बीज पैदवार क्रमश: 17.8 एवं 18.9 प्रितशत को दूर करने के िलए वषार् आधािरत वैकि पक फसल एवं
था। जबिक, मूंग (744-791 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) एवं िक म के बीज को प्रदान करने का प्रयास िकया गया। वषर्
अरहर (400-443 िकलोग्राम प्रित हेक्टेयर) के बीज पैदावार के दौरान, िविभ न िनक्रा के गांव म िविभ न वषार् आधािरत
पर िविभ न उ पादन प्रणािलय का कोई िवशेष प्रभाव नहीं फसल के करीब 21.7 टन बीज का उ पादन/रख-रखाव
था। अजैिवक एवं समेिकत उ पादन प्रणािलय की तल ु ना म िकया गया।
5
चारा बक प्रिशक्षण/ क्षेत्रीय दौरा/ क्षेत्रीय िदवस

तहकपाल गांव, ब तर िजला (छ तीसगढ़) म, िकसान वषर् के दौरान, कद्र द्वारा 70 प्रिशक्षण कायर् क्रम एवं 21
ने टाइलोसनथेस (56.0 िकलोग्राम), संकर नेिपयर बाजरा क्षेत्रीय िदवस/प्रदशर् न दौर का आयोजन िकया गया िजससे
(9.0 िकलोग्राम), बरसीम (38.0 िकलोग्राम) एवं चारा वार िकसान सिहत 5344 पणधािरय को लाभ हुआ।
(45.0 िकलोग्राम) के बीज की पैदावार की। कदेसरा कालान
गांव, लिलतपरु िजला (उ तर प्रदेश) म, िविभ न गांव के एक्रीपाम एवं कृिष िवज्ञान कद्र से सहयोग
िकसान को करीब 10 टन संकर नेिपयर ि ल स बेचा गया। एक्रीपडा िनक्रा गांव म एक्रीपाम द्वारा एक्रीपडा-एक्रीपाम
इसके अलावा, वषर् के दौरान हर साइलेज के करीब 1.0 टन के समान कद्र से कृिष-मौसम सलाह जारी िकए गए। इसी
एवं यूिरआ उपचािरत कड़बी का उ पादन िकया गया। िचक्का- प्रकार, एक्रीपडा कद्र (अकोला, अनंतपरु म,ु बगलू , िब व-
मारनह ली गांव, बगलू ग्रामीण िजला (कनार् टक) म, दूधा
नाथ चिरआिल, िहसार, इंदौर, जगदलपरु , झांसी, कोिवलप-
पशओ ु ं को बेहतर चारा आपूितर् के िलए 20 िकसान के 4 हे-
ट्टी, परभनी, राजकोट, राख िधयंसर, रीवा एवं एसके नगर,
क्टेयर क्षेत्र म चारा मक्का (साउथ अफ्रीकन टॉल) को उगाया
गया। सोलापरु , वारणासी एवं िवजयपरु ) के िजल म िनक्रा-कृिष
िवज्ञान कद्र द्वारा सही समय की आकि मक योजनाएं एवं
कृिष-सलाह/कृिष-मौसम सलाह
अपनाने योग्य प्रौद्योिगिकय पर तकनीकी सलाह दी गई।
लैक बोड पर मौसम सूचना एवं कृिष सलाह का प्रद-
शर् न, मोबाइल द्वारा एसएमएस सेवा एवं ऑल इंिडया रेिडयो पिरचालनरत िजला कृिष आकि मक योजनाओं के िलए
द्वारा सभी गांव म कायार् वयन के िलए सही समय की आक- संपकर्
ि मक उपाय को सूिचत िकया गया। वषर् 2018-19 के दौरान, वषर् 2018-19 के दौरान, कद्र के वैज्ञािनक िजला तरीय
अकोला, अनंतपरु म,ु बगलू ग्रामीण, कोिवलपट्टी, परभनी, फसल आकि मक योजनाओं के उ नयन म कृिष िवज्ञान कद्र
सोलापरु एवं िवजयपरु िजल के अपनाए गए गांव म एक्रीपाम के वैज्ञािनक एवं अिधकािरय तथा संबिं धत रा य के संबिं धत
के सहयोग से सही समय की कृिष-मौसम सलाह दी गई।
िवभाग को शािमल कर सिक्रय प से कायर् रत ह। इसके
मदृ ा वा य काडर् अलावा, कद्र के वैज्ञािनक िजला कृिष आकि मक योजनाओं
वषर् के दौरान, अकोला, अनंतपरु म,ु अरिजया, बगलू , के पिरचालन के िलए 2 रा य (कनार् टक एवं तिमलनाडु) म
िब वनाथ चिरआिल, जगदलपरु , कोिवलपट्टी, परभनी, आयोिजत रा य तरीय बैठक म भाग िलया एवं कायर् योजना-
फुलबानी, राजकोट, राख िधयंसर, रीवा एवं एसके नगर के ओं के िवकास म योगदान िदया।
अपनाए गए गांव म 728 मदृ ा वा य काडर् प्रदान िकए गए।
6
AICRPDA – NICRA
Executive Summary
The 23 Centers of All India Coordinated seed yield (634 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.18798/ha)
Research Project for Dryland Agriculture and B:C ratio (1.71) followed by JLT-408 (627kg/
(AICRPDA) are conducting on-station and on-farm ha) compared to local variety (389 kg/ha).
demonstrations/trials under National Innovations Mid season drought
in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) with
At Arjia, in Semiarid Vertisols, foliar application
the focus on real time contingency plan (RTCP)
of macro- and micronutrients during dry spell (14
implementation and preparedness to cope with
days) recorded significantly higher maize grain
weather aberrations. The RTCPs implementation
yield (2887 kg/ha) compared to foliar application at
has been in a two-pronged approach i.e. i) Real-time
sufficient moisture just after dry spell (2579 kg/ha).
contingency measures and ii) Preparedness. During
Further, foliar application of water soluble NPK
2018-19, the interventions to cope with delayed
(18:18:18) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% increased
onset of monsoon and seasonal drought (early, mid
grain yield (3217 kg/ha) by 38.3% as compared to
season and terminal) were demonstrated in more
control (2326 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.
than 1000 farmers’ fields in 23 village clusters (55
44671/ha) and B:C ratio (3.43).
villages) in 24 districts across 15 states. The onset
of monsoon during 2018 was delayed by 15, 18 and At Biswanath Chariali, in Humid Inceptisols,
20 days, respectively in NICRA villages of Garhwa foliar spray in toria during dry spell (35 days)
(Jharkhand), Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) and Rewa recorded significantly higher seed yield (948 kg/ha)
(Madhya Pradesh) districts. Further, there were 2-4 and net returns (Rs. 21519/ha) compared to foliar
dry spells at different stages of crops in NICRA spray after relieving of stress (885 kg/ha). Among
villages of Akola (Maharashtra), Anantapuramu sources of nutrients, foliar spray of water soluble
(Andhra Pradesh), Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Bengaluru complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4
Rural (Karnataka), Vijayapura (Karnataka), @ 0.5% + borax @ 0.5% resulted in significantly
Bhiwani (Haryana), Indore (Madhya Pradesh), higher seed yield (1027 kg/ha) whereas foliar spray
Parbhani (Maharashtra), Jamnagar (Gujarat), of urea @ 2% recorded higher net returns (Rs.
Solapur (Maharashtra) and Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) 27558/ha) compared to other treatments.
districts. The salient achievements are summarized B. On-farm
below.
I. Real-time contingency measures
A. On-station Delayed onset of monsoon
Delayed onset of monsoon
At Kumbhi and Bankheta villages (Garhwa
At Chianki, the onset of monsoon was delayed district, Jharkhand), the onset of monsoon was
by 15 days (24th June). Improved variety of rainfed delayed by 15 days. High yielding drought tolerant
medium land rice, Arize-Tej recorded 47% higher medium duration hybrid rice (PAC-801) gave higher
grain yield (4624 kg/ha) with higher net returns grain yield (3718 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs.40788/
(Rs.55284/ha) and B:C ratio (2.96) followed by ha) compared to local variety (2857 kg/ha). Mazie
PAC-801 (4151 kg/ha) compared to local variety var. Kanchan gave higher grain yield (2354 kg/ha)
(3146 kg/ha). Sesame variety Shekar gave higher compared to local variety (1774 kg/ha). Similarly,
7
improved varieties of fingermillet (A-404), sorghum with higher net returns (Rs. 27700/ha) and B:C
(CSV-20) and sesame (Shekhar) gave 33.2 to 55.4% ratio (1.58) compared to no supplemental irrigation
higher yields compared to local varieties. (3015 kg/ha).
At Hardoya village (Faizabad district, Uttar At Warkhed village (Akola district,
Pradesh), the onset of monsoon was delayed by Maharashtra), application of one protective
18 days. Rice var. NDR-97 gave higher grain irrigation (25 mm) from harvested rainwater in farm
yield (1906 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs. 10216/ha) pond recorded higher seed yield of soybean (1952
compared to local variety (1315 kg/ha). Similarly, kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 41905/ha) and B:C ratio
pigeonpea var. NDA-1 gave higher seed yield (1846 (2.70) compared to no protective irrigation (1726
kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 73250/ha) and B:C ratio kg/ha).
(3.85) compared to local variety (1250 kg/ha).
At Babhulgaon village (Parbhani district,
At Raura and Patuna villages (Rewa district, Maharashtra), in light to medium black soils, one
Madhya Pradesh), the onset of monsoon was supplemental irrigation of 5 cm with sprinkler
delayed by 20 days. Pigeonpea var. Asha recorded system from harvested rainwater in farm pond at
higher seed yield (920 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.38600/ pod formation stage of soybean increased the seed
ha) and B:C ratio (4.21) compared to local variety yield by 67.5% (1410 kg/ha), with higher net returns
(720 kg/ha). Similarly, blackgram var. LBG-20 (Rs.27869/ha) and B:C ratio (2.39) compared to no
gave higher seed yield (350 kg/ha) and net returns supplemental irrigation (842 kg/ha).
(Rs. 9250/ha) compared to local variety (220 kg/ha). Terminal drought
Early season drought At Tahkapal village (Bastar district, Chhattisgarh),
At Vannedoddi village (Ananthapuramu under rainfed midlands, one life saving irrigation of
district, Andhra Pradesh), in rainfed Alfisols, in- 2 cm from harvested rainwater gave higher grain
situ moisture conservation through opening of yield of rice (2097 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.7493/ha)
conservation furrows adjacent to every row of and B:C ratio (2.05) compared to no supplemental
castor with country plough gave 21% higher castor irrigation (1883 kg/ha).
yield (666 kg/ha) compared to without conservation
At Budhadani village (Kandhamal district,
furrow (550 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.
Odisha), supplemental irrigation from nearby water
16884/ha) and B:C ratio (2.07).
stream in rice varieties, Naveen and Sahabhagi gave
At Warkhed village (Akola district, 27.4 and 25.7% higher grain yield (2510 and 2400
Maharashtra), in medium black soils, in-situ kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.15925 and 14000/
moisture conservation through opening of furrows ha) compared to without supplemental irrigation
in each row after 30-35 DAS of soybean recorded (1970 and 1910 kg/ha), respectively.
higher seed yield (1875 kg/ha), net returns
At Kalimati village (Banaskantha district,
(Rs.33120/ha), B:C ratio (2.4) and RWUE (1.86 kg/
Gujarat), in deep loamy soils, two supplemental
ha-mm) as compared to farmers’ practice of without
irrigations (30 mm each) from harvested rainwater
furrow opening (1536 kg/ha).
in farm pond through micro-irrigation during
Mid season drought flowering to capsule development in castor recorded
At Chamua village (Lakhimpur district, 39% higher seed yield (1943 kg/ha) with higher net
Assam), one supplemental irrigation of 2 cm returns (Rs. 65414/ha), B:C ratio (4.53) and RWUE
depth with the water lifting pump from farm pond (2.27 kg/ha-mm) compared to no supplemental
increased the yield of rice (4520 kg/ha) by 33.3% irrigation (1395 kg/ha).
8
AICRPDA – NICRA
At Ujalamba village (Parbhani district, At Budhadani village (Kandhamal district,

Maharashtra), in light to medium black soils, Odisha), in-situ moisture conservation through deep
supplemental irrigation of 5 cm depth, from summer ploughing and increase in bund height in
harvested rainwater in farm pond, in soybean (var. maize + cowpea intercropping system (2:2) gave
MAUS-158) gave higher seed yield (1430 kg/ha), higher maize equivalent yield (4420 kg/ha), net
net returns (Rs.28620/ha) and B:C ratio (2.43) returns (Rs.30565/ha), B:C ratio (3.49) and RWUE
compared to no supplemental irrigation (900 kg/ha). (3.49 kg/ha-mm) as compared to sole maize without
At Kadesara Kalan village (Lalitpur district, in-situ moisture conservation (2140 kg/ha).
Uttar Pradesh), supplemental irrigation (40 mm) Cropping systems
from harvested rainwater increased the pod yield
At Patameghpar village (Jamnagar district,
of groundnut by 49% (1078 kg/ha) with higher
Gujarat), in medium black soils, cotton + sesame
net returns (Rs.38448/ha) and B:C ratio (2.35)
intercropping system (1:1) gave higher seed cotton
compared to no supplemental irrigation (708 kg/ha).
equivalent yield (2850 kg/ha), land equivalent ratio
At Kalimati village (Banaskantha district, (1.29), net returns (Rs 80670/ha), B:C ratio (2.47)
Gujarat), supplemental irrigation (30 mm) twice and RWUE (4.52 kg/ha-mm) compared to sole
through micro-irrigation after flowering to capsule cotton (2213 kg/ha).
development in castor, from harvested rainwater in
At Madana village (Samba district, Jammu and
farm pond, gave 27.1% higher seed yield (1134 kg/
Kashmir), intercropping of maize + blackgram (1:1)
ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 41528/ha) and B:C
gave 19.1% higher maize equivalent yield (2609 kg/
ratio (2.52) compared to no supplemental irrigation
ha) with higher net returns (Rs.31993/ha), B:C ratio
(892 kg/ha)
(2.42) and RWUE (4.73 kg/ha-mm) compared to
II. Preparedness sole maize (1850 kg/ha).
Rainwater management
At Muthukrishnapuram village (Thoothukkudi
At Kavalagi and Honnutagi villages (Vijayapura district, Tamil Nadu), in deep black soils, cotton
district, Karnataka), in medium black soils, in-situ + blackgram (2:1) intercropping system recorded
moisture conservation through deep ploughing in higher cotton equivalent yield (1036 kg/ha), net
chickpea recorded 21.2 and 21.6% higher seed yield returns (Rs.15729/ha) and RWUE (4.5 kg/ha-mm)
(394 and 415 kg/ha) compared to farmers’ practice compared to sole cotton (625 kg/ha).
(325-341 kg/ha).
Nutrient management
At Nagla Dulhe Khan village (Agra district,
At Lapsiya village (Rajsamand district,
Uttar Pradesh), in rainfed Inceptisols, sowing of
Rajasthan), application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha in
pearlmillet with ridger seeder gave higher grain
maize gave 17.8% higher grain yield (2693 kg/
yield (2363 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.39230/ha), B:C
ratio (3.50) and RWUE (5.42 kg/ha-mm) compared
ratio (2.89) compared to farmers’ practice of no Zn
to farmers’ practice of broadcasting (1999 kg/ha).
application (2287 kg/ ha).
At Ghanghu village (Banaskanta District,
Gujarat), in-situ moisture conservation in At Nagla Dulhe Khan village (Agra district,
pearlmillet with compartmental bunding recorded Uttar Pradesh), application of 50 kg K2O/ha with
higher grain and stover yield (958 and 2595 kg/ RDF (60:40 kg NP/ha) increased mustard yield by
ha), net returns (Rs. 18593/ha), B:C ratio (1.91) and 32.3% (2540 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.
RWUE (2.50 kg/ha-mm) compared to local practice 95473/ha) and B:C ratio (6.6) compared to farmers’
of no compartmental bunding (888 kg/ha). practice of no K application (1920 kg/ha).
9
At Chikkamaranahalli village (Bengaluru Rural NICRA-Strategic research

district, Karnataka), application of 100% RDF
Evaluation of the performance of different crops
(50:40:37.5 kg NPK/ha) + 12.5 kg/ha of ZnSO4 in
under organic, inorganic and integrated production
fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea (BRG-5) (8:2)
intercropping system recorded higher fingermillet systems showed that the seed yield of sunflower was
equivalent yield (2677 kg/ha), net returns (Rs 59173/ 17.8 and 18.9% higher in the plots under integrated
ha) and B:C ratio (3.22) compared to application of management (1138 kg/ha) than that under inorganic
100% RDF alone (2502 kg/ha). and organic management, respectively. However,
different production systems had no significant
Energy management effect on seed yields of greengram (744-791 kg/
At Narotewadi village (Solapur district, ha) and pigeonpea (400-443 kg/ha). Plots under
Maharashtra), in medium black soils, sowing of organic management recorded significantly higher
rabi sorghum with two-bowl ferti-seed drill gave soil organic C (0.66%) compared to inorganic and
18% higher grain yield (720 kg/ha) with higher net integrated production systems. Plots under organic
returns (Rs. 6940/ha), B:C ratio (1.27) and energy management being on par with integrated production
use efficiency (1.89) compared to sowing with local system also recorded significantly higher available
seed drill (610 kg/ha). K (242.3 kg/ha), Cu (2.01 ppm), Fe (13.4 ppm) and
At Vannedoddi village (Ananthapuramu Zn (0.69 ppm) compared to inorganic production
district, Andhra Pradesh), in rainfed Alfisols, system.
groundnut sowing with bullock drawn Ananta Village Climate Risk Management
planter saved the cost of operation and labour by 14 Committee (VCRMC)
and 55%, respectively compared to bullock drawn
local seed drill. Further, sowing of groundnut with VCRMCs established in each NICRA village
bullock drawn Ananta planter gave 10.5% higher proved to be an effective village level institution in
pod yield (210 kg/ha) over farmers’ practice (190 identification of beneficiaries and implementation
kg/ha). of various climate risk resilient interventions
such as contingency crop planning, soil and crop
At Khaner village (Samba district, Jammu and
based interventions and efficient functioning of
Kashmir), sowing of maize with maize planter gave
custom hiring centers.
17.5% higher grain yield over farmers’ practice of
broadcasting (2082 kg/ha) with higher net returns Custom Hiring Centre (CHC)
(Rs. 35198/ha) and B:C ratio (2.72). The energy
CHCs helped in hiring the need based
input and output with maize planter was 6905 MJ/
implements/machinery by resource poor farmers at
ha and 115298 MJ/ha, respectively with energy use
affordable cost and carrying out land preparation,
efficiency of 16.70.
timely and precision sowing covering large area in
Alternate land use short time and other agricultural operations with
At Narotewadi village (Solarpur district, high energy efficiency. During 2018-19, more than
Maharashtra), in medium black soils, anola + 900 ha area was covered for various agricultural
pearlmillet system recorded higher anola equivalent operations in 55 villages through CHCs and
yield (2511 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 27229/ha) and significantly contributed to alleviate labour shortage
B:C ratio (1.87) compared to sole anola (1500 kg/ during peak demand period.
ha).
10
AICRPDA – NICRA
Village seed bank Soil health cards

Participatory village level seed production of During the year, 728 soil health cards were
short duration, drought and flood tolerant varieties provided in the adopted villages of Akola,
of different field crops was taken up in NICRA Ananthapuramu, Arjia, Bengaluru, Biswanath
villages. Efforts were made to provide the seed of Chalriali, Jagdalpur, Kovilpatti, Parbhani, Phulbani,
alternative crops and varieties of the rainfed crops Rajkot, Rakh Dhiansar, Rewa and SK Nagar.
to address the problem of seed unavailability. During
Trainings/Field visits/Field days
the year, about 21.7 tons seed of different rainfed
crops was produced/maintained in different NICRA During the year, 70 trainings and 21 field days/
villages. exposure visits were organized by the centres which
benefitted 5344 stakeholders including farmers.
Fodder bank
Collaboration with AICRPAM and
At Tahakpal village, Bastar district KVKs
(Chhattisgarh), farmers produced seed of
Stylosanthes (56.0 kg), hybrid Napier bajra (9.0 Agromet advisories from common centres of
kg), berseem (38.0 kg) and fodder sorghum (45.0 AICRPDA-AICRPAM were issued by AICRPAM
kg). In Kadesara kala village, Lalitpur district (Uttar centres in AICRPDA NICRA villages. Similarly,
Pradesh), about 10 tons of hybrid napier slips were NICRA-KVKs in the domain districts of AICRPDA
sold to farmers of different villages. Further, about centres (Akola, Anantapuramu, Bengaluru,
Biswanath Chariali, Chianki, Hisar, Indore,
1.0 ton each of silage and urea treated straw was
Jagdalpur, Jhansi, Kovilpatti, Parbhani, Rajkot,
produced during the year. At Chikkamaranahalli
Rakh Dhiansar, SK Nagar, Solapur, Varanasi and
village, Bengaluru Rural district (Karnataka),
Vijayapura) were given technical inputs on real time
fodder maize (South African Tall) was grown in an
contingency planning and doable technologies.
area of 4 ha in 20 farmers’ fields for realizing better
fodder supply to milch animals. Linkages for operationalizing district
agriculture contingency plans
Agro-advisories/Agromet advisories
During 2018-19, the scientists of the centres
Real time contingency measures were advised
were actively involved in updating the district
for implementation in all the villages through display
level crop contingency plans, involving scientists
of weather information and agro-advisories on black
and officials from KVKs and line departments
boards, SMS service through mobiles and All India
in respective states. Further, the scientists from
Radio. During 2018-19, timely agromet advisories
centres also participated in state level meetings
were given in collaboration with AICRPAM centres
organized in 2 states (Karnataka and Tamil Nadu)
in adopted villages of Akola, Anantapuramu,
for operationalization of district agriculture
Bengaluru Rural, Kovilpatti, Parbhani, Solapur and
contingency plans and contributed in developing
Vijayapura districts. action plans.
11
12
AICRPDA – NICRA
Introduction
Climate change/variability impacts are evident systems for higher yield and income, contingency
in Indian agriculture. The projected impacts are crop planning, integrated nutrient management,
likely to further aggravate yield fluctuations of farm mechanization with cost effectiveness and
many crops with impact on food security and prices. timeliness, and alternate land use systems for
Climate variability impacts are more pronounced in diversification, higher income and resource use
rainfed agriculture due to delayed onset of monsoon, efficiency (Table 1).
deficit rainfall and long dry spells. In the XI Five
Year Plan, ICAR launched the National Initiative
on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA). Under
Technology Demonstration component of NICRA,
the climate risk resilient technologies are being
demonstrated in farmers’ fields in a participatory
mode in vulnerable districts in the country.
AICRPDA-NICRA Programme
The All India Coordinated Research Project for
Dryland Agriculture (AICPRDA), a natural resource
management project, has the network of 19 main, 3
sub and 9 voluntary centres (Fig.1). The AICRPDA
network centres have generated agroecology-
specific doable rainfed technologies/practices
which basically address rainwater harvesting and
reuse for higher resource use efficiency and water
productivity, efficient crops/varieties sand cropping Fig.1: Location map of AICRPDA Network Centres
Table 1: AICRPDA Network Centres - Agro-ecological setting

Name of the SAU / ICAR Agro-Climatic Zone (NARP)/ Agro– Climate** MARF Dominant MRPS
Centre Institute/ Others (Hqrs) ecological Sub Region (AESR) (mm) Soil Type
Main centres
Akola PDKV, Akola Western Vidarbha Zone in Maha- Semiarid (Hot moist) 824 Vertisols Cotton
rashtra (6.3)
Anantapuramu ANGRAU, Guntur Scarce rainfall zone (Rayalaseema) Arid (Hot) 544 Alfisols Groundnut
in Andhra Pradesh (3.0)
Arjia MPUAT, Udaipur Southern zone in Rajasthan (4.2) Semiarid (Hot dry) 656 Vertisols Maize
Ballowal PAU, Ludhiana Kandi region in Punjab (9.1) Subhumid (Hot dry) 1011 Inceptisols Maize
Saunkhri
Bengaluru UAS, Bengaluru Central, eastern and southern dry Semiarid (Hot moist) 926 Alfisols Fingermillet
zone in Karnataka (8.2)
Biswanath AAU, Jorhat North Bank plain zone inAssam (15.2) Humid (Hot) 1990 Alfisols Rice
Chariali
13
Name of the SAU / ICAR Agro-Climatic Zone (NARP)/ Agro– Climate** MARF Dominant MRPS
Centre Institute/ Others (Hqrs) ecological Sub Region (AESR) (mm) Soil Type
Chianki BAU, Ranchi Western plateau zone of Jharkhand Subhumid (Hot moist) 1179 Inceptisols Rice
(11.0)
Hisar CCSHAU, Hisar South-western dry zone in Haryana Arid (Hyper) 412 Inceptisols Pearlmillet
(2.3)
Indore RVSKVV, Gwalior Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh Semiarid (Hot moist) 958 Vertisols Soybean
(5.2)
Jagdalpur IGAU, Raipur Bastar Plateau zone in Chhattis- Subhumid (Hot moist) 1297 Inceptisols Rice
garh (12.1)
Kovilpatti TNAU, Southern zone of Tamil Nadu (8.1) Semiarid (Hot dry) 723 Vertisols Cotton
Coimbatore
Parbhani VNMKV, Parbhani Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone Semiarid (Hot moist) 901 Vertisols Cotton
in Maharashtra (6.2)
Phulbani OUAT, Bhubaneswar Eastern Ghat Zone in Odisha (12.1) Subhumid Hot moist) 1580 Oxisols Rice
Rajkot JAU, Junagarh North Saurashtra zones in Gujarat Semiarid (Hot dry) 590 Vertisols Groundnut
(5.1)
Rewa JNKVV, Jabalpur Keymore plateau and Satpura Hill Subhumid (Hot dry) 1088 Vertisols Soybean
zone in Madhya Pradesh (10.3)
S.K. Nagar SDAU, Sardarkrushi- Northern Gujarat in Gujarat (2.3) Semiarid/Arid (Hot dry) 670 Entisols Pearlmillet
nagar
Solapur MPKV, Rahuri Scarcity zone in Maharashtra (6.1) Semiarid (Hot dry) 732 Vertisols Rabi sorghum
Varanasi BHU, Varanasi Eastern Plain and Vindhyan Zone Subhumid (Hot dry) 1049 Inceptisols Rice
in Uttar Pradesh (9.2)
Vijayapura UAS, Dharwad Northern dry zone in Karnataka Semiarid (Hot dry) 595 Vertisols Rabi sorghum
(Bijapur) (6.1)
Sub centres
Agra RBSC, Agra South–western semiarid zone in Semiarid (Hot dry) 665 Inceptisols Pearlmillet
Uttar Pradesh (4.1)
Faizabad NDUAT, Faizabad Eastern plain zone in Uttar Subhumid (Hot dry) 1051 Inceptisols Rice
Pradesh (9.2)
Rakh Dhiansar SKUAS_T, Jammu Low altitude subtropical zone in Semiarid (Moist dry) 860 Inceptisols Maize
Jammu and Kashmir (14.2)
Voluntary centres
Adilabad PJTSAU, Hyderabad Godavari Zone of Telangana (7:3) Semiarid 871 Alfisols/ Cotton
Vertisols
Aklera AU, Kota South eastern plain zone of Rajas- Semiarid 844 Vertic Soybean
than (5.2) Inceptisols
Ballari IISWC, Dehradun Northern dry zone in Karnataka Arid (Hot) 502 Vertisols Rabi sor-
(3.0) ghum
Darsi ANGRAU, Guntur Krishna-Godavari zone of Andhra Semiarid 871 Alfisols/ Pigeonpea
Pradesh (7.3) Vertisols
Imphal CAU, Imphal Sub-tropical zone of Manipur Perhumid 1372 Inceptisols Rice
(17.2)
Jhansi IGFRI, Jhansi Bundhelkhand zone in Uttar Semiarid (Hot moist) 870 Inceptisols Kharif
Pradesh (4.4) sorghum
Jodhpur CAZRI, Jodhpur Arid Western zone of Rajasthan Arid (Hyper) 331 Aridisols Pearlmillet
(2.1)
Munger BAU, Sabour South Bihar Alluvial plain zone of Subhumid 1143 Inceptisols Maize
Bihar (13.1)
Raichur UAS, Raichur North-eastern dry zone of Karna- Semiarid 621 Vertisols/ Rabi sor-
taka (6.2) Alfisols ghum
**Climate details as per AESR details given by NBSSLUP (ICAR); MARF- Mean Annual Rainfall; MRPS- Major Rained Production System
14
AICRPDA – NICRA
During the first phase (2011-17) of the

Technology Demonstration component of NICRA,
the AICRPDA-NICRA programme was undertaken
at 23 centres. The focus of the programme during
the period was not only to demonstrate the climate
resilient agriculture technologies but also to
institutional mechanisms at the village level for
implementation of successful adaptation strategies
on a sustainable basis. Since 2011, the AICRPDA
network centres initiated both on-station and
on-farm research/demonstrations on real-time
contingency measures. In the second phase (2017-
20), since 2017-18, the on-farm programme as
cluster approach was extended to 55 villages in 24
districts across 15 states (Fig.2 ; Table 2). Fig.2: Location map of AICRPDA-NICRA villages
Table 2: Details of AICRPDA-NICRA villages

AICRPDA centre Name of the villages District State
Agra Nagla Duleh khan and Kherra Agra Uttar Pradesh
Akola Warkhed and Kajleshwar Akola Maharashtra
Anantapuramu Vannedoddipally and Bachepalli Anantapuramu Andhra Pradesh
Arjia Kochariya, Lapsiya, Bagatpura and Tara ka Kheda Bhilwara, Rajsamand Rajasthan
Ballowal Saunkhri Naiwan, Achalpur and Bhawanivpur Hoshiarpur Punjab
Bengaluru Chikkamaranahalli and Chikkahosapalya Bengaluru Rural Karnataka
Biswanath Chariali Chamua and Ganakdoloni Lakhimpur Assam
Vijayapura Kavalagi and Honnutagi Vijayapura Karnataka
Chianki Kumbhi, Bankheta and Chiraunjiya Garhwa Jharkhand
Faizabad Hardoiya and Amavachitan Faizabad Uttar Pradesh
Hisar Balawas and Nalwa Bhiwani Haryana
Indore Ningnoti and Bishakhedi Indore Madhya Pradesh
Jagdalpur Tahakapal, Tandapal, Gumiyapal and Jhartarae Bastar Chattishgarh
Jhansi Kadesara Kalan and Hanauta Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh
Kovilpatti Toppureddiapatti and Dharmathanpatti Thoothukkudi Tamil Nadu
Parbhani Babhulgaon and Ujalamba Parbhani Maharashtra
Phulbani Budhadani and Gunjidraga Kandhamal Odisha
Rajkot Pata meghapar and Dangarvada Jamnagar Gujarat
Rakh Dhiansar Khaner and Madana Samba Jammu& Kashmir
Rewa Patauna, Raura and Khira Rewa Madhya Pradesh
SK Nagar Kalimati, Dholia and Ghanghu Banaskantha Gujarat
Solapur Narotewadi and Banegoan Solapur Maharashtra
Varanasi Tedha and Patharaha (Hinauti) Mizapur Uttar Pradesh
For on-farm research/demonstration, the included baseline survey and PRA to document
first step was to select a representative village in the initial details about the impacts of weather
a most vulnerable district to weather aberrations aberrations on agriculture etc and to understand
such as drought, extreme events such as floods the farmers’ awareness about climate change/
etc. In the selected villages, the bottom-up process variability. To implement RTCPs, innovative
15
Village Level Institutions (VLIs) were constituted as “Any contingency measure, either technology
in a participatory mode such as Village Climate related (land, soil, water, crop) or institutional and
Risk Management Committee (VCRMC) for policy based, which is implemented based on real
deciding on interventions effective implementation time weather pattern (including extreme events) in
and overall smooth functioning, Custom Hiring any crop growing season”.
Centre (CHC) for maintaining and hiring need
The RTCP at AICRPDA centres was
based arm implements/machinery for timely
implemented with two pronged approach i.e.
agricultural operations with precision, cost
preparedness and real-time contingency measures,
effectiveness and energy efficiency and Custom
with major emphasis i) to establish a crop with
Hiring Centre Management Committee to maintain
optimum plant population during delayed onset of
and hire farm implements. The other specific VLIs
monsoon; ii) to ensure better performance of crops
include fodder banks for fodder production and
during seasonal drought (early/mid and terminal
supply, seed banks for maintaining and supply of
drought) and extreme events; and iii) enhance
quality seed, nutrient banks (vermicomposting
performance, improve productivity and income.
units etc) for production and supply of organic
fertilizers etc. The approach was to saturate whole RTCP Measures in Rainfed Agriculture
village with the climate resilient technologies. The Some of the methods/measures to be adopted as
interventions which require high investment like real-time contingency plan implementation during
farm pond were planned for few suitable locations various weather aberrations are presented below:
in the village. The in situ moisture conservation and
a. Delayed onset of monsoon
improved agronomic practices, intercropping and
new varieties were demonstrated in a contiguous In rainfed areas, as a general rule early sowing
area in the village. In selection of beneficiaries, of crops with the onset of monsoon is the best-bet
the farmers’ most vulnerable to climatic variability practice that gives higher realizable yield. Major
and small holders were given priority. It was also crops affected due to monsoon delays are those
ensured that the village has control farm/plot/ crops that have a narrow sowing window and
animals for all the implemented interventions in therefore cannot be taken up if the delay is beyond
order to assess the impact of interventions in a short this cut-off date. Crops with wider sowing windows
period. The action plans were prepared for each can still be taken up till the cut-off date without
village with details of activities along with roles and major yield loss and only the change warranted
responsibilities of stakeholders, period and budget could be the choice of short duration cultivars.
for each intervention. Beyond the sowing window, choice of alternate
crops or cultivars depends on the farming situation,
Real Time Contingency Plan Imple- soil, rainfall and cropping pattern in the location and
mentation (RTCP) - Concept
extent of delay in the onset of monsoon.
In view of frequent weather aberrations around
b. Early season drought
the year in one or other part of the year impacting
agricultural production, to minimize the losses in Early season drought may at times result in
agriculture and allied sectors and to improve the seedling mortality needing re-sowing or may result
efficiency of the production systems to enhance in poor crop stand and seedling growth. Further, the
the production and income, the need was felt to duration of water availability for crop growth gets
implement contingency measures on real-time basis. reduced due to the delayed start, and the crops suffer
Thus, Real Time Contingency Planning is considered from an acute shortage of water during reproductive
16
AICRPDA – NICRA
stage due to early withdrawal of monsoon. The effect nutrition during dry spells, open alternate furrows,
of early season drought is less on the crop, because surface mulching with crop residues, and providing
during this period sowing is carried out. Various supplemental irrigation (10 cm depth), if available.
operations carried out are primary tillage, sowing,
d. Terminal drought
fertilizer application and intercultural operations.
If there is a terminal drought, crop-management
Other agronomic measures include resowing strategies like plant protection, soil and water
within a week to 10 days with subsequent rains for conservation, interculture, supplemental irrigation
better plant stand when germination is less than 30%, and harvesting are to be adopted. Terminal droughts
thinning in small-seeded crops, interculture to break are more critical as the grain yield is strongly related
soil crust and remove weeds and create soil mulch to water availability during the reproductive stage.
for conserving soil moisture, avoiding top dressing Further, these conditions are often associated with
of fertilizers till favourable soil moisture, opening an increase in ambient temperatures leading to
conservation furrows at 10 to 15 m intervals, ridge forced maturity. The agronomic measure include
and furrow across the slope for effective moisture providing lifesaving or supplemental irrigation,
conservation as well in as rainwater in wide spaced if available, from harvested pond water or other
crops (>30 cm), pot watering may be taken up sources, harvesting crop at physiological maturity
along with gap filling when the crop stand is less with some realizable yield or harvest for fodder and
than 75% in crops like cotton, foliar spray of 2% prepare for winter (rabi) sowing in double- cropped
urea during prolonged dry spells and providing areas. Ratoon maize or pearl millet or adopt relay
supplemental irrigation wherever ground / surface crops as chickpea, safflower, rabi sorghum and
water is available. sunflower with minimum tillage after soybean in
c. Mid-season drought medium to deep black soils in Maharashtra or take
up contingency crops (horsegram/cowpea) or dual-
Stunted growth takes place if mid-season
purpose forage crops on receipt of showers under
drought occurs at vegetative phase. If it occurs at
receding soil moisture conditions.
flowering or early reproductive stage, it will have
an adverse effect on the ultimate crop yield. In-situ e. Unseasonal heavy rainfall events
soil-moisture conservation is a vital component of Suggested contingency measures include re-
dryland crop management practices. During mid sowing, providing surface drainage, application of
season drought plant protection, top-dressing of hormones/nutrient sprays to prevent flower drop
fertilizer, intercultural and supplemental irrigation or promote quick flowering/fruiting and plant-
are the usual practices. protection measures against pest/disease outbreaks
In case of long dry spells, crop based production with need based prophylactic/curative interventions.
system (location) related specific contingency At crop maturity stage suggested measures include
plans are needed. Other agronomic measures prevention of seed germination and harvesting of
include repeated interculture to remove weeds produce.
and create soil mulch to conserve soil moisture, If untimely rains occur at vegetative stage, the
thinning, avoiding top-dressing of fertilizers until contingency measures include: draining out the
receipt of rains, opening conservation furrows for excess water as early as possible, application of 20
moisture conservation, foliar spray of 2% KNO3 kg N + 10 kg K/acre (0.4 ha) after draining excess
or 2% urea solution or 1% water soluble fertilizers water, application of 50 kg urea + 50 kg muriate
like 19-19-19, 20-20-20, 21-21-21 to supplement of potash (MOP)/acre (0.4 ha) after draining excess
17
water, gap filling either with available nursery or by C. Convergence with AICRPAM-NICRA
splitting the tillers from the surviving hills in rice, Agromet advisories from common centres of
weed control, suitable plant protection measures in AICRPDA-AICRPAM viz. Akola, Anantapuramu,
anticipation of pest and disease out breaks, foliar Bengaluru, Vijayapura, Parbhani and Solapur will
spray with 1% KNO3 or water-soluble fertilizers be issued by AICRPAM centres in AICRPDA-
like 19-19-19, 20-20-20, 21-21-21 at 1% to NICRA villages. The verification of the impact of
support nutrition, need-based fungicidal spray with agromet advisories will be done by AICRPAM staff.
Copper oxychloride 0.3% or Carbendazim 0.1% Successful RTCPs from AICRPDA-NICRA villages
or Mancozeb 0.25% 2 to 3 times by rotating the will be up-scaled in AICRPAM-NICRA villages by
chemicals, interculture at optimum soil-moisture the AICRPAM.
condition to loosen and aerate the soil and to control
D. Convergence with NICRA-TDC-KVKs
weeds, earthing up the crop for anchorage etc.
All NICRA-KVKs in the domain districts of
Technical Programme 2018-19 AICRPDA to consult for technical inputs on real
The Sixth Annual Review Workshop of time contingency planning and doable technologies.
AICRPDA-NICRA was held during 25-26 May,
E. Linkage with ICAR-IIOR and AICRPs on
2018 at ICAR-CRIDA , Hyderabad and the
Castor/Sesame/Niger
following recommendations were made to develop
the technical programme for 2018-19. The improved/popular varieties of castor,
sesame, niger and other oilseed crops to be evaluated/
Major recommendations demonstrated as contingent crops/varieties to cope
A. On-station with delayed onset of monsoon
• Two common on-station experiments would F. Linkage with ICAR-IIMR and AICRPs
be continued at all the 23 AICRPDA centres: a) on Millet Crops
Studies on foliar sprays to cope with midseason The minikits of improved/popular varieties
drought, and b) Evaluation of crops/varieties of millet crops to be evaluated/demonstrated as
under delayed onset of monsoon. contingent crops/varieties to cope with delayed
onset of monsoon
B. On-farm
• The programme to be adopted as Cluster Experienced weather at AICRPDA-
Approach in the existing and new villages. NICRA villages during 2018-19
During 2018-19, the onset of monsoon was
• The main focus would be to implement real-
delayed by 15, 18 and 20 days respectively in
time contingency plans to cope with delayed
NICRA villages of Garhwa (Jharkhand), Faizabad
onset of monsoon and midseason drought and
(Uttar Pradesh) and Rewa (Madhya Pradesh)
preparedness for coping with drought/excess
districts (Table 3). Further, there were 2-4 dry spells
rainfall events/floods
at different stages of crops in NICRA villages in
• The interventions to be demonstrated Akola, Anantapuramu, Bhilwara, Bengaluru rural,
FARMING-SITUATION wise (Soil type/ Vijayapura, Bhiwani, Indore, Parbhani, Jamnagar,
Physiography) Solapur and Mirzapur districts during kharif and
• All the AICRPDA-NICRA villages to be 2-4 dry spells in Lakhimpur, Garwa, Bastar, Samba,
saturated with one or two most promising real- Vijayapura and Thoothukkudi districts during rabi
time contingency measures season.
18
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 3: Details of onset of monsoon in AICRPDA-NICRA villages (2018)

Onset of monsoon Delay in
Village & district Agro-climatic Zone
Normal Actual onset (days)
Nagla Dulhe Khan (Agra) South–western semiarid zone in U.P 2-July 26-June -
Warkhed (Akola) Western Vidarbha Zone in Maharashtra 10-June 6-June -

Vannedoddipally (Ananthapuramu) Scarce rainfall zone (Rayalaseema) in 7-June 4-June -
Andhra Pradesh
Kochariya (Bhilwara) Southern zone in Rajasthan 1-July 24-June -
Lapsiya (Rajsamand) Southern zone in Rajasthan 2-July 26-June -
Achalpur & Nainwan (Hoshiarpur) Kandi region in Punjab 1-July 27-June -
Chikkamaranahalli Central, eastern and southern dry zone in 2-June 2-June -
(Bengaluru Rural) Karnataka
Kavalagi (Vijayapura) Northern dry zone in Karnataka 7-June 4-June -
Chamua (Lakhimpur) North Bank plain zone in Assam 5-June 11-June 6
Kumbhi (Garhwa) Western plateau zone of Jharkhand 10-June 24-June 15
Hardoiya (Faizabad) Eastern plain zone in Uttar Pradesh 24-June 12- July 18
Balawas & Budhshelly (Bhiwani) South-western dry zone in Haryana 1-July 29-June -
Nignoti (Indore) Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh 12-June 17-June 5
Tahkapal (Bastar) Basthar Plateau zone in Chattisgarh 5-June 12-June 6
Kadesara Kala (Lalitpur) Bundhelkhand zone in Uttar Pradesh 25-June 27-June -
Muthukrishnapuram (Thoothukkudi) Southern zone of Tamil Nadu 19-Oct 19-Oct -
Babhulgaon (Parbhani) Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone in 10-June 9-June -
Maharashtra
Budhadani (Kandhamal) Eastern Ghat Zone in Orissa 10-June 9-June -
Patameghpar (Jamnagar) North Saurashtra zones in Gujarat 16-June 23-June 7
Khaner (Samba) Low altitude subtropical zone in J &K 27-June 29-June 2
Patuana & Raura (Rewa) Keymore plateau and Satpura Hill zone in 23-June 13-July 20
Madhya Pradesh
Kalimati (Banaskantha) Northern Gujarat in Gujarat 25-June 22-June
Narotewadi (Solapur) Scarcity zone in Maharashtra 7-June 3-June -
Tedha (Mirzapur) Eastern Plain and Vindhyan Zone in U.P. 12-June 11-June -
In general, the total rainfall during kharif Toothukkudi, Jamnagar and Mirzapur districts. In
season (June-September), 2018 was below normal July, the deficit in rainfall was more than 50% in
in all NICRA villages except in Nagala Dulhe Khan villages of Anantapuramu, Toothukkudi, Samba,
(Agra), Warkhed (Akola), Chamuha (Lakhimpur), Solapur and Mirzapur districts. Similarly, in August,
Kumbhi & Bankheta (Garhwa), Balawas villages in Anantapuramu, Bhilwara, Bengaluru
(Bhiwani), Tahakapal (Bastar), Kadesara Kalan Rural, Vijayapura, Jamnagar, Banaskantha, Solapur
(Lalithpur), Babhulgaon (Parbhani) and Budhadani and Mirzapur districts recorded more than 50%
(Kandhamal) (Fig.3). Similarly, during rabi season deficit rainfall. In September, NICRA villages
(October -December) 2018, the rainfall was less in Agra, Akola, Faizabad, Parbhani, Jamnagar,
than normal seasonal rainfall in all NICRA villages Banaskantha and Solapur districts received 50-
except in Chamua (Lakhimpur) and Budhadani 100% deficit rainfall. Similarly, in October, 10
(Kandhamal) (Fig.4). villages in Akola, Bhilwara, Garhwa, Faizabad,
Bhiwani, Indore, Lalitpur, Parbhani, Jamnagar and
The rainfall was deficit by more than 50%
Banaskantha districts did not receive any rainfall
during June 2018 in NICRA villages of Faizabad,
(Table 4).
19
20
Rainfall (mm)
Rainfall (mm)
50
0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
1000
1200
1400
1600
200
400
600
800
Nagla Dulhe Khan (Agra)
Warkhed (Akola) Nagla Dulhe Khan (Agra)

Vannedoddi (Anantapuramu) Warkhed (Akola)

Vannedoddi (Anantapuramu)
Kochariya (Bhilwara)
Kochariya (Bhilwara)
Achalpur & Nainwan.…
Achalpur & Nainwan. (Hoshiarpur)
Chikkamaranahalli (Bengaluru…
Chikkamaranahalli (Bengaluru…
Kavalagi (Vijayapur)
Kavalagi (Vijayapur)
Chamua (Lakhimpur)
Chamua (Lakhimpur)
Kumbhi &Bankheta (Garhwa)
Kumbhi &Bankheta (Garhwa)
preparedness to cope with weather aberrations with
and ex-situ) and efficient use, drought tolerant crops/

interventions such as rainwater harvesting (in-situ
During 2018-19, the emphasis was on real-
time contingency crop plan implementation and
Hardoiya (Faizabad)
Hardoiya (Faizabad)
Balawas (Bhiwani) Balawas (Bhiwani)
Nignoti (Indore) Nignoti (Indore)
NICRA Village
NICRA Village
Tahkapal (Bastar) Tahkapal (Bastar)
chapters.
Kadesara Kala(Lalitpur) Kadesara Kala(Lalitpur)
Muthukrishnapuram… Muthukrishnapuram (Toothukkudi)
Babhulgaon (Parbhani) Babhulgaon (Parbhani)
Budhadani (Kandhamal) Budhadani(Kandhamal)

Normal
Patameghpar (Jamnagar)
Patameghpar (Jamnagar)
Khaner (Samba)
Normal
Khaner (Samba)
Kalimati (Banaskantha)
Actual
Kalimati (Banaskantha)
Narotewadi (Solapur)
Actual
Fig.3: Normal and actual (2018) rainfall in AICRPDA-NICRA villages (June - September)
Narotewadi (Solapur)
Fig.4: Normal and actual (2018) rainfall in AICRPDA-NICRA villages (October - December)
Tedha (Mirzapur)
Tedha (Mirzapur)
and other activities are presented in the following

zone wise and centre–wise salient achievements
varieties, resilient crop management practices, and
efficient energy management. The agroclimatic
Table 4: Month-wise rainfall in AICRPDA-NICRA villages during June-December, 2018
June July August September October November December
NICRA Villages &
District % % % % % %
N A N A N A N A N A N A N A % Dev
Dev Dev Dev Dev Dev Dev
Nagla Dulhe Khan 51.5 201.0 290.3 238.6 316.0 32.4 207.2 126.0 -39.2 89.8 46.0 -48.8 24.6 4.0 -83.7 2.0 5.4 170.0 1.9 0.0 -100.0
(Agra)
Warkhed (Akola) 151.7 295.9 95.1 209.2 280.3 34.0 216.0 297.4 37.7 111.1 31.8 -71.4 52.3 0.0 -100.0 20.5 0.0 -100.0 9.2 0.0 -100.0
Vannedoddi 94.0 111.0 18.1 97.0 31.2 -67.8 97.0 14.6 -84.9 142.0 106.6 -24.9 21.0 49.2 134.3 107.0 1.2 -98.9 5.0 0.0 -100.0
(Anantapuramu)
Kochariya (Bhilwara) 73.5 83.4 13.5 195.6 290.4 48.5 248.8 112.2 -54.9 96.6 119.2 23.4 9.6 0.0 -100.0 6.8 0.0 -100.0 3.8 0.0 -100.0
Achalpur & Nainwan 359.6 252.4 -29.8 363.9 258.5 -29.0 315.5 282.6 -10.4 241.1 348.9 44.7 130.1 13.4 -89.7 20.2 4.2 -79.2 10.8 0.2 -98.1
(Hoshiarpur)
Chikkamaranahalli 58.9 83.0 40.9 80.4 76.0 -5.5 131.4 66.0 -49.8 139.0 102.0 -26.6 154.1 52.0 -66.3 61.3 12.0 -80.4 26.8 0.0 -100.0
(Bengaluru Rural)
Kavalagi (Vijayapur) 58.9 83.0 40.9 80.4 76.0 -5.5 131.4 66.0 -49.8 139.0 102.0 -26.6 154.1 52.0 -66.3 61.3 12.0 -80.4 26.8 0.0 -100.0
Chamua (Lakhimpur) 359.6 333.0 -7.4 363.9 281.0 -22.8 315.5 387.2 22.7 241.1 382.0 58.4 130.1 81.1 -37.7 20.2 106.0 424.8 10.8 35.0 224.1
Kumbhi &Bankheta 162.1 124.5 -23.2 319.5 334.4 4.7 358.8 379.4 5.7 152.1 178.5 17.4 62.1 0.0 -100.0 9.6 3.5 -63.5 5.9 8.2 39.0
(Garhwa)
Hardoiya (Faizabad) 359.6 12.4 -96.6 363.9 340.6 -6.4 315.5 349.4 10.7 241.1 113.4 -53.0 130.1 0 -100.0 20.2 0 -100.0 10.8 0 -100.0
Balawas (Bhiwani) 20.2 40.5 100.5 80.2 178.1 122.1 60.0 40.7 -32.2 50.3 131.9 162.2 8.6 0.0 -100.0 10.0 0.0 -100.0 3.4 0.0 -100.0
Nignoti (Indore) 120.8 153.5 27.1 260.8 196.6 -24.6 225.4 148.2 -34.3 247.5 147.6 -40.4 39.7 0.0 -100.0 18.3 0.0 -100.0 6.5 0.0 -100.0
Tahkapal (Bastar) 235.5 181.6 -22.9 342.6 274.8 -19.8 350.5 429.8 22.6 192.9 238.6 23.7 88.2 6.3 -92.9 20.2 0.0 -100.0 6.4 40.4 531.3
Kadesara Kala 95.2 90.6 -4.8 323.1 248.0 -23.2 336.7 276.0 -18.0 141.9 323.0 127.6 18.7 0.0 -100.0 5.7 0.0 -100.0 22.2 0.0 -100.0
(Lalitpur)
Muthukrishnapuram 11.1 2.0 -82.0 19.8 1.0 -94.9 35.1 18.0 -48.7 84.2 84.0 -0.2 198.6 138.0 -30.5 138.5 77.0 -44.4 53.8 14.0 -74.0
(Thoothukkudi)
Babhulgaon 172.4 186.9 8.4 225.0 542.5 141.1 235.8 359.1 52.3 167.3 82.3 -50.8 80.4 0.0 -100.0 20.9 0.0 -100.0 9.2 0.0 -100.0
(Parbhani)
Budhadani 188.7 185.6 -1.6 350.4 438.8 25.2 383.2 334.0 -12.8 228.2 267.7 17.3 95.7 226.2 136.4 24.0 0.0 -100.0 5.0 64.2 1176.3
(Kandhamal)
Patameghpar 102.7 28.0 -72.7 252.0 349.0 38.5 103.3 43.0 -58.4 96.5 39.0 -59.6 21.6 0.0 -100.0 5.4 0.0 -100.0 0.3 0.0 -100.0
(Jamnagar)
Khaner (Samba) 95.2 48.7 -48.8 323.1 141.3 -56.3 336.7 313.2 -7.0 141.9 128.6 -9.4 18.7 1.2 -93.6 5.7 21.7 280.7 22.2 20.3 -8.6
Kalimati 87.3 74.0 -15.2 278.1 287.0 3.2 275.4 46.0 -83.3 142.0 0.0 -100.0 19.7 0.0 -100.0 2.8 0.0 -100.0 0.6 0.0 -100.0
(Banaskantha)
Narotewadi 107.1 88.6 -17.3 115.8 30.1 -74.0 139.6 68.1 -51.2 172.7 17.6 -89.8 97.9 24.3 -75.2 21.6 8.2 -62.0 6.0 0.0 -100.0
(Solapur)
Tedha (Mirzapur) 86.8 25.5 -70.6 283.3 123.0 -56.6 326.9 165.4 -49.4 2.5 110.1 4304.0 49.1 16.7 -66.0 7.2 0.0 -100.0 4.6 1.1 -76.1
21
N: Normal A: Actual during 2018 % Dev: % Deviation
AICRPDA – NICRA
22
AICRPDA – NICRA
1. Salient Achievements
Technology Demonstration
1.1 Dry Semi-Arid Zone (500-750 mm) Normal 2018

300
1.1.1 ARJIA
250
a. Agro-ecological setting 200
Rainfall (mm)
Arjia is located in north Gujarat plain (inclusion 150
of Aravalli range and east Rajasthan uplands) 100
hot dry semiarid eco-sub region (AESR 4.2) and 50
Southern zone in Rajasthan. Normal annual rainfall 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
is 658 mm. Annual potential evapo-transpiration is Month
1681 mm. Length of growing period is 90-120 days. Fig.5: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Arjia
b. On-station experiments Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)

Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Dry spell
Stage of the
Duration Dates & Crop
During the year 2018, the onset of monsoon (days) months
crop
was early by 9 days (24th June). A rainfall of 701.5 12 26 July to 8 Maize, sorghum, Vegetative
mm was received which was excess by 43.8 mm August greengram,
blackgram
compared to normal rainfall of 657.7 mm. During
- 24 September Maize Maturity
south-west monsoon (June to September), 691.1 to till harvest
mm rainfall was received which was excess by Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
76.6 mm (12.5%). During October-December, there mented
was 4.0 mm of rainfall against normal rainfall of Weather RTCP
Crop
20.2 mm. During summer (March-May), 6.4 mm aberration implemented
Mid season drought Maize Foliar spray
of rainfall was received compared to normal (15.1
mm) (Fig.5). Salient achievements of on-station experiments
Real time contingency planning
Normal onset of monsoon 2 July
Situation: Terminal drought
Onset of monsoon during 2018 24 June During kharif 2018, one dry spell occurred
during vegetative stage (26 July to 8 August) of maize.
Annual mean rainfall 657.7 mm
Foliar application of macro and micronutrients
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 701.5 mm during dry spell recorded significantly higher
maize grain yield (2887 kg/ha) compared to foliar
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 614.5 and 20.2 mm,
kharif and rabi respectively application after dry spell (2579 kg/ha). Further,
foliar application of NPK soluble (18:18:18) @
Crop seasonal rainfall 691.1 and 4.0 mm, 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% increased grain yield (3217
during 2018-19 respectively
(kharif and rabi) kg/ha) by 38.3% as compared to control (2326 kg/
ha). Mean data also revealed that foliar application
of nutrients during dry spell significantly enhanced
23
the maize grain yield by 12.7% (2808 kg/ha) (18:18:18) @ 0.5% with ZnSO4 @ 0.5% also
compared to foliar application after dry spell (2491 recorded higher net returns, B:C ratio and RWUE
kg/ha). Further, foliar application of NPK soluble compared to other treatments (Table 5).
Table 5: Yield and economics of maize as influenced by foliar spray

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net RWUE
B:C
Treatment Grain Mean grain Stover Mean stover cultivation returns (kg/ha-
ratio
(2018) (2 yrs) (2018) (2 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray after relieving of stress 2579 2491 4893 4929 17763 31958 2.80 4.21
Foliar spray during >10 days dry spell 2887 2808 5455 5496 17763 37531 3.11 4.74
CD at 5% 279 - 453 - - - - -
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 2560 2511 4963 4978 17685 33123 2.87 4.32
Urea @ 2% 2732 2599 5332 5207 17745 36565 3.06 4.61
NPK soluble (18:18:18) @ 0.5% 3021 2966 5678 5828 18099 41411 3.29 5.10
NPK soluble (18:18:18) @ 0.5% + 3217 3089 5926 5997 18399 44671 3.43 5.43
ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 2866 2833 5352 5535 17965 38405 3.14 4.84
Water spray 2409 2301 4558 4516 17625 29905 2.70 4.07
Control (no spray) 2326 2249 4410 4429 16825 29090 2.73 3.93
CD at 5% 228 - 474 - - - - -
Maize with foliar spray of NPK soluble (18:18:18) @

Maize under control (no spray) 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
c. On-farm demonstrations and 512.9 mm with seasonal rainfall of 603 mm

Village profile and 474 mm during kharif (June-September) at
The program is being implemented in Kochariya Kochariya and Lapsiya villages, respectively. The
village, Suwana block, Bhilwara Tehsil & district major soil types are sandy loam and sandy clay loam
and in Lapsiya village, Railmagra block, Rajsamand in Kochariya and sandy loam in Lapsiya village.
district, Rajasthan. The total cultivated area is 287 The major rainfed crops during kharif are maize,
and 253 ha at Kochariya and Lapsiya villages, blackgram, groundnut in Kochariya while sorghum,
respectively. The mean annual rainfall is 657.7 mm maize, blackgram in Lapsiya and during rabi are
24
AICRPDA – NICRA
wheat, barley and mustard in both the villages. The received against normal (657.7 mm). The seasonal
ground water table is 210 and 250 m at Kochariya rainfall was 529.2 mm during kharif and no rainfall
and Lapsiya, respectively. The source of irrigation during rabi (Fig.7).
is dug well and tube well covering 23.9 and 22.1%
Normal onset of monsoon 2 July (Bhilwara and
of cultivated area in village Kochariya and Lapsiya. Rajsamand)
Onset of monsoon during 2018 24 June (Kochariya),
Climate vulnerability in general 26 June (Lapsiya)
The climate in this agro-climatic zone is Annual mean rainfall 657.7 mm
semiarid. Out of the total annual average rainfall Annual rainfall during 2018-19 616.4 (Kochariya),
536.6 mm (Lapsiya)
of 657.7 mm, the south-west monsoon contributes
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 614.5 and 20.2 mm,
93.1%, north-east monsoon contributes 3.7% and during kharif and rabi respectively
summer contributes 3.2%. The historical rainfall data Crop seasonal rainfall during 605.2 mm (Kochariya);
(of 30 years) indicated that the variability in rainfall 2018-19 (kharif and rabi) 529.2 mm (Lapsiya)
during south-west monsoon was 17.8% deficit of the
Normal 2018
average rainfall. The onset (south-west) of monsoon 350
was during 26 SMW. The dry spells during crop 300
season were experienced for the past 15 years. They 250
Rainfall (mm)
200
occurred in September and at reproductive stages
150
of the major rainfed crops. The soil moisture status 100
was deficit during reproductive stages of major 50
rainfed crops. During rabi, there was a decrease of 0
0.960C in maximum temperature as compared to Month
normal for the past 20 years. The extreme events Fig.6: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
like unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span Kochariya
were increasing during August. The area has been Normal 2018
300
experiencing drought during kharif and frost during
250
rabi. There has been considerable shift in rainfall
200
Rainfall (mm)
pattern which resulted to change in climate from dry

150
sub-humid to semi-arid and sowing window has
100
been shifted by almost one week to 25 SMW for the
50
dominant rainfed crops.
0
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
During 2018, in Lapsiya village, onset of Fig.7: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
monsoon was advanced by 6 days (26 June). A Lapsiya
rainfall of 536.6 mm was received which was
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
deficit by 121.1 mm compared to normal (657.7
mm) (Fig.6). During south-west monsoon (June Dry spell
Stage of
to September), 529.2 mm rainfall was received Duration Dates & Crop
the crop
(days) months
which was deficit by 85.3 mm (13.9%) than normal
12 26 July - 08 Maize, Vegetative
rainfall of 614.5 mm. During rabi, there was no
August sorghum,
rainfall as against normal of 20.2 and in summer greengram,
7.4 mm against normal of 15.1 mm, respectively. In blackgram
Kachariya village, onset of monsoon was advanced - 22 September Maize Maturity
by 8 days. An annual rainfall of 616.4 mm was to till harvest
25
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
mented Real time contingency planning
Farming RTCP implemented
Weather Situation: Early season drought
situation/
aberration Crop RTCP implemented
soil type At village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya),
Early season Shallow Sorghum Gap filling with supplemental irrigation from harvested water
drought black soils blackgram due to
motility of sorghum in farm pond, during dry spell at 45 DAS gave
Medium Maize Soil stirring + 28.4% higher MGEY of maize + blackgram (2:2)
black soils gap filling with intercropping system (3201kg/ha) over farmers’
blackgram due to
motility of maize practice of no supplemental irrigation (2404 kg/
Deep Maize Foliar spray of NPK ha). Similarly, at village Kochariya, supplemental
black soils @ 1% irrigation gave 26.3% higher MGEY of maize +
Terminal Shallow Sorghum Foliar spray of KNO3
blackgram (2:2) intercropping system (3151 kg/ha)
drought black soils @ 1%
Medium Maize + Supplemental over farmers’ practice (2494 kg/ha). At new village
black soils blackgram irrigation Dagoliya ka kheda, supplemental irrigation during
(2:2) dry spell at 42 DAS gave 26.4% higher MGEY
Maize Foliar spray of KNO3
@ 1%
of maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping system
Deep Maize Supplemental (3013 kg/ha) with higher net returns, B:C ratio and
black soils irrigation RWUE (Table 6).
Table 6: Yield and economics of maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping system with supplemental
irrigation
MGEY (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of cultivation Net B:C
Treatment
Grain Straw (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) returns (Rs/ha) ratio
Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya) village
With supplemental irrigation 3201 4275 6.47 13100 39600 3.02
Without supplemental irrigation 2404 3367 4.84 11550 27271 2.36
Kochariya village
Dagoliya ka kheda (new) village
MGEY: maize grain equivalent yield
At Lapsiya village, supplemental irrigation from higher GPEY (1320 kg/ha) over farmers’ practice
harvested rain water in farm pond, during dry spell (1068 kg/ha). At new village Dagoliya ka kheda,
at 45 DAS gave 26.2% higher GPEY of groundnut supplemental irrigation during dry spell at 35
+ sesame (6:2) intercropping system (1073 kg/ha) DAS gave 42.6% higher GPEY in groundnut +
over farmers’ practice of no supplemental irrigation sesame (6:2) intercropping system (1043 kg/ha)
(850 kg/ha). Similarly, at village Kochariya over farmers’ practice (732 kg/ha) with higher net
(Bhilwara), supplemental irrigation in groundnut returns, B:C ratio and RWUE (Table 7).
+ sesame (6:2) intercropping system gave 23.7%
26
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 7: Yield and economics of groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping system as influenced by sup-
plemental irrigation
GPEY (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of Net returns B:C
Treatment
Pod Haulm (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Kochariya village
Dagoliya ka kheda village
GPEY: Groundnut pod equivalent yield
Preparedness Similarly, at village Kochariya (Bhilwara), in-

Rainwater management situ moisture conservation practices gave 25.4%
higher maize grain yield (2670 kg/ha) over farmers’
In village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), in-
practice (2130 kg/ha), with higher net returns, B:C
situ moisture conservation practices (chiseling,
ratio and RWUE. Further, at new village Dagoliya
peripheral bunding and ridging 30 DAS) in maize
ka kheda, improved practices in maize gave 23.3%
gave 22.4% higher grain yield (2750 kg/ha) over
higher grain yield (2603 kg/ha) over farmers’
cultivator twice (farmers’ practice) (2248 kg/ha),
practice (2110 kg/ha) with higher net returns, B:C
with higher net returns, B:C ratio and RWUE.
ratio and RWUE (Table 8).
Table 8: Yield and economics of maize as influenced by in-situ moisture conservation

Yield (kg /ha) RUWE Cost of Net
B:C
Treatment Grain Mean grain (kg/ha-mm) cultivation returns
Stover ratio
(2018) (8 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ ha)
With in-situ practices 2750 4035 1791 7.27 17900 33438 2.87
Without in-situ practices 2248 3338 1454 5.94 17150 24906 2.45
Kochariya village
With in-situ practices 2603 3525 2364(2)* 5.26 17600 30250 2.72
Without in-situ practices 2110 3030 1904(2) 4.27 16900 22325 2.32
*Mean of two years
In village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), improved in-situ moisture conservation practices gave 19.8%
practice (chiseling, peripheral bunding and ridging higher grain yield (2517 kg/ha) over farmers’
30 DAS) gave 19.9% higher grain yield (2653 kg/ha) practice (2100 kg/ha). At new village Dagoliya
over farmers’ practice of cultivator twice (2213 kg/ ka kheda, improved in-situ moisture conservation
ha), with higher net returns, B:C ratio and RWUE. practices gave 26.4% higher grain yield (2717 kg/
Similarly, at village Kochariya (Bhilwara) improved ha) over farmers’ practice (2150 kg/ha) (Table 9).
27
Table 9: Yield and economic of sorghum as influenced by in-situ moisture conservation

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of B:C
Treatment RUWE Net returns
Grain Mean grain cultivation ratio
Straw (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha)
(2018) (4 yrs) (Rs/ha)
Kochariya village
With in-situ practices 2517 - 5017 4.43 16400 26342 2.61
Without in-situ practices 2100 - 3670 3.70 15350 19025 2.24
With in-situ practices 2717 2522(2)* 5250 5.49 16600 29125 2.75
Without in-situ practices 2150 2010(2) 3833 4.35 15450 19933 2.29
*Mean of two years
Cropping systems grain yield (2337 and 2209 kg/ha) over local variety
At village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), among (1806 kg/ha). At new village Dagoliya ka kheda,
improved varieties of maize, PEHM-2 gave 28.5% improved variety of maize, PEHM-2 followed by
higher grain yield (2473 kg/ha) over local cultivar PM-3 gave 25.9 and 23.3% higher grain yield (2312
(1925 kg/ha). Similarly, at village Kochariya and 2263 kg/ha) over local cultivar (1836 kg/ ha),
(Bhilwara), improved variety of maize, PEHM-2 with higher net returns (Rs.28135 and 28806/ha)
followed by PM-3 gave 29.4 and 22.31% higher and B:C ratio (3.04 and 2.98) (Table 10).
Table 10: Yield and economics of maize varieties

Yield (kg/ha) RUWE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Variety
Grain Stover (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
PEHM-2 2473 4025 5.00 14270 32888 3.30
PM-3 2310 3822 4.67 14280 29925 3.10
Local 1925 2932 3.89 13900 22305 2.60
Kochariya village
PEHM-2 2337 3568 4.11 14270 29705 3.08
PM-3 2209 3526 3.89 14280 27670 2.94
Local 1806 3020 3.18 13900 20740 2.49
PEHM-2 2312 3322 4.67 14150 28835 3.04
PM-3 2263 3332 4.58 14170 28106 2.98
Local 1836 2942 3.71 13700 21195 2.55
At village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), among ha) over local variety (1650 kg/ha). At new NICRA
improved varieties of sorghum, CSV-15 gave village Dagoliya ka kheda, CSV-15 gave 24.9%
33.6% higher grain yield (2424 kg/ha) compared to higher grain yield (2150 kg/ha) over local cultivar
local cultivar (1814 kg/ha) with higher net returns (1722 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs 27880/
(Rs.31750/ha), B:C ratio (3.30) and RWUE (4.9 kg/ ha), B:C ratio (3.15) and RWUE (4.35 kg/ha-mm)
ha-mm). Similarly, at village Kochariya (Bhilwara), (Table 11).
CSV-15 gave 40.5% higher grain yield (2318 kg/
28
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 11: Yield and economics of sorghum varieties

Yield (kg/ha) RUWE Cost of Net returns B:C
Variety
Grain Straw (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
CSV-15 2424 3676 4.90 13800 31750 3.30
CSV-17 2162 3740 4.37 13150 28630 3.18
Local 1814 3047 3.67 12370 22458 2.82
Kochariya village
CSV-15 2318 4120 4.08 12560 32510 3.59
Local 1650 3232 2.90 11270 21560 2.91
CSV-15 2150 3432 4.35 12950 27880 3.15
CSV-17 2078 3542 4.20 11780 26245 3.10
Local 1722 2912 3.48 10900 22210 3.04
At village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), improved 37A gave 44.3% higher pod yield (1072 kg/ha) over
variety of groundnut, TG-37A gave 38.3% higher local cultivar (743 kg/ha) with higher net returns
pod yield (1198 kg/ha) over local cultivar (867 kg/ (Rs. 26941/ha) and B:C ratio (2.54). Similar results
ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 43987/ha) and B:C were recorded at new NICRA village Dagoliya ka
ratio (3.51). Similarly, at village Kochariya, TG- kheda (Table 12).
Table 12: Yield and economics of groundnut varieties

Variety
Pod Haulm (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
PM-2 1097 1387 2.90 17370 38737 3.23
TG- 37A 1198 1607 3.17 17550 43987 3.51
Local 867 1203 2.29 16450 28158 2.71
Kochariya (old village) village
PM-2 940 1250 1.90 17450 20445 2.17
TG- 37A 1072 1457 2.17 17550 26941 2.54
Local 743 1093 1.50 16800 11263 1.67
Dagoliya ka kheda (new) village
PM-1 1060 1633 2.14 17480 29003 2.66
TG- 37A 1277 1870 2.58 17520 38222 3.18
Local 812 1273 1.64 16700 18950 2.13
At Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), blackgram variety, (263 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.11733/
PU 31 gave 44.2% higher seed yield (450 kg/ha) ha) and B:C ratio (2.66). Further, At new NICRA
as compared to local cultivar (312 kg/ha) with village Dagoliya ka kheda, improved variety of
higher net returns. Similarly, at village Kochariya blackgram, PU 31 gave 46.9% higher seed yield
improved blackgram cultivar, PU 31 gave 65.8% (470 kg/ha) over the local cultivars (320 kg/ha)
higher seed yield (437 kg/ha) over local cultivar (Table 13).
29
Table 13: Yield and economic of blackgram varieties

Yield (kg /ha) RUWE Cost of cultivation Net returns B: C
Variety
Seed Stover (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Taraka Kheda (Lapsiya) village
PU-31 450 650 0.91 9300 15475 2.66
Local 312 470 0.63 8750 8495 1.97
Kochariya village
PU-31 437 700 0.77 9500 11733 2.66
Local 263 417 0.46 8700 10300 1.97
PU-31 470 680 0.95 9670 16210 2.68
Local 320 480 0.65 8400 9280 2.10
At Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya) village, maize + system gave 27.9% higher MGEY (2419 kg/ha)
blackgram (2:2) intercropping system gave 22.4% over farmers’ practice (1891 kg/ha). Further, at
higher MGEY (2246 kg/ha) with higher net returns Dagoliya ka kheda village, intercropping system
(Rs. 24164/ha) and B:C ratio (2.53) compared to of maize + blackgram (2:2) gave 32.9% higher
mixed cropping of maize and blackgram (farmers’ MGEY (2319 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.22908/ha) and
practice) (1835 kg/ha). Similarly, at Kochariya B:C ratio ( 2.31) over farmers’ practice of mixed
village, maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping cropping (1744 kg/ha) (Table 14).
Table 14: Yield and economics of maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping system
MEY (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of Net returns B:C
Treatment
Grain Stover (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Ratio
Improved practice 2246 3410 4.54 15800 24164 2.53
Farmers’ practice 1835 3008 3.71 15300 17904 2.17
Kochariya village
MGEY: Maize grain equivalent yield; Improved practice: Maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping system; Farmers’ practice: Mixed cropping of
maize and blackgram
At Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya) village, improved over farmers’ practice (731 kg/ha) with higher net
practice of groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping returns (Rs. 25880/ha) and B:C ratio (1.49). While
system recorded 28.6% higher GPEY (877 kg/ha) at Dagoliya ka kheda village, improved practice
with net returns of Rs. 23462/ha and B:C ratio of of groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping system
1.49 as compared to farmers’ practice of mixed recorded 44.7% GPEY (1157 kg/ha) with net returns
cropping (682 kg/ha). Similarly, at Kochariya of Rs. 27546/ha and B:C ratio of 1.53 as compared
village, groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping to farmers’ practice (795 kg/ha) (Table 15).
system gave 27.1% higher GPEY (929 kg/ha)
30
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 15: Yield and economic of groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping system
GEY (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Treatment
Pod Haulm (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Kochariya (old) village
GPEY: Groundnut pod equivalent yield; Improved practice: Groundnut + sesame (6:2) intercropping system; Farmers’ practice: Mixed cropping
of groundnut and sesame
At Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya) village, improved yield (491 kg/ha) over farmers’ practice (394 kg/
practice of blackgram + sesame (2:2) intercropping ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 14780/ha) and B:
system recorded 20.9% higher blackgram seed C ratio (1.35). While at Dagoliya ka kheda village,
equivalent yield (556 kg/ha) compared to farmers’ blackgram + sesame (2:2) intercropping system
practice of mixed cropping of blackgram and sesame recorded 15.6% higher blackgram seed equivalent
(460 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.16550/ha) yield (505 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.16005/
and B:C ratio (1.47). Similarly, at Kochariya village, ha) and B:C ratio (1.44) as compared to farmers’
blackgram + sesame (2:2) intercropping system practice of mixed cropping of blackgram and
gave 24.6% higher blackgram seed equivalent sesame (437 kg/ha) (Table 16).
Table 16: Yield and economics of blackgram+ sesame (2:2) intercropping system
Blackgram equiva-
lent yield (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Treatment
(kg/ha/mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Seed Stalk
Kochariya (Bhilwara) (old) village
Improved practice: Balckgram + sesame (2:2) intercropping system; Farmers’ practice: Mixed cropping of balckgram and sesame
Nutrient management practice of no Zn application (2287 kg/ ha).

At village Tara ka Kheda (Lapsiya), application Similarly at village Dagoliya ka kheda application
of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha in maize gave 17.8% higher of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha gave 21.9% higher grain yield
grain yield (2693 kg/ha) with higher net returns (2377 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 25723/ha)
(Rs. 29012/ha) and B:C ratio (2.89) over farmers’ and B:C ratio (2.55) over farmers’ practice (1948
kg/ha) (Table 17).
31
Table 17: Yield and economics of maize as influenced by application of zinc sulphate
Yield (kg/ha) RUWE Cost of cultiva- Net returns B: C
Treatment
Grain Stalk (kg/ha-mm) tion (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
25 kg ZnSO4/ha 2693 4817 5.45 15350 29012 2.89
Control 2287 3883 4.62 14800 22348 2.51
25 kg ZnSO4/ha 2377 3600 4.81 16550 25723 2.55
Control 1948 3167 3.94 15700 19493 2.24
Alternate land use yield (3790 kg/ha) compared to local grass (2150
At Kochariya village, the horti-pastoral system kg/ha). Similarly at Bagatpura village (Lapsiya),
model consisting of forage (Cenchrus setgerus – Ber plantation recorded fruit yield of 2860 kg/ha
CAZRI-76) and Ber (var. Gola) with in-situ rainwater and intercropped cenchrus grass gave highest dry
management (contour trenches at 5 m interval for grass yield (4320 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.
ber platation) to stabilize the fruit and grass yields 46210/ha), B:C ratio (4.79) and RWUE (7.60 kg/
was demonstrated. Improved grasses with rainwater ha-mm) as compared to local grass (2270 kg/ha)
conservation practices gave the highest dry grass (Table 18).
Table 18: Performance of horti-pastoral system

Treatment
Fruit Grass (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Kochariya village
Ber + Cenchrus with rainwater conservation 0 3790 6.67 5650 5720 1.01
Without rainwater conservation practices 0 2150 3.79 5050 1400 0.28
Bagatpura (Lapsiya) village
Ber + Cenchrus grass with rainwater conservation 2860 4320 7.60 9650 46210 4.79
Without rainwater conservation 0 2270 3.99 5050 1400 0.28
1.1.2 ANANTAPURAMU was received in kharif season which was 77.1 mm

a. Agro-ecological setting deficit (21.9%) than normal of 352 mm. In rabi,
rainfall was 4.4 mm and was deficit by 19.6 mm
Anantapuramu is in Rayalaseema–Karnataka
(96.9%) than normal of 144.0 mm and in summer
plateau (AESR 3). The climate is hot arid. Annual
season, 42 mm rainfall was received which was
potential evapo-transpiration is 641 mm. Annual
deficit by 29.5 mm (41.3%) than normal of 71.5 mm
average rainfall is 615 mm. Length of growing
(Fig.8).
period is 90-120 days. The predominant soils are
shallow red soils. Normal onset of monsoon 1-5 June
Onset of monsoon during 2018 4 June
b. On-station experiments
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Annual rainfall during 2018-19 321.3 mm
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 352.0 & 144.0
kharif and rabi mm, respectively
(4 June). A total rainfall of 321.3 mm was received
th
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 274.9 & 4.4,

which was deficit by 248.7 mm (43.6%) compared
(kharif and rabi) respectively
to normal (570 mm). Out of total rainfall, 274.9 mm
32
AICRPDA – NICRA
Normal 2018
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
200 mented
180
160 Weather Crop RTCP
140 aberration implemented
Rainfall (mm)
120
100 Mid season Groundnut + pigeonpea (8:1) Supplemental
irrigation
80 drought
60 Foliar spray of
Groundnut
40
KNO3 @ 0.5%
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Salient achievements of on-station experiments
Month
Fig.8: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Situation: Mid season drought
Anantapuramu
During kharif 2018, a dry spell of more than
50 days occurred coinciding with pod formation
in groundnut and flowering in pigeonpea. Among
Dry spell treatments, higher groundnut pod and haulm yield
Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop
(225 and 1561 kg/ha) was recorded with sole
(days) months
14 17 - 30 Groundnut, Seedling to vegeta-
groundnut with one supplemental irrigation of 20
August pigeonpea, tive mm given at pod filling stage (70 DAS) through
castor micro-sprinklers. However pigeonpea crop failed
11 1 - 11 Groundnut Vegetative to flow- due to severe moisture stress at flowering and pod
September ering development stages. The net returns were negative
123 27 Groundnut Peg formation, pod
and higher B:C ratio (0.62) and WUE (1.01 kg/ha-
September - development and
mm) was recorded by sole groundnut followed with
27 maturity
January Pigeonpea Flowering and pod one supplemental irrigations of 20 mm at pod filling
development stage through micro-sprinklers (Table 19)
Table 19: Yield and economics of groundnut + pigeonpea (8:1) intercropping system as influenced by
supplemental irrigation
Yield (kg/ha)
Net
Pod Mean pod/ Cost of
returns B:C WUE
Treatment (2018) seed (2 yrs) Haulm cultivation (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Groun Groun Pigeon yield (Rs/ha)
dnut dnut pea
Sole groundnut 139 1182 - 1023 27750 -15945 0.43 0.69
Groundnut + pigeonpea (8:1) 102 807 549 868 28250 -19014 0.33 0.50
Groundnut + pigeonpea (15:1) 122 879 382 706 28000 -18637 0.33 0.60
Sole groundnut with irrigations (sprinkler) of 225 1305 - 1561 30250 -11643 0.62 1.01
20 mm each at flowering & pod filling stage
Groundnut + pigeonpea (8:1) with two 148 972 1082 957 30750 -18860 0.39 0.67
irrigations of 20 mm each at flowering &
pod filling in groundnut (sprinkler) and
pigeonpea (furrow)
pigeonpea (drip)
33
Yield (kg/ha)
Net
Pod Mean pod/ Cost of
returns B:C WUE
Treatment (2018) seed (2 yrs) Haulm cultivation (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Groun Groun Pigeon yield (Rs/ha)
dnut dnut pea
pigeonpea (furrow)
pigeonpea (drip)
Groundnut (K-6), pigeonpea (PRG-176)
During kharif 2018, there was a long dry favorable soil moisture) over foliar spray during dry
spell of 52 days during 27 September to maturity spell (135 kg/ha). Foliar spray during dry spell with
coinciding with peg formation, pod development water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5%
and maturity stage and drastically reduced the pod + recommended dose of micronutrient (ZnSO4 @
yield of groundnut. However, the pod yield (152 kg/ 0.2%) recorded higher groundnut pod yield (189
ha) of groundnut was improved significantly through kg/ha), B:C ratio (0.42) and RWUE of 0.89 kg/ha-
foliar spray after relieving of stress/dry spell (with mm compared to other treatments (Table 20).
Table 20: Performance of groundnut (K-6) as influenced by foliar sprays

Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
Pod Haulm (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 135 904 -17199 0.31 0.64
Foliar spray after relieving of stress/dry spell 152 955 -16328 0.35 0.72
CD at 5% 16.7 NS - - -
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 118 909 -18336 0.28 0.57
Urea @ 2% 145 908 -17909 0.32 0.69
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 175 993 -14912 0.40 0.83
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 186 1050 -14445 0.42 0.89
+ ZnSO4 @ 0.2%
ZnSO4 @ 0.2% 149 945 -16250 .35 0.71
Water spray 135 857 -16914 .32 0.64
Control (no spray of any material/water) 98 845 -18581 .25 0.47
CD at 5% 13.3 31.9 - - -
Recommended dose of fertilizer of 20-40-40 N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha
c. On-farm demonstrations 70% of total rainfed area. The mean annual rainfall
Village profile is 657.7 mm with seasonal rainfall of 190.4 mm
during kharif (June- September).
The program is being implemented inVannedoddi
village in Gooty Mandal, Ananthapuramu district, Climate vulnerability in general
Andhra Pradesh. The total geographical area of the The climate in this agro-climatic zone is arid.
village is 810 ha. Predominant rainfed crops in this Out of the total annual average rainfall of 657.7
village are groundnut, pigeonpea, castor, setaria, mm, the south-west monsoon contributes 55.5%,
cotton and sorghum. Groundnut crop covered 65- north-east monsoon contributes 26% and summer
34
AICRPDA – NICRA
contributes 18.5%. For the past 15 years, the dry Normal onset of monsoon 7-8 June
spells during crop season are experienced in August Onset of monsoon during 2018 4 June
and October and at peg penetration, pod filling, pod
development and harvesting stages of groundnut and
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 333.8 mm
flowering to reproductive stages in other crops. The
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 430.0 and 133.0
onset of monsoon has been shifting (onset being in kharif and rabi mm, respectively
25 SMW and withdrawal being 42-43 SMW). The Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 283.4 and 50.4
soil moisture status was deficit during pod filling (kharif and rabi) mm, respectively
and pod development stages of groundnut.
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Normal 2018
160
During 2018, in Vannedoddi village, onset
140
of monsoon was timely (4 June) and total rainfall 120
received was 333.8 mm which was deficit by 284.2
Rainfall (mm)
100
mm than normal rainfall of 618.0 mm. Out of the 80

60
total annual rainfall, kharif season recorded 283.4
40
mm which was deficit by146.6 mm (34.1%) than 20
normal of 430.0 mm and in rabi 50.4 mm rainfall 0

was recorded against normal rainfall of 133.0 mm Month
and during summer, there was no rainfall as against

normal rainfall of 53.0 mm (Fig.9) Fig.9: Normal and actual (2018) monthly
rainfall at Vannedoddi

Dry spell Stage of the crop
Duration
Dates & months Groundnut Pigeonpea Castor
(days)
29 11 June - 8 July - Seedling to Seedling to vegetative
vegetative
38 12 July - 18 August Vegetative to flowering Vegetative Vegetative to flowering
11 20-30 August Peg formation Vegetative Flowering to primary spike development
23 26 September - 17 October Pod development Vegetative to Spike development to maturity
pre-flowering
101 18 October - 27 January, 2019 Pod filling to maturity Flowering Spike development to maturity
to pod
development
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented

Weather aberration Farming situation/soil type Crop RTCP implemented
Early season drought Rainfed, Castor In-situ moisture conservation through conservation
Alfisols furrows
Mid season drought Rainfed, Castor In-situ moisture conservation through conservation
Alfisols furrows
Rainfed, Groundnut Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%

Alfisols
Terminal drought Rainfed, Groundnut Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%
Alfisols
35
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations

Situation: Early season drought
Conservation furrows formed at vegetative
stage adjacent to every row of castor with country
plough for in-situ moisture conservation gave 21%
higher castor yield (666 kg/ha) compared to without
conservation furrow (550 kg/ha), with higher net
returns (Rs. 16884/ha), B:C ratio (2.07) and RWUE
(1.79 kg/ha-mm) (Table 21). In-situ moisture conservation through conservation
furrow in castor
Table 21: Effect in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of castor
Farming Seed yield RWUE Net B:C
Intervention
situation/ soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) returns (Rs/ha) ratio
Rainfed Alfisols With conservation furrows 666 1.79 16884 2.07
Without conservation furrows 550 1.48 11200 1.71
Situation: Mid season drought initiation stage recorded higher groundnut pod
Groundnut crop (Kadiri 6) was subjected to yield (630 kg/ha) compared to without foliar spray
severe moisture stress due to scanty rainfall during (315 kg/ha), and gave higher net returns (Rs.4290/
peg penetration to pod initiation. Foliar spray ha), B:C ratio (1.14) and RWUE (3.05kg/ha-mm)
of KNO3 @ 0.5% during peg penetration to pod (Table 22).
Table 22: Yield and economics of groundnut (Kadiri 6) as influenced by foliar spray
Farming Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Net B:C
Intervention
situation/soil type Pod Haulm (kg/ha- mm) returns (Rs/ha) ratio
Rainfed With foliar spray 630 1250 3.05 4290 1.14
Alfisols Without foliar spray 315 630 1.52 -10440 0.62
Opening of conservation furrows adjacent equivalent yield (192 kg/ha) compared to without
to every row of pigeonpea for in-situ moisture conservation furrows (159 kg/ha), with higher
conservation in pigeonpea + pearlmillet (1:1) B:C ratio (0.84) and RWUE (0.72 kg/ha-mm)
intercropping system gave 20.8% higher pigeonpea (Table 23).
Table 23: In-situ moisture conservation through conservation furrows in pigeonpea + pearlmillet
(1:1) intercropping system
Farming Pigeonpea equiva- Cost of Net RWUE

Yield (kg/ha) B:C
situation/ Intervention lent yield (kg/ha) cultivation returns (kg/ha-
soil type ratio
Main crop Intercrop 2018 Mean (2yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Rainfed With conservation furrows 105 162 192 792 12750 -1998 0.84 0.72
Alfisols Without conservation fur- 90 128 159 703 11750 -2846 0.76 0.60
rows (Farmers’ practice)
36
AICRPDA – NICRA
Improved practice Farmers’ practice (no conservation furrow)

Pigeonpea+pearlmillet (1:1) intercropping system
Preparedness gorundnut pod and haulm yield (244 and 1920 kg/
Rainwater management ha), compared to the farmers’ practice of no deep
ploughing (135 and 1562 kg/ha) and gave higher
Deep ploughing using chisel plough after
B:C ratio (0.71) and RWUE (1.11 kg/ha-mm)
pre-monsoon showers in June, recorded higher
(Table 24).
Table 24: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of groundnut
Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of
Net returns B:C RWUE
situation/ Intervention Pod Mean pod cultivation
Haulm (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
soil type (2018) (2 yrs) (Rs/ha)
Deep tillage with 244 928 1920 22535 -6495 0.71 1.11
Rainfed chisel plough
Alfisols Without deep tillage 135 753 1562 21735 -11861 0.45 0.61
Cropping systems ha), B:C ratio (0.67) and RWUE (1.28 kg/ha-mm)
Groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping system gave compared to pigeonpea + pearlmillet (1:1)
gave higher groundnut equivalent yield (281 kg/ intercropping system (Table 25).
Table 25: Evaluation of intercropping systems under rainfed conditions

Farming Yield (kg/ha) RWUE
GEY Cost of cultiva- Net returns B:C
situation/ Intervention Groun Pigeon Pearl (kg/ha-
(kg/ha) tion (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio mm)
soil type dnut pea millet
Rainfed Pigeonpea + -- 95 125 162 13750 - 5974 0.57 0.74
Alfisols pearlmillet (1:1)
Groundnut + 263 15 -- 281 25350 -8362 0.67 1.28
pigeonpea (15:1)
GEY: Groundnut equivalent yield
Energy management and 55%, respectively. Sowing of groundnut with

During 2018-19, the actual field capacity and bullock drawn Ananta planter recorded 10.5 and
seed rate of the bullock drawn Ananta planter was 3.1% higher pod and haulm yield (210 and 2110 kg/
recorded as 2 ha/day and 100 kg/ha, respectively. ha), over farmers’ practice (190 and 2046 kg/ha).
The saving in cost of operation and labour was 14% (Table 26)
37
Table 26: Effect of sowing with bullock drawn Ananta planter on groundnut yield and economics
Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
situation/soil type Pod Haulm (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha- mm)
Rainfed Bullock drawn 210 2110 21575 -4745 0.78 0.87
Alfisols Ananta planter
Farmers’ practice 190 2046 28375 -12737 0.55 0.8
(Local seed drill)
During 2018-19, the actual field capacity, seed respectively. Sowing of groundnut with tractor drawn
rate and energy requirement of the tractor drawn Ananta planter recorded higher pod and haulm yield
Ananta planter was recorded as 7 ha/day, 100 kg/ (215 and 2170 kg/ha), respectively over farmers’
ha and 435.82 MJ/ha, respectively. The saving in practice (190 and 2046 kg/ha). (Table 27).
cost of operation and labour was 35% and 75-80%,
Table 27: Effect of sowing with Tractor drawn Ananta planter on groundnut yield and economics
Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
situation/soil type Pod Haulm cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha- mm)
Rainfed Tractor drawn 215 2170 18575 -1495 0.92 0.9
Alfisols Ananta Planter
Farmers’ practice 190 2046 28375 -12737 0.55 0.8
(local seed drill)
Sowing of groundnut using tractor drawn Ananta planter (left) and field view of groundnut (right)
1.1.3 AGRA b. On-station experiments

a. Agro-ecological setting Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
Agra is located in Northern Plain (and Central During 2018, the onset of monsoon was
Highlands) including, Ganga-Yamuna Doab and advanced by 7 days (26th June) in Agra. An annual
Rajasthan Upland (AESR 4.1) and South – Western rainfall of 1109.8 mm was received which was
semiarid agro-climatic zone in Uttar Pradesh. The excess by 444.8 mm (66. 9%) than normal (665.0
climate is hot semi-arid. Annual rainfall is 669 mm. mm). During kharif, there was a rainfall of 931.8
Length of growing period is 90-120 days. mm, excess by 342.7 mm (58.2%) than normal
38
AICRPDA – NICRA
(589.1 mm) and in rabi season, 5.0 mm rainfall was Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
recorded which was deficit by 53.4 mm (91.4%) During kharif 2018, the onset of monsoon was
against normal of 58.4 mm. (Fig.10) advanced by 6 days (26 June). An annual rainfall
Normal onset of monsoon 2 July of 848.4 mm was received, which was excess by
Onset of monsoon during 2018 26 June 183.9 mm (27.7%) as compared to normal annual
Annual mean rainfall (mm) 665.0 mm rainfall (664.5 mm). During southwest monsoon
Annual rainfall received during 2018-19 1109.8 mm (kharif), a rainfall of 689.0 mm was received, which
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 589.1 mm and
was excess by 100 mm (16.9%) than normal rainfall
and rabi 58.4 mm
Cop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 931.8 mm
(589.1 mm). During rabi, the rainfall of 32.6 mm
(kharif & rabi) and 5.0 mm, which was deficit by 25.8 mm than normal rainfall
respectively of 58.4 mm (Fig.11)
Normal onset of monsoon 2 July
Normal 2018 Onset of monsoon during 2018 26 June
300 Annual mean rainfall 664.5 mm
250 Annual rainfall during 2018-19 484.4 mm
200 Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 589.1 mm and 58.4 mm
Rainfall (mm)
kharif and rabi

150
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018- 689.0 mm and 32.6 mm
100 19 (kharif and rabi)
50
Dryspell during crop growing season (2018-19)
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Normal 2018
Month 350
Fig. 10: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Agra 300
250
Rainfall (mm)
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19): Nil 200
150
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented: Nil
100
c. On-farm demonstrations 50
Village profile 0
Month
Nagla Dulhe Khan is situated in the South-
western part of Agra district and lies between Fig.11: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Nagla Dulhe Khan
26055’ to 260 56’ North latitude and 770 40’30’ to
770 42’30’ East longitude. It is 60 km away from Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
Agra city. The soil of the village varied from sandy
loam to loamy sand in texture. The bulk density and Duration Dates &
Crop Stage of crop
(days) months
particle density varies from 1.42 to1.50 gm/cm3 and
2.40 to 2.71 g/cm3 respectively. The field capacity - 10 September to Pearlmillet, Grain filling
maturity clusterbean, and maturity
and wilting point on volume basis are 15 to 21 and sesame
4.0 to 8.0 per cent, respectively. The soils are low
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented: Nil
in availability of nitrogen, potash and medium in
availability of phosphorus. Soil and ground water
are saline and alkaline in nature. Real time contingency planning: Nil
39
Preparedness gave higher grain yield (2363 kg/ha), net returns

Rainwater management (Rs.39230/ha), B:C ratio (3.50) and RWUE of 5.42
kg/ha-mm as compared to broadcasting (1999 kg/
Sowing of pearlmillet with ridger seeder
ha) (Table 28).
Table 28: Effect of ridge and furrow method of sowing on yield and economics of pearlmillet
Grain yield (kg/ha) Stover yield Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
intervention
2018 Mean (8 yrs) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Ridger seeder 2363 2272 5890 15673 39230 3.50 5.42
Without ridger seeder 1999 1719 3387 14912 29144 2.95 4.58
Pearlmillet under ridge sowing Pearlmillet under broadcasting
In-situ moisture conservation through farmers’ practice (1995 kg/ha) with higher net
compartmental bunding in pearlmillet gave 12.3% returns (Rs.36391/ha), B:C ratio (3.32) and RWUE
higher grain yield (2240 kg/ha) compared to (5.14 kg/ha-mm) (Table 29).
Table 29: Effect of compartmental bunding on yield and economics of pearlmillet

Grain yield (kg/ha) Stover yield Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
2018-19 Mean (8 yrs) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Compartmental Bunding 2240 2144 5590 15673 36391 3.32 5.14
No compartmental bunding 1995 1671 3395 14912 29082 2.95 4.58
Deep ploughing in summer produced 27.7% (6.14) as compared to without deep ploughing
higher seed yield of mustard (2350 kg/ha) with (1840 kg/ha) (Table 30).
higher net returns (Rs.87093/ha) and B:C ratio
Table 30: Performance of mustard with deep ploughing in summer

Seed yield Mean seed yield Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Intervention
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (8 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Deep ploughing (summer) 2350 1911 16929 87093 6.14
Conventional ploughing 1840 1514 16215 65180 5.02
40
AICRPDA – NICRA
Mustard under deep tillage Mustard under conventional tillage
Cropping systems higher net returns (Rs.8673/ha) and B:C ratio (1.65)
Pearlmillet variety Pro agro 9450 gave 6.5% as compared to HT-01 (253 kg/ha) (Table). Cluster
higher grain yield (2194 kg/ha) over JKBH-36 (2060 bean variety RGC-1025 produced 5.5% higher seed
kg/ha) with higher net returns of Rs. 34320 /ha and yield (580 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.11854/
B:C ratio of 3.19 (Table). Sesame variety Shekhar ha) and B:C ratio (1.80) compared to RGC-1015
gave 20.6 % higher seed yield (305 kg/ha) with variety (550 kg/ha) (Table 31).
Table 31: Performance of improved varieties of different crops

Grain/seed yield Cost of Net
Stover yield B:C RWUE
Crop Varieties (kg/ha) cultivation returns
(kg/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
2018 Mean (5 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
Pearlmillet Proagro-9450 2194 2068 4810 15673 34320 3.19 5.03
JKBH-36 2060 1883 4677 15673 31512 3.01 4.72
Sesame Shekar 305 347 802 13287 8673 1.65 0.70
HT-01 253 314 664 13287 4953 1.37 0.58
Clusterbean RGC-1025 580 512 1430 14826 11854 1.80 1.33
RGC-1002 550 454 1329 14826 10474 1.71 1.26
Sesame var. Shekar Sesame var. HT-1
41
Strip cropping of pearlmillet + clusterbean ha), with higher net returns (Rs.36227/ha) and B:C
(4:4) gave 10.6% higher pearlmillet equivalent ratio (3.38) (Table 32).
yield (2273 kg/ha) than pearlmillet sole (2055 kg/
Table 32: Performance of pearlmillet + clusterbean strip cropping (4:4)

PEY (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Intervention
2018 Mean (8 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Strip cropping of pearlmillet + clusterbean (4:4) 2273 2633 15250 36227 3.38
Pearlmillet sole 2055 1619 14192 31086 3.19
PEY: Pearlmillet equivalent yield
Strip cropping of pearlmillet + sesame (4:4) kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs. 35308/ha) and
gave 10.6% higher pearlmillet equivalent yield B:C ratio (3.44) (Table 33).
(2269 kg/ha) as compared to sole pearlmillet (2110
Table 33: Performance of pearlmillet + sesame strip cropping (4:4)

PEY (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns
Intervention B:C ratio
2018 Mean (8 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
Strip cropping of pearlmillet 2269 2787 14480 35308 3.44
+ sesame (4:4)
Sole pearlmillet 2110 1654 14192 32370 3.28
PEY: Pearlmillet equivalent yield
Pearlmillet +sesame strip cropping (4:4) Pearlmillet sole
Chickpea + mustard intercropping system (5:1) and B:C ratio (6.49) as compared to sole chickpea
recorded 45.3% higher chickpea equivalent yield (1900 kg/ha) (Table 34).
(2761 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.97632/ha)
Table 34: Performance of chickpea + mustard (5:1) intercropping system

CEY (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns B:C
Intervention
2018 Mean (8 yrs) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Chickpea + mustard (5:1) intercropping 2761 2144 17778 97632 6.49
Chickpea sole 1900 1570 16115 63305 4.93
CEY: Chickpea equivalent yield
42
AICRPDA – NICRA
Chickpea + mustard (5:1) intercropping system Chickpea sole
Musatard var. Giriraj gave 3.6 and 6.9% higher with higher net returns of Rs. 83169/ha and B:C
seed yield (2305 kg/ha) as compared to RH-749 ratio of 5.68. Barley var. Narendra-2 gave 6.9%
(2225 kg/ha) and RH-406 (2115 kg/ha), respectively higher grain yield (2800 kg/ha) as compared to BH-
with higher net returns (Rs.84992/ha) and B:C ratio 946 (2620 kg/ha), with higher net returns of Rs.
(6.02). Chickpea var. Avarodhi gave 20.2 % higher 52625/ha and B:C ratio of 3.45 (Table 35).
seed yield (2415 kg/ha) over Uday (2010 kg/ha),

Yield (kg/ha)
Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Crop Variety Seed Mean seed
Stalk (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
(2018) (4 yrs)
Mustard Giriraj 2305 2187 4944 16929 84992 6.02
RH-749 2225 1822 4644 16929 81262 5.80
RH-406 2115 1966 4492 16929 78164 5.62
Chickpea Avarodhi 2415 1806 4217 17778 83169 5.68
Uday 2010 1541 3378 17778 66240 4.73
Barley Narendra-2 2800 2465 6787 21496 52625 3.45
BH-946 2620 2288 6399 21496 48005 3.23
Nutrient management (2540 kg/ha) with higher net returns of Rs. 95473/ha
Application of K @ 50 kg K2O/ha with RDF and B:C ratio of 6.6 compared to farmers’ practice
(60+40 kg NP/ha) increased mustard yield by 32.3% of no K application (1920 kg/ha) (Table 36).
Table 36: Effect of potassium application on mustard yield and economics on farmer’s field
Seed yield (kg/ha) Stalk Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Treatment
2018 Mean (8 yrs) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
RDF + 50 kg K2O/ha 2540 2004 5508 16929 95473 6.64
RDF alone 1920 1511 4068 16215 68607 5.23
RDF: 60:40 kg NP/ha
43
Mustard under RDF + 50 kg K 2O/ha Mustard under RDF alone
1.1.4 HISAR Normal 2018

250
a. Agro-ecological setting
200
Hisar is located in Western Plain, Kachchh
Rainfall (mm) 150
and part of Kathiawar peninsula, Rajasthan Bagar,
North Gujarat Plain and South-western Punjab plain 100
(AESR 2.3) and South-western dry zone in Haryana. 50
The climate is hot arid. Annual rainfall is 411mm.

0
Annual potential evapotranspiration is 769 mm. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Fig.12: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Hisar
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
(29 June) and an annual rainfall of 427.8 mm was
th
Dry spell
received which was excess by 15.8 mm (3.8%) Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop
compared to normal (412.0 mm) (Fig.12). During (days) months
kharif, 381.6 mm rainfall was received which was 11 10-20 Pearlmillet, Flowering (pearl-
August mungbean, millet, mungbean),
excess by 45.8 mm (13.6%) than normal (335.8 clusterbean Vegetative
mm). In rabi, 46.2 mm rainfall was received which (clusterbean)
was 37.0 mm excess than normal (9.2 mm). 12 22 August Pearlmillet, Grain filling
- 03 Sep- mungbean, (pearlmillet),
Normal onset of monsoon 1st week of July tember clusterbean Pod formation
Onset of monsoon during 2018 29 June (mungbean),
Annual mean rainfall 412.0 mm Flowering
(clusterbean)
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 335.8 mm and 9.2 mm Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
during kharif and rabi mented
Crop seasonal rainfall during 381.6 mm and 46.2 mm Weather aberration Crop RTCP implemented
2018-19 (kharif & rabi)
Mid season drought Pearlmillet Foliar spray
44
AICRPDA – NICRA
Salient achievements of on-station experiments 23107/ha), B:C ratio (2.14) and RWUE (8.64 kg/
Real time contingency planning ha-mm) compared to foliar spray during the dry
spell. Among various treatments, foliar spray of
water soluble complex fertilizer (18:18:18) @ 0.5%
During kharif 2018, two dry spells of 11 and + recommended dose of micronutrient foliar spray
12 days occurred coinciding with flowering and (0.5% ZnSO4) recorded significantly higher grain
grain filling stage of pearlmillet. Foliar spray during yield of pearlmillet (1952 kg/ha) with higher net
the dry spell and after relieving the stress had no returns (Rs 26082/ha), B:C ratio (2.27) and RWUE
significant effect on both grain and stover yield of (9.29 kg/ha-mm) compared to control (1584 kg/ha),
pearlmillet. However, foliar spray after relieving water spray (1610 kg/ha) and 0.5% ZnSO4 spray
the stress gave marginally higher grain and stover (1731 kg/ha) (Table 37).
yield (1814 and 4408 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.
Table 37: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of pearlmillet

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
Grain Stover (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 1748 4230 20200 21500 2.06 8.32
Foliar spray after relieving the stress 1814 4408 20200 23107 2.14 8.64
CD @ 5% NS NS
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 1830 4480 20230 23519 2.16 8.72
Urea @ 2% 1852 4510 20260 23972 2.18 8.82
Water soluble complex fertilizer 1910 4687 20400 25282 2.24 9.09
(18:18:18) @ 0.5%
Water soluble complex fertilizer 1952 4760 20550 26082 2.27 9.29
(18:18:18) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 1731 4262 20350 21076 2.04 8.24
Water spray 1610 3910 20200 18233 1.90 7.67
Control (no spray of any material/water) 1584 3850 19400 18418 1.95 7.55
CD @ 5% 132 298 - - - -
Pearlmillet with foliar spray of water soluble complex Pearlmillet with no spray
fertilizer (18:18:18) @ 0.5% + 0.5% ZnSO4
45
c. On-farm demonstrations and early withdrawal (35/36 SMW) and sowing

Village profile window to 31 or 32 SMW of the dominant rainfed
crops viz., pearlmillet, clusterbean, blackgram and
The program is being implemented in Balawas
castor.
village, Hisar Tehsil, Hisar district, Haryana. The
total cultivated area is 800 ha out of which 560 ha Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
is rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 350 mm with The onset of monsoon was normal (29th June).
seasonal rainfall of 320 mm during kharif (June- An annual rainfall of 429.5 mm in Balawas and
September). The major soil types are loamy sand 406.4 mm in Nalwa was received which was excess
to sandy loam. The major rainfed crops in kharif by 129.5 mm and 106.4 mm, respectively compared
are pearlmillet, clusterbean, greengram, mothbean, to normal (300 mm) (Fig.13). During kharif, 391.2
sesame and castor, and rabi crops are mustard, mm in Balawas and 363.5 mm in Nalwa respectively
chickpea, barley and rapeseed. The number of was received compared to normal (210.7 mm); rabi
small, marginal, medium and large farmers is 138, season recorded 38.3 mm in Balawas and 42.9 mm
22, 2 and 4, respectively. The ground water table is in Nalwa as against normal of 22 mm.
about 25 m. The source of irrigation is canal and
tube well covering 30% of the cultivated area. Normal onset of monsoon 1st week of July
Onset of monsoon during 29 June
Climate vulnerability in general 2018
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic Normal annual mean rainfall 300 mm
zone is arid. The south-west monsoon contributes Annual rainfall during 429.5 mm (Balawas) and
85-90%. The historical (30 years) rainfall data 2018-19 406.4 mm (Nalwa)
indicated the variability in rainfall during southwest Mean crop seasonal rainfall 210.7 and 22 mm,
monsoon and every fourth year is a drought year. during kharif & rabi respectively
The onset (south-west) of monsoon is during 26 Crop seasonal rainfall during 391.2 mm and 38.3 mm,
2018-19 (kharif and rabi) respectively in (Balawas)
SMW. The dry spells during the crop season were
and 363.5 mm and 42.9
experienced for the past 10 to 15 years during July, mm, respectively in
August and October and at seedling, vegetative and (Nalwa)
reproductive stages of major rainfed crops. The
soil moisture status was deficit during vegetative Normal 2018
and reproductive stages of major rainfed crops. 200
The maximum/minimum temperature during crop 160
season was almost static but frost occurred during

Rainfall (mm)
120
rabi in December and January (-0.112/- 0.0710C)
80
during past 10 years. The extreme events like
unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span had 40
been increasing during kharif. The area had also 0

been experiencing other extreme events like frost Month
and cold wave. There had also been considerable
Fig. 13: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
shift in rainfall pattern with late onset (29/30 SMW) Balawas
46
AICRPDA – NICRA

Dry spell
Duration Crop Stage of the crop
Dates & months
(days)
14 26 July - 08 August Pearlmillet, mungbean, cluster bean Flowering (pearlmillet, mungbean),
Vegetative (cluster bean)
12 10-21August Pearlmillet, mungbean, cluster bean Grain filling (pearlmillet), Pod formation
(mungbean), Flowering (cluster bean)
13 23 August - 04 September Pearlmillet, mungbean, cluster bean Maturity

Weather aberration Farming situation/ soil type Crop RTCP implemented
Mid season drought Deep sandy to loamy sand soil Pearlmillet Weeding with wheel hand hoe, foliar spray
Mung bean Weeding with wheel hand hoe
Cluster bean Weeding with wheel hand hoe
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations resulted in 18.9, 25.8, 24.1% and 20.4, 29.3, 25.0%
Real time contingency planning higher seed yield in village Balawas and Nalwa,
respectively as compared to no weeding. Similarly,
weeding with WHH also recorded higher net
Intercultural operations using wheel hand hoe returns, B:C ratio and RWUE over no weeding in
(WHH) in pearlmillet, mungbean and clusterbean all the three crops at both the villages (Table 38).
Table 38: Effect of weeding with wheel hand hoe on crop yield and economics
Farming situation/ Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Crop Intervention
soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Balawas village
Deep sandy soil Pearlmillet Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1618 7.92 12151 1.63
Without weeding 1360 6.65 8620 1.48
Deep loamy sand soil Mungbean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 448 2.19 12248 1.64
Deep loamy sand soil Cluster bean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1328 4.12 34020 2.78
Without weeding 1070 3.32 25200 2.43
Nalwa village
Deep sandy soil Pearlmillet Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1508 8.21 10006 1.51
Deep loamy sand soil Mungbean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 476 2.59 14201 1.74
Deep loamy sand soil Cluster bean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1270 4.31 31700 2.66
Without weeding 1016 3.45 23040 2.31
47
Pearlmillet weeding with WHH Pearlmillet under no weeding
Clusterbean under weeding with WHH Clusterbean under no weeding
Foliar spray of 1% KNO3 on 4th and 19th August B:C ratio (1.69 and 1.58) and RWUE (8.28 and 8.56
in pearlmillet helped in mitigating dry spell and kg/ha-mm) as compared to farmers’ practice of no
gave 7.0 and 7.1 % higher grain yield (1692 and foliar spray in both villages Balawas and Nalwa,
1572 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.13594 and11254/ha), respectively (Table 39).
Table 39: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of pearlmillet

Farming Grain yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Intervention
situation/soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Balawas
Deep sandy soil Foliar spray of 1% KNO3 1692 8.28 13594 1.69
Farmers’ practice (no foliar spray) 1586 7.76 12427 1.67
Nalwa
Deep sandy soil Foliar spray of 1% KNO3 1572 8.56 11254 1.58
Preparedness 14473/ha), B:C ratio (1.76) and RWUE (2.35 kg/

Cropping systems ha-mm) compared to sattya. Clusterbean variety
HG 2-20 recorded highest seed yield (1340 kg/ha),
During kharif, in Balawas village, pearlmillet
net returns (Rs. 34464/ha), B:C ratio (2.80) and
hybrid HHB 197 recorded higher grain yield (1724
RWUE (4.16 kg/ha-mm) compared to HG 563 and
kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 14163/ha), B:C ratio (1.73)
HG 365
and RWUE (8.44 kg/ha-mm) compared to HHB
67 (Improved). Mungbean variety MH 421 gave During rabi, mustard variety RH 725 recorded
higher seed yield (480 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. higher seed yield (2614 kg/ha), net returns
48
AICRPDA – NICRA
(Rs. 81388/ha), B:C ratio (3.86) and RWUE (68.25 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 22752/ha), B:C ratio (2.05)
kg/ha-mm) compared to RH 30. Similarly chickpea and RWUE (25.06 kg/ha-mm) compared to C 235
variety HC 1 recorded the higher seed yield (960 variety (Table 40).
Table 40: Performance of drought tolerant varieties of rainfed crops (Balawas village)
Farming situa- Seed/grain Cost of Net B:C RWUE
Crops Variety
tion/ soil type yield (kg/ha) cultivation (Rs/ha) returns (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Deep sandy soil Pearl millet HHB 67 1610 19455 11940 1.61 7.88
(Improved)
HHB 197 1724 19455 14163 1.73 8.44
Mung bean Sattya 435 19050 11291 1.59 2.13
MH 421 480 19050 14473 1.76 2.35
Cluster bean HG 365 1224 19136 29824 2.56 3.80
HG 563 1280 19136 32064 2.67 3.98
HG 2-20 1340 19136 34464 2.80 4.16
Mustard RH 30 2231 28400 65302 3.29 58.3
RH 725 2614 28400 81388 3.86 68.3
Chickpea C 235 870 21600 18594 1.86 22.7
HC 1 960 21600 22752 2.05 25.1
During kharif, in Nalwa village, pearlmillet (4.40 kg/ha-mm) compared to HG 563 and HG 365
hybrid, HHB 197 recorded higher grain yield (1556
During rabi, mustard variety RH 725 recorded
higher seed yield (2438 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.
and RWUE (8.48 kg/ha-mm) compared to HHB
73996/ha), B:C ratio (3.60) and RWUE (56.81
67 (Improved). Mungbean variety MH 421 gave
kg/ha-mm) compared to RH 30. Similarly, HC 1
higher seed yield (493 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.
variety of chickpea recorded higher seed yield (890
15173/ha), B:C ratio (1.79) and RWUE (2.69 kg/ha-
mm) compared to sattya. Cluster bean variety HG
and RWUE (27.74 kg/ha-mm) compared to C 235
2-20 recorded highest seed yield (1294 kg/ha), net
(Table 41).
returns (Rs. 32900/ha), B:C ratio (2.74) and RWUE
Table 41: Performance of drought tolerant varieties of rainfed crops (Nalwa village )
Farming situation/ Crops Variety Seed/grain Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
soil type yield (kg/ha) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Deep sandy soil Pearl millet HHB 67 1495 19115 10038 1.53 8.15
(Improved)
HHB 197 1556 19115 11227 1.59 8.48
Deep loamy sand soil Mung bean Sattya 452 19214 12313 1.64 2.46
MH 421 493 19214 15173 1.79 2.69
Deep loamy sand soil Cluster bean HG 365 1187 18860 28620 2.52 4.03
HG 563 1242 18860 30820 2.63 4.22
HG 2-20 1294 18860 32900 2.74 4.40
Deep sandy loam soil Mustard RH 30 2109 28400 60178 3.11 49.2
RH 725 2438 28400 73996 3.60 56.8
Deep loamy sand soil Chick pea C 235 815 21600 16053 1.74 19.0
HC 1 890 21600 19518 1.90 27.7
49
Pearlmillet Hyb. HHB 197 Pearlmillet Hyb. HHB 67 (Improved)
Clusterbean Var. HG 2-20 Clusterbean Var. HG 365
During kharif, at Balawas, weeding with wheel to weeding with kasola (a traditional implement) at
hand hoe increased the yield of pearlmillet (1590 kg/ 30 DAS, and recorded higher net returns, B:C ratio
ha), mungbean (486 kg/ha) and clusterbean (1395 and RWUE (Table 42).
kg/ha) by 7.0, 7.5 and 6.8%, respectively compared
Table 42: Effect of weeding with wheel hand hoe on yield and economics of crops
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net
B:C RWUE
Crop Intervention Grain/ cultivation returns
Stover ratio (kg/ha-mm)
seed (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
Pearlmillet Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1590 4229 19455 19162 1.98 7.78
Weeding with kasola at 30 DAS 1486 3997 20904 15268 1.73 7.27
Mungbean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 486 745 19050 15370 1.81 2.38
Cluster bean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1395 2469 19136 41108 2.15 4.34
During rabi, intercultural operations with (2350 and 780 kg/ha) and gave higher net returns
wheel hand hoe resulted in 6.0% and 5.6 % increase (Rs. 82793 and 18428/ha), B:C ratio (3.91 and 1.85)
in seed yield of mustard (2492 kg/ha) and chickpea and RWUE (65.1 and 21.5 kg/ha-mm) (Table 43).
(824kg/ha) over farmer’s practice of using kasola
50
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 43: Effect of weeding with wheel hand hoe on yield and economics of crops
Crop Intervention
Seed Stalk (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Mustard Weeding with wheel hand hoe 2492 6529 28400 82793 3.91 65.1
Chickpea Weeding with wheel hand hoe 824 980 21600 18428 1.85 21.5
During kharif, at village Nalwa, intercultural (1378 kg/ha), over farmers’ practice of using kasola
operations using wheel hand hoe resulted in 6.8, (1511, 446 and 1284 kg/ha), with higher net returns,
7.4 and 7.3% higher grain/seed yield of pearlmillet B:C ratio and RWUE (Table 44).
(1613 kg/ha), mungbean (479 kg/ha) and clusterbean
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of
Crop Intervention Grain/ Stover/ cultivation
(Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
seed stalk (Rs/ha)
Pearlmillet Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1613 4291 19115 20062 2.05 8.79
Mungbean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 479 748 19214 14720 1.77 2.61
Clusterbean Weeding with wheel hand hoe 1378 2426 18860 40626 2.15 4.68
During rabi, at village Nalwa, intercultural of using kasola (2284 and 804 kg/ha) in mustard
operations with wheel hand hoe gave 6.0 and and chickpea, respectively with higher net returns
5.7% higher seed yield of mustard (2422 kg/ha) (Rs.79889 and 19706/ha), B:C ratio (3.8 and 1.9)
and chickpea (850 kg/ha) over farmer’s practice and RWUE (56.5 and 19.8 kg/ha-mm) (Table 45).
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultiva- Net returns B:C RWUE
Crop Intervention
Seed Stalk tion (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Mustard Weeding with wheel hand hoe 2422 6563 28400 79889 3.8 56.5
Chickpea Weeding with wheel hand hoe 850 1018 21600 19706 1.9 19.8
1.1.5 KOVILPATTI is 90-120 days. The frequency of drought is once in

a. Agro-ecological setting ten years. Water erosion is medium severe with slight
loss of top soil, affecting 26-50% area. The soils are
Kovilpatti is in Tamil Nadu uplands and
moderately deep to deep, loamy to clayey and mixed
leeward flanks of South Sahayadris and Deccan
red and black. Available water capacity is medium.
(Karnataka) plateau (AESR 8.1). The climate is
Soil reaction is neutral to slightly alkaline, medium
hot semi-arid. Potential evapo-transpiration is 812
in soil organic C and P, and high in K content.
mm. Rainfall is 728 mm. Length of growing period
Deficient nutrients are sulphur, calcium and zinc.
51
b. On-station experiments Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-

mentedmm
Weather Crop RTCP
During 2018-19, no rainfall was received during aberration implemented
1 June to 14 August and onset of north-east monsoon Mid season drought Sorghum Foliar spray
was early (2 October). A rainfall of 410.6 mm was
Salient achievements of on-station experiments
received which was deficit by 312.0 mm compared
to normal (722.6 mm). During kharif (June- Real time contingency planning
September), 94.4 mm rainfall was received which was Situation: Mid season drought
deficit by 55.8 mm than normal of 150.2 mm; in rabi A dry spell of 28 days occurred during
season (October-December), 213.9 mm rainfall was November-December, coinciding with flowering
received which was deficit by 177.0 mm than normal stage of crops. Foliar spray in sorghum during dry
of 391 mm and during summer (March to May), 100.0 spell recorded higher grain yield (771 kg/ha), gross
mm rainfall was received which was deficit by 40.9 returns (Rs.13107/ha), B:C ratio (0.67) and RWUE
mm than normal of 140.9 mm (Fig.14) of (3.60 kg/ha-mm) as compared to foliar spray after
Normal onset of monsoon 20 October relieving of stress/dry spell (738 kg/ha). Further,
Onset of monsoon during 2018 2 October foliar spray of both water soluble complex fertilizer
Annual mean rainfall 722.6 mm (19:19:19) @ 0.5% recorded significantly higher
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 410.6 mm grain yield (885 kg/ha) with higher gross returns
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 150.2 and 391.0 mm
(Rs.15045/ha), B:C ratio (0.77) and RWUE (4.14
during kharif and rabi,
respectively kg/ha-mm) compared other treatments (Table 46).
Crop seasonal rainfall during 94.4 and 213.9 mm, Table 46: Effect of foliar sprays on yield and eco-
2018-19 during kharif and rabi,
respectively nomics of sorghum (var. K12)
Grain RWUE Gross
Normal 2018 B:C
250 Treatment yield (kg/ha- returns
ratio
(kg/ha) mm) (Rs/ha)
200
Main plot
Rainfall (mm)
150
Foliar spray during 771 3.60 13107 0.67
100 dry spell
Foliar spray after 738 3.45 12546 0.64
50
relieving of stress/dry
0 spell
Month CD at 5% 9 - - -
Fig. 14: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Sub plot
Kovilpatti Foliar spray of 1% urea 768 3.59 13056 0.67
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) Foliar spray of 2% urea 726 3.39 12342 0.63
Water soluble complex 885 4.14 15045 0.77
Dry spell
Stage of the fertilizer (19.19.19) @
Duration Crop
Dates & months crop 0.5% (T3)
(days)
T3 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 764 3.57 12988 0.67
8 24-31 October Pearlmillet, Germination
sorghum ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 732 3.42 12444 0.64
8 8-15 November Pearlmillet Tillering Water spray 797 3.73 13549 0.69
Sorghum Grand growth Control (no spray) 650 3.09 11220 0.58
28 25 November - Pearlmillet, Flowering and
CD at 5% 50 - - -
22 December sorghum grain filling
52
AICRPDA – NICRA
c. On-farm demonstrations monsoon (SWM) and north-east monsoon (NEM)

Village profile in the last ten years is normal with a maximum
deviation of ± 9 days. Maximum temperature during
The program is being implemented in
SWM and NEM season did not change in the last
Muthukrishnapuram, Thoppurediapatti and
ten years (2002-2011) compared to the previous ten
Vadakkupatti revenue villages, Kovilpatti Taluk,
years (1992-2001); while comparing the same periods,
Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu. The total
it was found that minimum temperature increased
cultivated area is 578.83 ha out of which 342 ha is
by 2.4oC in both the seasons. The extreme events
rainfed. The mean annual rainfall (normal) is 970.4
like unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span
mm with seasonal rainfall of 150.2 mm during
did not show any change during kharif and rabi
kharif, 390.9 mm during rabi (October-December)
seasons. No other extreme event was experienced
and 140.9 mm during summer (March-May). The
in this area. There has been no shift in the rainfall
major soil types are medium deep to deep black and
pattern and sowing window during NEM season; the
red soils. The major rainfed crops during rabi are
sowing week is 37th SMW for the dominant rainfed
maize, greengram, blackgram, cotton and sunflower.
crops.
The number of small, marginal and large farmers
are 111, 368 and 69, respectively. The ground water Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
table is 800 cm. The source of irrigation is open dug During 2018, in Muthukrishnapuram village,
wells, covering 15% of cultivated area. the onset of south-west monsoon was delayed by 17
Climate vulnerability in general days and onset of north-east monsoon was normal
The climate in this agro-climatic zone is semi-arid (19 October). A rainfall of 440.0 mm was received
and north-east monsoon season is the main cropping which was deficit by 282.6 mm compared to normal
season under rainfed conditions. Out of the total (722.6 mm). During kharif (June-September),
annual average rainfall of 970.4 mm, the south-west 105.0 mm rainfall was received which was deficit
monsoon contributes 20.1%, north-east monsoon by 45.2 mm than normal of 150.2 mm; in rabi
contributes 53.1% and summer contributes 20.6%. season (October-December), 229.0 mm rainfall
The historical rainfall data indicates that the variability was received which was deficit by 161.9 mm than
in rainfall during south-west monsoon season (in the normal of 391.0 mm and during summer (March to
last 30 years from 1972 to 2011) is 17.6% surplus May), 102.0 mm rainfall was received which was
compared to the average rainfall from 1901 to 1971. deficit by 38.9 mm than normal of 140.9 mm (Fig.15)
While comparing the same periods, it was found that
Normal onset of monsoon 20 October
rainfall during north-east monsoon season was 5.9%
Onset of monsoon during 2018 19 October
surplus. The onset of south - west monsoon was
during 22nd SMW (1st June) and north-east monsoon Annual mean rainfall 722.6 mm
was during 42nd SMW (20th October) in the state. Annual rainfall during 2018-19 440.0 mm
The length of growing period spans from 38th SMW Mean crop seasonal rainfall 150.2 and 391.0 mm,
to 47th SMW. The dry spells during cropping season during kharif and rabi,
respectively
are experienced in the months of December and
January (from 49th SMW to 4th SMW) for the past 10 Crop seasonal rainfall during 105.0 and 229.0 mm,
years which coincided with grain maturity stages of respectively
the major rainfed crops. The onset of the south- west
53
Normal 2018 Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations

250
200
Rainfall (mm)
150
A dry spell of 28 days occurred coinciding
100 with flowering stage of cotton. Foliar spray of both
50
TNAU cotton plus and pink pigmented facultative
methylotrophs (PPFM) recorded significantly higher
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec seed cotton yield (795 and 750 kg/ha) compared to
Month control (560 kg/ha). However, higher net returns
Fig.15: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at (Rs.23995/ha), B:C ratio (1.98) and RWUE (3.47
Muthukrishnapuram kg/ha-mm) were recorded with foliar spray of
TNAU cotton plus compared to other treatments
(Table 47).
Dry spell
Crop Stage of the crop
Table 47: Effect of foliar spray on yield and eco-
Duration Dates &
(days) months nomics of cotton (KC 3)
7 24-30 Cotton, Germination Seed Net
Farming RWUE
September pearl millet, Interven- cotton returns B:C
situation/ (kg/ha-
sorghum tion yield (Rs/ ratio
soil type mm)
8 8- 15 Cotton Square formation (kg/ha) ha)
November Pearlmillet Tillering Deep TNAU 795 3.47 23995 1.98
black soil cotton plus
Sorghum Grand growth
(2.5 kg/ha)
Blackgram, Flowering PPFM spray 750 3.28 21250 1.87
greengram (500 ml/ha)
28 25 November – Cotton Boll formation Control 560
22 December Pearlmillet, Flowering and (no spray)
sorghum grain filling PPFM: Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs
Black gram Seed filling
and Green
gram A dry spell of 28 days occurred coinciding
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- with flowering and grain filling stages of maize.
mented Improved practice of foliar spray, mulching and
Weather Crop Stage of RTCP
supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater in
aberration the crop implemented farm pond gave 12.1-18.3% higher yield in maize
Mid- season drought Cotton Flowering Foliar spray varieties. Among the varieties COH(M)7 gave
Terminal drought Maize Grain filling Foliar spray and higher maize grain yield (1255 kg/ha), net returns
supplemental (Rs.10875/ha), B:C ratio (1.53) and RWUE (5.48
irrigation
kg/ha-mm). (Table 48)
Table 48: Effect of foliar spray, mulching and supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of maize
Yield (kg/ha)
Farming situation/ RWUE Net returns B:C
Variety With improved With farmers’
soil type (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
practice practice
Deep black soil COH(M)6 1125 989 4.91 7625 1.37
COH(M)7 1255 1025 5.48 10875 1.53
IP: 1% KCl (or) PPFM foliar spray, mulching (sorghum straw @ 5 t/ha) and supplemental irrigation
54
AICRPDA – NICRA
Preparedness Among the land configuration treatments, ridges

Rainwater management and furrow method recorded higher maize grain
yield (1305 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.7905/ha), B:C
Maize variety COH (M)7 recorded higher grain
ratio (1.41) and RWUE (5.70 kg/ha-mm) compared
yield (1280 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.7380/ha) and B:C
to check basin method (1264 kg/ha) (Table 49).
ratio (1.38) compared to COH(M)6 (1198 kg/ha).
Table 49: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation and varieties on yield of maize
Grain yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation/ soil type Intervention
(kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Deep black soil Variety
COH(M)6 1198 5.23 5658 1.29
COH(M)7 1280 5.59 7380 1.38
Land configuration
Ridges and furrow 1305 5.70 7905 1.41
Check basin 1264 5.52 7044 1.36
Among the cotton varieties, SVPR 4 recorded and furrow method recorded higher seed cotton
higher seed cotton yield (680 kg/ha), net returns yield (665 kg/ha) compared to check basin method
(Rs.6600/ha) and B:C ratio (1.28) compared to (650 kg/ha) and farmers practice (490 kg/ha)
SVPR 2 (658 kg/ha) and local variety (536 kg/ha). (Table 50).
Among the land configuration treatments, ridges
Table 50: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of cotton
Seed cotton RWUE Net returns B:C
yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Deep black soil Variety
SVPR 2 658 2.87 5610 1.23
SVPR 4 680 2.97 6600 1.28
Local variety 536 - - -
Local variety
Ridges and furrow 665 2.90 5925 1.25
Check basin 650 2.84 5250 1.22
Farmers’ practice (flat bed) 490 - - -
Cotton var. SVPR 2 Cotton var. SVPR 4
55
Cropping systems
Though the crops experienced terminal dry
spell, all the cotton based intercropping systems
recorded higher cotton equivalent yield, net returns
and LER over sole cotton. Cotton + blackgram
(2:1) intercropping system recorded higher cotton
equivalent yield (1036 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.15729/
ha) and RWUE (4.5 kg/ha-mm) as compared to
other cropping systems and sole cotton (Table 51).
Cotton + blackgram (2:1) intercropping system
Table 51: performance of cotton based intercropping systems

Yield (kg/ha)
Farming situation/ CEY RWUE Net returns B:C
Main Inter LER
soil type Intervention (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
crop crop
Deep black soil Sole cotton (KC3) 625 - 625 1.000 2.7 5625 1.25
Cotton + clusterbean (2:1) 594 1526 865 1.276 3.8 14438 1.59
Cotton + blackgram (2:1) 605 462 1036 1.525 4.5 15729 1.51
Cotton + onion (2:1) 582 365 923 1.438 4.0 11520 1.38
LER: Land equivalent ratio; CEY: Cotton equivalent yield
Normal onset of monsoon 16 June
1.1.6 RAJKOT Onset of monsoon during 2018 24 June
a. Agro-ecological setting Annual mean rainfall 590.4 mm
The centre is located 14 km North-East of
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 557.9 mm
Rajkot city (latitude of 20o17’N and longitude of
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 613.6 mm
70o48’E and 137.7 meters above mean sea level). (kharif)
Annual rainfall is 648.8 mm. The climate is hot arid.
b. On-station experiments 400
Normal 2018
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 350

300
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed
Rainfall (mm)
250
200
by 8 days (24th June). A rainfall of 614.4 mm was
150
received which was excess by 24.0 mm compared 100
to normal of 590.4 mm. During kharif, 613.6 mm 50

0
rainfall was recorded against normal rainfall of Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
557.9 mm (Fig. 16)
Rajkot
56
AICRPDA – NICRA

Dry spell
Duration Crop Stage of the crop
Dates & months
(days)
08 4 - 12 July Groundnut, cotton, sesame, green/blackgram, castor Vegetative
15 23 July - 07 August Groundnut, greengram Flowering
Cotton, sesame, castor Vegetative
13 4 - 17 September Groundnut Pegging & pod formation
Cotton Square formation
Sesame Flowering and capsule formation
Green/black gram Pod development
Real time contingency plan (RTCP) implemented

Weather aberration Crop Stage of the crop RTCP
Delayed onset of monsoon Groundnut, greengram, blackgram, - Improved varieties
soybean
Mid season drought Groundnut Flowering Foliar spray
Salient achievements of on-station experiments Among semi-bunch groundnut varieties, TGA-37A

Real time contingency planning recorded higher pod yield (2356 kg/ha), net returns
(Rs.84990/ha) and B:C ratio (2.62) compared to
Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
other varieties. In case of spreading varieties, GJG-
The onset of monsoon was delayed by 8 17 performed better with higher pod yield of (1633
days (24th June). Among different semi-spreading kg/ha) and net returns (Rs. 52345/ha) compared to
varieties of groundnut, GG-20 recorded higher var. GG11 (1389 kg/ha) (Table 52).
pod yield (1723 kg/ha) as compared to GJG-20.
Table 52: Performance of groundnut varieties under delayed onset of monsoon

Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns
Variety B:C ratio
Pod (2018) Mean pod (2 years) Haulm (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha)
Semi-spreading
GG-20 1723 1803 4680 2.81 57331 2.10
GJG-22 1681 1654 5110 2.74 57381 2.10
Bunch
GG-7 1859 2023 3789 3.03 59485 2.13
GJG-9 2223 2414 4675 3.62 82115 2.57
JL-501 2122 2294 3412 3.46 70750 2.35
TG-37A 2356 2550 3920 3.84 84990 2.62
Spreading
GG-11 (C) 1389 1418 4856 2.26 41420 1.79
GJG-17 (C) 1633 1706 4601 2.66 52345 2.00
Among blackgram varieties, T-9 gave 8.9% with higher net returns (Rs 24975/ha) and B:C
higher seed yield (1185 kg/ha) compared to GU-1 ratio (2.51). Among cowpea varieties, GC-4 gave
57
22.5% higher seed yield than GC-3 (1579 kg/ha) (Rs 95679/ha), B:C ratio (4.47) and RWUE (5.64
with higher net returns (Rs 56932/ha) and B:C kg/ha-mm) followed by G.Soy.-1 (3442 kg/ha)
ratio (3.87). Among soybean varieties, G.Soy.-3 compared to other varieties (Table 53).
gave higher seed yield (3458 kg/ha), net returns
Table 53: Performance of improved varieties of blackgram, cowpea and soybean

Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns B:C
Crop Variety
Seed (2018) Mean seed (2 years) Stover yield (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Blackgram GU-1 998 1043 1212 1.63 29770 2.84
T-9 1002 1094 1235 1.63 30045 2.85
Cowpea GC-5 1589 1679 1602 2.59 51747 3.61
GC-4 1706 1821 1703 2.78 56932 3.87
GC-3 1422 1501 1533 2.32 44722 3.26
Soybean JS-335 3233 3338 4506 87084 4.18 5.27
G.Soy.-1 3422 3332 4498 93486 4.38 5.58
G.Soy.-2 2566 2501 3376 61016 3.29 4.18
G.Soy.-3 3458 3571 4821 95679 4.47 5.64
Situation: Mid season drought (2.75) and RWUE (3.94 kg/ha-mm) compared to
A dry spell of 15 days occurred during 15 other treatments (Table ). Similarly, foliar spray
July -7 August coinciding with flowering stage of of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @
groundnut. The pod yield of groundnut was increased 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 1% after dry spell recorded higher
due to foliar spray during dry spell and foliar spray pod yield (2396 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.95621/ha)
of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ and B:C ratio (2.80) and RWUE (3.9 kg/ha-mm)
0.5% + FeSO4 @ 1% recorded higher pod yield compared to other treatments (Table 54).
(2416 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.92956/ha), B:C ratio
Table 54: Effect of different foliar sprays on yield and economics of groundnut
Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Pod (2018) Pod (3 years) Haulm (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Foliar sprays during dry spell
Urea @ 1% 2316 2196 5058 88771 2.70 3.77
Urea @ 2% 2257 2141 5135 86106 2.64 3.68
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 2226 2162 5064 83946 2.59 3.63
+ FeSO4 @1%
FeSO4 @ 1% 2138 2202 4864 78718 2.50 3.48
ZnSO4 @ 1% 2022 2061 4600 71458 2.36 3.30
Water spray 1951 1940 4439 67526 2.29 3.18
Control (no spray) 1701 1899 4025 64255 2.24 3.13
Foliar sprays after relieving of dry spell
Urea @ 1% 2049 2182 5250 76362 2.46 3.30
Urea @ 2% 2014 2135 5208 74317 2.42 3.30
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @0.5% 2396 2406 5792 95621 2.80 3.90
+ FeSO4 @1%
FeSO4 @1% 2257 2197 5701 88852 2.69 3.70
ZnSO4 @1% 2014 2018 5375 74927 2.42 3.30
Water spray 1806 1878 4583 60975 2.17 2.90
Control (no spray) 1701 1812 4097 53536 2.03 2.80
58
AICRPDA – NICRA
C. On-farm demonstrations Onset of monsoon during 2017-18 was 11th July

Village profile 2017 (28th MSW). For the past 15 years, the dry
spells during crop season were experienced during
The NICRA villages Patameghpar (22o14.33’ N
August and at flowering stages of the major rainfed
longitude 70o31.0’ E and 95.7 m above MSL) and
crops. The onset of monsoon is normal.
Dangar vada are in Taluka Kalavad of Jamnagar
district (Gujarat). The total cultivated area is 2793 Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
ha out of which 1675 ha is rainfed. The annual During 2018, at Patameghpar village, the onset
rainfall for last 20 years ranged from 128.5 mm of monsoon was delayed by 7 days. A rainfall of
to 1197 mm, with an average of 543.6 mm during 459 mm was received which was deficit by 142.4
kharif (June-September). The major soil type is mm compared to normal (601.4 mm). During kharif
medium black soil. The soils are generally high in season, 459.0 mm of rainfall was recorded against
available K and low to moderate in available N and normal rainfall of 554.5 mm (Fig 17).
P. It is neutral to alkaline in reaction and salinity
is normal. The major crops are groundnut, cotton,
sesame, castor, sesame and pulses in kharif and
wheat, cumin, chickpea, fenugreek and coriander
in rabi. The percentage of small, marginal, medium
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 554.5 mm
and large farmers is 28.7, 27.3, 27.8 and 16.1,
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018 (kharif) 459.0 mm
respectively. The source of irrigation is open/bore
wells covering 40.5% of cultivated area and quality
of irrigation water is normal. 400
Normal 2018
Climatic vulnerability in general 350

300
The climate of this agro-climatic zone is semi-
Rainfall (mm)
250
arid. Out of the total annual average rainfall of 200

150
549.5 mm, the south-west monsoon contributes 70-
100
80%. The historical rainfall data (30 years) indicates 50
that the variability in rainfall during south-west 0
monsoon was 62.5% of the average rainfall. The Month
onset of south-west monsoon was during 24 SMW. Fig. 17 Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Patameghpar

a. Patameghpar village
Dry spell
Duration (days) Dates & months
Groundnut, greengram, blackgram Flowering
25 22 July -16 August Cotton, sesame, castor Vegetative
39 23 August -30 September Groundnut Pegging, pod development
Cotton Flowering, square formation
Greengram, blackgram Pod development
59
b. Dangarvada village
Dry spell
14 6 -20 August Groundnut, cotton, sesame, Vegetative
greengram/blackgram, castor
29 2- 30 September Groundnut Flowering and pegging
Cotton Flowering and square formation
Greengram, black gram Flowering and pod development
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
mented Real time contingency planning
Weather Crop Stage of RTCP Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
aberration the crop implemented
Delayed Groundnut, - Improved
During 2018, at Patameghpar, the onset of
onset of cotton varieties monsoon was delayed by 7 days and at Dangarvada
monsoon village, the onset of monsoon was delayed by 32
Early sea- Groundnut, Vegetative In-situ moisture days. Short duration groundnut var. GJG-9 gave
son drought cotton conservation Inter-
culture / weeding, 16.7% and 14.5%, higher pod yield compared
Mulching, to var. GG-20 at Patameghpar and Dangarvada
foliar spray villages. In cotton, seed cotton yield was increased
Mid season Groundnut, Flowering Weeding/ intercul- by 15.9% and 14.5%, respectively at Patameghpar
drought cotton ture, supplemental
irrigation and Dangarvada villages with short duration variety
Terminal Groundnut, Maturity Supplemental ir- of cotton G.Cotton-Hy-8 BG- ll, with higher net
drought cotton rigation returns, B:C ratio and RWUE compared to research
varieties (Table 55).
Table 55: Performance of groundnut and cotton cultivars under delayed onset of monsoon
Farming situa- Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Village Crop Variety
tion/ soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Patameghpar Rainfed Groundnut GJG 9 (100 days) 2130 3.55 73670 2.42
/medium black GG-20 (110-120 days) 1826 3.04 55734 2.07
Cotton G.Cotton-Hy-8 BG- ll 2180 3.63 70284 2.74
(140 days)
Research varieties (160 1880 3.13 54144 2.14
to 180 days)
Dangarvada Rainfed Groundnut GJG 9 (100 days) 2110 3.51 72490 2.39
/medium black GG-20 (110-120 days) 1843 3.07 56737 2.09
Cotton G.Cotton-Hy-8 2126 3.54 67379 2.67
BG- ll (140 days)
Research varieties 1875 3.12 53875 2.14
(160 to 180 days)
Situation: Early season drought and flowering stage of crops. Intercultivation and
At Patameghpar, a dry spell of 25 days occurred mulching with wheat straw @ 5 t/ha in groundnut
during 22 July -16 August coinciding with vegetative gave 9.6% higher pod yield (2215 kg/ha) with
60
AICRPDA – NICRA
higher net returns (Rs.78685/ha), B:C ratio (2.51) in cotton by 8.2% (2150 kg/ha) with higher net
and RWUE (3.69 kg/ha-mm) compared to normal returns (Rs.68670/ha), B:C ratio (2.70) and RWUE
practice of intercultivation (2021 kg/ha). Similarly, (3.58 kg/ha-mm) compared to normal practice of
intercultivation and mulching increased the yield intercultivation (1987 kg/ha) (Table 56).
Table 56: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on crop yield and economics
Farming Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Crop Intervention
situation/ soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Rainfed Groundnut Intercultivation & mulching with 2215 3.69 78685 2.51
/medium black soil wheat straw @ 5 t/ha
Farmers practice (Intercultivation) 2021 3.36 67239 2.29
Cotton Intercultivation & mulching with 2150 3.58 68670 2.70
wheat straw @ 5 t/ha
Farmers practice 1987 3.31 59901 2.27
(Intercultivation)
Intercultivation in groundnut Intercultivation in cotton
At Patameghpar, supplemental irrigation from

harvested rainwater with sprinklers in groundnut
gave 10.38% higher pod yield (2201 kg/ha) with
higher net returns (Rs 77859/ha), B:C ratio (2.50) and
WUE (3.66 kg/ha-mm) compared no supplemental
irrigation (1994 kg/ha). Similarly, supplemental
irrigation through drip system in cotton gave 8.5%
higher yield (2131 kg/ha) with higher net returns
(Rs.67648/ha), B:C ratio (2.68) and WUE (3.55 kg/
ha-mm) compared to no supplemental irrigation
(1965 kg/ha) (Table 57).
Drip irrigation in cotton
61
Table 57: Effect of supplemental irrigation on crop yield and economics

Farming situation/ Yield WUE Net returns B:C
Crop Intervention
Rainfed Groundnut Supplemental irrigation 2201 3.66 77859 2.50
/medium black soil Farmers’ practice (no supple- 1994 3.32 65646 2.26
mental irrigation)
Cotton Supplemental irrigation 2131 3.55 67648 2.68
Farmers’ practice (no supple- 1965 3.27 58717 2.24
mental irrigation)
At Patameghpar, foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1% Similarly, in cotton foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1%
during first week of August in groundnut gave 6.4% gave 4.5% higher yield (1998 kg/ha), net returns
higher pod yield (2089 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. (Rs.60492/ha), B:C ratio (2.51) and RWUE (3.33
71251/ha), B:C ratio (2.37) and RWUE (3.48 kg/ kg/ha-mm) compared to no foliar spray (1912 kg/
ha-mm) compared to no foliar spray (1963 kg/ha). ha). (Table 58).
Table 58: Effect foliar spray on yield and economics of groundnut and cotton
Crop Intervention
Rainfed Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1% 2089 3.48 71251 2.37
/medium black soil Groundnut Farmers’ practice (no foliar spray) 1963 3.27 63817 2.23
Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% 1998 3.33 60492 2.51
Cotton
Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% in cotton Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1% in groundnut
Situation: Mid season drought kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.62860/ha), B:C
ratio (2.56) and WUE (3.40 kg/ha-mm) compared
At Patameghpar, a dry spell of 29 days occurred
no supplemental irrigation (1955 kg/ha) (Table 59).
coinciding with the pegging and pod development
stage of groundnut and flowering stage of cotton.
Supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater
through sprinklers in groundnut gave 8.6% higher
pod yield (2156 kg/ha) with higher net returns
(Rs.75204/ha), B:C ratio (2.45) and WUE (3.59 kg/
ha-mm) compared no supplemental irrigation (1984
kg/ha). Similarly, supplemental irrigation in cotton
through drip system gave 4.5% higher yield (2042
Sprinkler irrigation in groundnut
62
AICRPDA – NICRA

Farming situation/ Yield WUE Net returns B:C
Crop Intervention
Rainfed /medium Groundnut Supplemental irrigation 2156 3.59 75204 2.45
black soil Farmers’ practice (no supple-
1984 3.30 65056 2.25
mental irrigation)
Farmers’ practice (no supple-
1955 3.26 58179 2.23
mental irrigation)
At Dangarvada, during dry spell, supplemental kg/ha). Similarly, supplemental irrigation through
irrigation through sprinkles gave 11.1% higher drip system in cotton gave 8.0 % higher yield (2145
pod yield (2210 kg/ha) with higher net returns kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.68401/ha), B:C
(Rs.78390/ha), B:C ratio (2.51) and WUE (3.68 kg/ ratio (2.69) and WUE (3.57 kg/ha-mm) compared
ha-mm) compared no supplemental irrigation (1990 no supplemental irrigation (1986 kg/ha) (Table 60).

Farming situation/ Crop Intervention Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Rainfed/medium Groundnut Supplemental irrigation 2210 3.68 78390 2.51
black soil Farmers’ practice (no
1990 3.31 65410 2.26
supplemental irrigation)
Farmers’ practice (no
1986 3.31 59847 2.26
Preparedness 14.5% higher seed cotton yield (2240 kg/ha)

Rainwater management compared to farmers’ practice (1956 kg/ha) with
higher net returns (Rs.66700/ha), B:C ratio (2.47)
Opening of dead furrows between two rows
and RWUE kg/ha-mm (3.73) (Table 61).
for in-situ moisture conservation in cotton recorded
Table 61: Effect of furrow opening on yield and economics of cotton

Seed cotton yield Cost of
Farming situation/ (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention cultivation
soil type (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
2018-19 Mean (3 years) (Rs/ha)
Rainfed/ medium Furrow opening 2240 2433 45300 66700 2.47 3.73
black Farmers’ practice 1956 2044 42600 55200 2.30 3.26
Cropping systems ha), LER (1.29), net returns (Rs 80670/ha), B:C
Cotton + sesame intercropping system (1:1) ratio (2.47) and RWUE (4.52 kg/ha-mm) compared
gave higher seed cotton equivalent yield (2850 kg/ to farmers’ practice of sole cotton (2213 kg/ha)
(Table 62).
63
Table 62: Performance of cotton + sesame (1:1) intercropping system

Farming situation/ CEY Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention LER
soil type 2018-19 Mean (5 years) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Rainfed/ medium black Cotton + sesame (1:1) 2850 2711 1.29 80670 2.47 4.52
Farmers’ practice (sole 2213 2195 - 63150 2.36 3.66
cotton)
CEY: Cotton equivalent yield
1.1.7 S.K. NAGAR Normal onset of monsoon 25 June

Saradar krishinagar is located in Western Annual rainfall during 2018-19 327.9 mm
Plain, Kachchh and part of Kathiawar peninsula, Mean crop seasonal rainfall 625.2 mm
Rajasthan Bagar, north Gujarat Plain and Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 327.9 mm
southwestern Punjab plain (AESR 2.3). Centre for
Normal 2018
Natural Resource Management, S. D. Agricultural 250
University, Sardarkrushinagar, Taluka – Dantiwada,
200
District – Banaskantha, geographically located in Rainfall (mm)
150
North Gujarat at 24°19’ North latitude, 72°19’ East
longitude and 154.52 meter above mean sea level. 100
The overall climate varies from arid to semi-arid. 50
Summer is very hot and winter is cool and dry. The 0

mean annual rainfall ranges from 328 mm (2018)
Month
to 2083 mm (2017) with an average annual rainfall
Fig.18: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at SK
is 692.8 mm. Rainfall is inadequate, uncertain and Nagar
erratic as well as the soil is loamy sand in texture
with low moisture retention capacity. The dry Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
farming in such soils of North Gujarat is unassured Dry spell
Duration Dates & Crops Stage of the crop
and unpredicted.
(days) months
b. On-station experiments 23 24 July - Cereals, Tillering and flower-
16 August pulses and ing
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 castor
62 30 August Cereals, Flowering, pod fill-
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was onwards pulses and ing and maturity
delayed by 5 days (30th June). A rainfall of 327.9 castor
mm was received which was deficit by 364.9 mm
(52.7%) compared to normal (692.8 mm) (Fig.18). mented
During south-west monsoon, a rainfall of 327.9 mm
Weather Crop Stage of crop RTCP
was received which was deficit by 52.7% mm than aberration implemented
normal crop seasonal rainfall. Terminal drought in Midseason Pearlmillet Flowering Foliar spray
different crops occurred due to early withdrawal of drought
monsoon. Terminal Castor Flowering till Life saving
drought maturity irrigation
64
AICRPDA – NICRA
Salient achievements of on-station experiments application of water soluble complex fertilizer

Real time contingency planning (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
recorded significantly higher grain yield (1383 kg/
ha), net returns (Rs. 25411/ha), B:C ratio (3.03) and
During 2018, a dry spell of 23 days occurred RWUE (4.22 kg/ha-mm) both during tillering and
during 24 July to 16 August and again no rainfall flowering stages as compared to other treatments
from 30 August till harvesting of the crop affecting (Table 63).
flowering and grain filling of pearlmillet. Foliar
Table 63: Effect of foliar sprays on yield and economics of pearlmillet

Treatment
Grain Dry fodder (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Time of foliar sprays
Tillering stage 1107 2462 12153 18451 2.52 3.37
Flowering stage 1019 2309 12153 16189 2.33 3.11
Tillering and flowering stages 1300 2945 12153 23762 2.92 3.96
CD at 5% 178.48 343.13
Nutrients
Urea @ 2.0% 998 2303 11996 15928 2.32 3.04
Water soluble complex fertilizer
1026 2389 12345 16448 2.33 3.13
(19:19:19) @ 0.5%
Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 1161 2597 12079 20077 2.66 3.54
Water soluble complex fertilizer
(19:19:19) @ 0.5% + foliar spray of 1383 2998 12512 25411 3.03 4.22
ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
CD at 5% 206 396
Pearlmillet with spray of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at tillering and flowering
stages
Situation: Terminal drought to capsule development recorded significantly

During 2018, terminal drought occurred due highest seed and stalk yields (1093 and 2475 kg/
to early withdrawal of monsoon affecting the seed ha) with maximum net returns (Rs.41628/ha), B:C
filling and maturity of castor affecting the branching ratio (2.92) and RWUE (3.33 kg/ha-mm) followed
and flowering stages of castor. Application of two by two lifesaving irrigations (25 mm each) (995 and
lifesaving irrigations (50 mm each) from harvested 2251 kg/ha) compared to control (Table 64).
rainwater from farm pond to castor during flowering
65
Table 64: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of castor (GCH 7)
Yield (kg/ha)
Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment Seed Mean seed
Stalk (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(2018-19) (2017-19)
Control (no life saving
721 823 1618 10350 26486 2.56 2.20
irrigation
One life saving irrigation
869 987 1959 11850 32557 2.75 2.65
(25 mm)
Two lifesaving irrigations
995 1127 2251 13250 37640 2.84 3.04
(25 mm each)
One life saving irrigation
920 1037 2022 12350 34676 2.81 2.81
(50 mm)
Two lifesaving irrigations
1093 1260 2475 14250 41628 2.92 3.33
(50 mm each)
Alternate furrow irrigation
873 1007 1984 11800 32819 2.78 2.66
(50 mm)
CD at 5% 162.6 - 436.9 -
Two life saving irrigations Two life saving irrigations Control

(25 mm each) (50 mm each)
Performance of castor under different treatments
c. On farm demonstrations and 39. The source of irrigation is well, tube well,
Village profile canal, check dam and farm ponds covering 51.05%
of cultivated area. The new village is Ghanghu,
The program is being implemented in Kalimati/
District Banaskanta, located in North Gujarat at
Dholiya village, taluka Amirgadh, Banaskantha
24°35’6.94’’ North latitude, 72°60’78.71’’ East
district, Gujarat located in North Gujarat at
longitude and 225 meter above mean sea level.
24°36’7.40’’ North latitude, 72°59’33.65’’ East
longitude and 216 meter above mean sea level. Climate vulnerability in general
The overall climate varies from arid to semi-arid. In general, the climate is semi-arid. The south-
The rainfall is inadequate, uncertain and erratic in west monsoon contributes 94% of the total annual
nature. The average annual rainfall varies from 383 average rainfall of 873 mm. The historical rainfall
mm (2018) to 1393 mm (2017). The major soil types data (of 30 years) indicated that there was variability
are sandy loam and clay. The major rainfed crops in rainfall during south-west monsoon. The onset
during kharif are pearlmillet, greengram, castor, (south-west) of monsoon was during 26 SMW. The
cotton, blackgram, sorghum, clusterbean, and maize dry spells during crop season were experienced, for
and cumin during rabi. The numbers of small, the past 15 years, during August and September and
marginal, medium and large farmers are 83, 49, 75 at vegetative to reproductive stages of the major
66
AICRPDA – NICRA
rainfed crops. The onset of monsoon has been Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
shifting from 26 SMW (June) to 27 SMW (July). The Dry spell
soil moisture status was deficit during vegetative, Stage of the
crop
reproductive and maturity stages of major rainfed (days) months
crops. The extreme events like unusual and high 23 23 July - 14 Pearlmillet, Vegetative and
August sorghum, maize flowering
intensity rainfall in short span were increasing in
57 4 September Pulses, castor Flowering,
July and August during kharif season. The area
onwards pod filling and
was also experiencing other extreme events like maturity
floods, heat wave and cold wave. There had been
considerable shift in rainfall pattern and uneven mented
distribution with shift in sowing window (27 to 28
Farming
SMWs) of pearlmillet, greengram, sorghum, cluster Weather RTCP
situation/ Crop
aberration implemented
bean, maize, castor, cotton etc. soil type
Kalimati/Dholiya village
Terminal Sandy loam Castor Supplemental
During 2018, in Kalimati village, onset of drought to clay irrigation
monsoon was 2 days early (22nd June). A total Ghanghuvillage
rainfall of 383 mm was received which was deficit Terminal Sandy loam Castor Supplemental
drought to clay irrigation
by 480.0 mm (55.6%) compared to normal (863.8
mm). Out of total rainfall, crop seasonal rainfall was
383.0 mm which was deficit by 477.4 mm (55.5%) Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
than normal of 860.4 mm (Fig 19). Real time contingency planning
Onset of monsoon during 2018 22 June Terminal drought occurred at Kalimati/Dholiya
village due to early withdrawal of monsoon affecting
branching and flowering of castor. Supplemental
irrigation (30 mm depth each) twice (on 18.10.2018
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 860.4 mm & 14.12.2018) through micro-irrigation (MIS) after
Crop seasonal rainfallduring2018-19 383.0 mm flowering to capsule development in castor from
harvested rainwater in farm pond gave 27.1% higher
Normal 2018 seed yield (1134 kg/ha) and stalk yield (2555 kg/ha)
350
300
compared to farmers’ practice of no supplemental
250
irrigation (892 kg/ha), with highest net returns (Rs.
Rainfall (mm)
200 41528/ha), B:C ratio (2.52) and WUE (2.96 kg/ha-

150 mm) (Table 65).
100
50
0
Month

Kalamati
67
Table 65: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of castor

Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C WUE
Intervention
Seed (2018) Mean seed (2014-19) Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Supplemental irrigation 1134 1445 2555 41528 2.52 2.96
No supplemental irrigation 892 949 1916 32108 2.39 2.33
Castor with supplemental irrigation Castor without supplemental irrigation
Terminal drought occurred at Ghanghu village harvested rainwater in farm pond recorded 29.4%
due to early withdrawal of monsoon affecting significantly higher seed and stalk yields (1109 &
branching and flowering of castor. Supplemental 2519 kg/ha, respectively) compared to farmers’
irrigation (30 mm depth each) twice (on 18.10.2018 practice of no supplemental irrigation (857 kg/ha),
& 14.12.2018) through micro-irrigation (MIS) after with highest net returns (Rs. 40260/ha), B:C ratio
flowering to capsule development in castor from (2.45) and WUE (2.90 kg/ha-mm) (Table 66).
Table 66: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of castor

Intervention
Seed (2018) Mean seed (2017-19) Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Supplemental irrigation 1109 1526 2519 40260 2.45 2.90
Local practice 857 1126 1884 30342 2.26 2.24
Castor with supplemental irrigation Castor without supplemental irrigation
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Preparedness recorded higher grain and stalk yield (1029 and

Rainwater management 2377 kg/ha) compared to flat bed method (816 kg/
ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 40009/ha), B:C ratio
At Kalimati/Dholiya village, in-situ moisture
(3.17) and RWUE (2.69 kg/ha-mm) (Table 67).
conservation in castor with ridge and furrow system
Table 67: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of castor
Yield (kg/ha)
Intervention Seed Mean seed yield
Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(2018) (2011-19)
Ridge & furrow method 1029 1224 2377 40009 3.17 2.69
Flat bed method 816 874 1797 30249 2.64 2.13
Castor under ridge & furrow method Castor under flat bed method
At Kalimati/Dholiya village, in-situ moisture bunding (718 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.
conservation in pearlmillet with compartmental 18844/ha), B:C ratio (1.93) and RWUE (2.51 kg/
bunding recorded higher grain and fodder yield (962 ha-mm) (Table 68).
and 2639 kg/ha) compared to no compartmental
Table 68: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of pearlmillet
Yield (kg/ha)
Intervention Grain Mean grain
Fodder (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(2018) (2011-19)
Compartmental bunding 962 1465 2639 18844 1.93 2.51
No compartmental bunding 718 1025 1907 12041 1.33 1.87
Pearlmillet under compartmental bunding Pearlmillet under flat bed method
69
At Ghanghu village, in-situ moisture (798 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 42669/
conservation with ridge and furrow system in castor ha), B:C ratio (3.38) and RWUE (2.82 kg/ha-mm)
recorded higher seed and stalk yield (1080 and 2598 (Table 69).
kg/ha) compared to local practice of flat bed method
Table 69: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of castor
Intervention
Seed (2018) Mean seed yield (2017-19) Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Ridge & furrow method 1080 1292 2598 42669 3.38 2.82
Flat bed method 798 1049 2111 29506 2.58 2.08
Castor under ridge & furrow method Castor under flat bed method
At Ghanghu village, in-situ moisture no compartmental bunding (888 kg/ha), with higher
conservation in pearlmillet with compartmental net returns (Rs. 18593/ha), B:C ratio (1.91) and
bunding recorded higher grain and fodder yield RWUE (2.50 kg/ha-mm) (Table 70).
(958 and 2595 kg/ha) compared to local practice of
Table 70: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of pearlmillet
Intervention
Grain (2018) Mean grain (2017-19) Fodder (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Compartmental bunding 958 1099 2595 18593 1.91 2.50
Local practice 888 986 2394 17176 1.90 2.32
Cropping systems yields over local variety (K 851), with higher net
At Kalimati/Dholiya village, castor hybrid GCH returns (Rs.18179/ha), B:C ratio (2.10) and RWUE
7 recorded higher seed (908 kg/ha) and stalk (1443 (1.24 kg/ha-mm). Cluster bean variety Gujarat Guar
kg/ha) yields over GCH 5 and local variety (GHC 2 recorded higher seed (457kg/ha) and stover (1106
4), withhigher net returns (Rs.31362/ha), B:C ratio kg/ha) yields over local variety (GG 1), with higher
(2.12) and RWUE (2.37 kg/ha-mm). Pearlmillet net returns (Rs.14348/ha), B:C ratio (1.98) and
hybrid GHB 558 recorded higher grain (558 kg/ha) RWUE (1.19 kg/ha-mm). Black gram variety GU 1
and stover (2666 kg/ha) yields over GHB 538 and recorded higher seed (515 kg/ha) and stover (1457
local variety (GHB 744), with higher net returns kg/ha) yields over local variety (T9), with higher net
(Rs.16858/ha), B:C ratio (1.75) and RWUE (2.21 returns (Rs.16321/ha), B:C ratio (1.89) and RWUE
kg/ha-mm). Greengram variety GM4 recorded (1.34 kg/ha-mm). Sorghum fodder variety GJ 39
higher seed (474 kg/ha) and stover (1043 kg/ha) recorded higher fodder yield (6995 kg/ha) over
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AICRPDA – NICRA
local variety (Sindhiya), with higher net returns kg/ha-mm) (Table 71).
(Rs.13635/ha), B:C ratio (1.86) and RWUE (18.26
Table 71: Performance of varieties/hybrids of different crops
Crop Variety
Grain/seed Fodder/stalk (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
GCH 5 736 1257 1.92 22669 1.54
Castor GCH 7 908 1443 2.37 31362 2.12
Local (GHC 4) 602 903 1.57 16102 1.11
GHB 558 845 2666 2.21 16858 1.75
Pearl millet GHB 538 711 2359 1.86 13117 1.36
Local (GHB 744) 638 2081 1.67 10937 1.17
GM 4 474 1043 1.24 18179 2.10
Green gram
Local (K851) 365 862 0.95 12486 1.50
GG 2 457 1106 1.19 14348 1.98
Cluster bean
Local (GG1) 316 889 0.83 8637 1.29
GU 1 515 1457 1.34 16321 1.89
Black gram
Local (T9) 404 1209 1.05 11957 1.53
GJ 39 - 6995 18.26 13635 1.86
Sorghum
Local (Sindhiya) 5821 15.20 9903 1.31
Castor cv. GCH 5 Castor cv. GCH 7 Local variety (GCH 4)
Greengram var. GM 4 Local check (K 851)
Blackgram var. GU 1 Local check (T 9)
71
Intercropping system (1:1) of castor + 43060 kg/ha) B:C ratio (2.32) and RWUE (3.22
greengram (GCH 7 + Gujarat Mung 4) at Kalimati kg/ha-mm) compared to sole castor (815 kg/ha)
Dholiya recorded 44.4% higher castor equivalent (Table 72).
yield (1232 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.
Table 72: Performance of castor + greengram intercropping system (1:1)
Intervention LER
soil type 2018-19 Mean (2011-19) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Loamy sand Castor + greengram (1:1) 1232 1599 1.44 43060 2.32 3.22
Castor sole 815 1079 - 27375 1.79 2.23
CEY: Castor equivalent yield
Castor + greengram intercropping (1:1) Castor sole
At Ghanghu village, pearlmillet hybrid GHB (0.91 kg/ha-mm). Cluster bean variety Gujarat Guar
558 recorded higher grain (884 kg/ha) and fodder 2 variety recorded higher grain (398 kg/ha) and
(2457 kg/ha) yields over GHB 538 and local variety stover (1053 kg/ha) yields over local variety (GG
(GHB 744), with higher net returns (Rs.16753/ 1), with higher net returns (Rs.11829/ha), B:C ratio
ha), B:C ratio (1.74) and RWUE (2.31 kg/ha-mm). (1.63) and RWUE (1.04 kg/ha-mm). Black gram
Greengram variety Gujrat Mung (GM4) recorded variety GU1 recorded higher seed (590 kg/ha) and
higher seed (517 kg/ha) and stover (1202 kg/ha) stover (1222 kg/ha) yields over local variety (T9),
yields over local variety (K 851), with higher net with higher net returns (Rs.18616/ha), B:C ratio
returns (Rs.20506/ha), B:C ratio (2.41) and RWUE (2.15) and RWUE (1.54 kg/ha-mm) (Table 73).
Table 73: Performance of varieties of different crops
Crop Variety
Grain/seed Fodder/stalk (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Pearl millet GHB 558 884 2457 2.31 16753 1.74
GHB 538 691 2276 1.80 12410 1.29
Local (GHB744) 604 1882 1.58 9503 1.02
Green gram GM 4 517 1202 1.35 20806 2.41
Local (K851) 364 890 0.95 12520 1.50
Cluster bean GG 2 398 1053 1.04 11829 1.63
Local (GG1) 291 710 0.76 7100 1.06
Black gram GU 1 590 1222 1.54 18616 2.15
Local (T 9) 368 1015 0.96 9935 1.27
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Clusterbean var.GG 2 Local check (GG 1)
Blackgram var. GU 1 Local check (T 9)
Intercropping system (1:1) of castor + 37584 kg/ha), B:C ratio (2.03), RWUE (2.93 kg/ha-
greengram (GCH 7 + Gujarat Mung 4) at Ghanghu mm) compared to sole crop of castor (804 kg/ha)
village recorded 33.1% higher castor equivalent (Table 74)
yield (1122 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.
Table 74: Performance of castor + greengram intercropping system (1:1)
Intervention LER
soil type 2018-19 Mean (2017-19) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Loamy sand Castor + greengram (1:1) 1122 1470 1.33 37584 2.03 2.93
Castor sole 843 1031 26853 1.76 2.20
CEY: Castor equivalent yield
1.1.8 SOLAPUR black soils). Available water capacity is medium to

a. Agro-ecological setting high. Soil reaction is alkaline.
Solapur is in Deccan Plateau of South b. On-station experiments

Western Maharashtra and North Karnataka Plateau Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
(AESR6.1). The climate is hot and semi arid. Annual During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal
average potential evapo-transpiration is 589 mm. (3 June). An annual rainfall of 626.6 mm was
Annual rainfall is 721.4 mm. The length of growing received which was deficit by 94.8 mm (13.1%)
period is 90-120 days. Solapur is a rainfall shadow compared to normal rainfall of 721.4 mm. During
area and has drought occurring once in ten years. kharif, 479.0 mm rainfall was recorded against
Water erosion is of high severity with moderate loss normal of 535.1 mm. Rabi season recorded 78.6
of top soil, affecting 51-100 % area. The soils are mm, which was deficit by 46.9 mm compared to
shallow and medium loamy black soils (deep clayey normal rainfall of 125.5 mm (Fig.20)
73
Normal onset of monsoon 7 June Dry spell

Onset of monsoon during 2018 3 June Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop
Annual mean rainfall 721.4 mm (days) months
9 18-26 Sorghum, Early growth
Annual mean rainfall during 626.6 mm
September chickpea
2018-19
11 06-16 Sorghum, Vegetative
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 535.1mm &125.5mm
October chickpea
during kharif & rabi,
respectively 26 25 October Sorghum, Flowering &
- 19 chickpea grain develop-
Crop seasonal rainfall during 479.0 mm & 78.6 mm November ment
2018-19 during kharif & rabi,
respectively Real time contingency practices (RTPC)
Normal 2018
implemented
250
Weather Stage of RTCP
Crop
200 aberration crop implemented
Mid season drought Sunflower Flowering Foliar spray
Rainfall (mm)
150
100
50
0
A dry spell occurred during 29 July to 12
Month
August (15 days) coinciding with flowering stage
Solapur in sunflower. Foliar sprays in sunflower (var. Phule
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) Bhaskar) during dry spell recorded significantly
higher seed (1613 kg/ha) and stalk (3868 kg/
Dry spell
ha) yields with higher net returns (Rs.29101/ha),
Duration Dates &
(days) months B:C ratio (2.81) and RWUE (5.87 kg/ha-mm) as
9 31 June - 8 Pigeonpea, Early growth compared to the foliar sprays after relieving dry
July sunflower, spells. Among different foliar sprays in sunflower,
pearlmillet,
blackgram water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5%
15 29 July - 12 Pigeonpea, Vegetative + FeSO4 @ 0.5% recorded significantly higher
August sunflower, seed (1745 kg/ha) and stalk (4999 kg/ha) yield, net
pearlmillet,
blackgram returns (Rs.32639/ha), B:C ratio (3.01) and RWUE
12 04-15 Pigeonpea Flowering & pod (6.35 kg/ha-mm) as compared to other treatments
September development (Table 75).
Table 75: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of sunflower
Treatment
Main plot
Foliar spray during dryspell 1613 3868 16072 29101 2.81 5.87
Foliar spray after relieving dryspell 1028 3664 16072 12715 1.79 3.74
CD at 5% 459 100 - 6170 - -
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 1249 3368 16030 18956 2.18 4.55
Urea @ 2% 1224 3706 16060 18207 2.13 4.45
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) 1417 4086 16069 23597 2.47 5.15
@ 0.5%
74
AICRPDA – NICRA

Treatment
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) 1745 4999 16207 32639 3.01 6.35
@ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5%
FeSO4 @ 0.5% 1383 4261 16138 22577 2.39 5.03
Water spray 1192 3013 16000 17352 2.08 4.33
CD at 5% 198 169 - 5568 0.35 -
Recommended dose of 50:25:25, N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha + 2.5 t FYM/ha given at the time of sowing to all treatments
c. On-farm demonstrations Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19

Village profile During 2018, in Narotewadi village, the onset of
monsoon was timely and a rainfall of 256.6 mm was
The programme is being implemented in
Narotewadi village, North Solapur Tehsil in Solapur
to normal (723.5 mm) (Fig.21). During kharif and
district. The total cultivated area is 560.7 ha out of
rabi seasons, 204.4 mm and 32.5 mm of rainfall was
which 450 ha is rainfed. The mean annual rainfall
recorded which was deficit by 216.3 and 205.3 mm
is 546.5 mm with seasonal rainfall of 404.5 mm
as compared to normal rainfall (420.7 and 237.8,
and 123 mm which was deficit by 16.2 and 114.8
mm respectively).
mm during kharif and rabi seasons respectively as
compared to normal rainfall (420.7 mm and 237.8 Normal onset of monsoon 7 June
mm during kharif and rabi respectively). The major Onset of monsoon during 3 June
soil types are sandy loam, loam and clay loam. 2018
The major rainfed crops in kharif are sunflower, Annual mean rainfall 723.5 mm
pigeonpea and blackgram, sorghum and chickpea
Annual mean rainfall during 256.6 mm
in rabi season. The number of small, marginal, 2018-19
medium and large farmers are 52, 122, 86 and 22
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 420.7 mm and 237.8 mm
respectively. The ground water table is 15 to 18 m,
during kharif & rabi, respectively
the source of irrigation is open dug wells and bore
Crop seasonal rainfall during 204.4 mm and 32.5 mm
wells covering 15-19% of cultivated area.
2018-19 kharif & rabi, respectively
Climate vulnerability in general
The climate of this agro-climatic zone is Normal 2018
semiarid. Out of the total annual average rainfall 200
of 546.5 mm, the south-west monsoon contributes 160
80% and north-east contributes 20%. The historical

Rainfall (mm)
120
rainfall data (30 years) indicates that the variability
80
in rainfall during south-west monsoon was
40
12% deficit of the average rainfall. The onset of
southwest monsoon was during 21 SMW and north- 0
east monsoon was during 40 SMW. For the past Month
15 years, the dry spells during crop season were Fig. 21: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
experienced during August and at flowering stages Narotewadi
of the major rainfed crops. The onset of monsoon is
normal.
75
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) ha) of sorghum (cv. PhuleVasudha) by 34.9% with
Dry spell higher net returns (Rs.23800/ha), B:C ratio (1.82)
Stage of the
Duration Crop and WUE (8.56 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’ practice
Dates & months crop
(days) of no supplemental irrigation (Table 77).
12 28 June - 09 Blackgram, Early
July pearlmillet & vegetative Table 77: Effect of supplemental irrigation on
pigeonpea yield and economics of rabi sorghum
22 18 July - 09 Blackgram, Flowering WUE Net
August pearlmillet & Seed
Farming (kg/ returns B:C
pigeonpea Intervention yield
situation ha- (Rs/ ratio
17 28 August - 13 Blackgram, Seed filling (kg/ha)
mm) ha)
September pearlmillet & and maturity Medium Supplemental 1320 8.56 23800 1.82
pigeonpea black soil irrigation
21 September - 30 Chickpea, All stages of at critical
71 November rabi sorghum crop growth stages
pigeonpea Seed filling Farmers’ 860 5.58 5400 1.80
practice (no
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- supplemental
mented irrigation)
Weather Stage of RTCP imple-
Crop
aberration crop mented
Early season Blackgram Vegetative Intercultivation
drought
Mid season Sorghum, Flower- Supplemental
& terminal chickpea ing & seed irrigation, foliar
drought filling spray

Situation: Early season drought Chickpea without supplemental irrigation
Intercultivation with cycle hoe at 30 DAS Two supplemental irrigations of 6 cm depth at

increased the yield of blackgram (TPU-1) by 23.8% branching(30-35 DAS) and pod filling stages (60-
with higher net returns (Rs. 22850/ha), B:C ratio 65 DAS) increased the seed yield (911kg/ha) of
(2.42) and RWUE (4.72 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’ chickpea (cv. Phule Digvijay) by 53.8% with higher
practice of no weeding and intercultural operations net returns (Rs.24995/ha), B:C ratio (2.56) and
(Table 76). WUE (5.35 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’ practice of no
Table 76: Effect of weeding / intercultivation on supplemental irrigation (Table 78).
yield and economics of blackgram Table 78: Effect of supplemental irrigation on
Farming Seed RWUE Net yield and economics of chickpea
Interven- B:C
situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns WUE
tion ratio Farming Seed Net
soil type (kg/ha) mm) (Rs/ha) (kg/ B:C
situation/ Intervention yield returns
Medium Weeding/ 925 4.72 22850 2.42 ha- ratio
soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha)
black soil interculture mm)
Farmers’ 710 3.62 14820 1.98 Medium Supplemental 911 5.35 24995 2.56
practice black soil irrigation
Farmers’ practice: No weeding/interculture Farmers’ 421 2.73 18945 1.35
practice (no
Two supplemental irrigations of 6 cm depth supplemental
at primordial (28-30 DAS) and grain filling stages irrigation)
(90-95 DAS) increased the grain yield (1320 kg/
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Foliar application of potassium nitrate @ 1% at

flowering stage during dry spells increased the seed
yield (675 kg/ha) of chickpea (Digvijay) by 37.8%
with higher net returns (Rs.14375/ha), B:C ratio
(1.89) and RWUE (13.47 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’
practice of no foliar spray (Table 79).
Chickpea with two supplemental irrigations
Table 79: Effect of foliar spray of potassium nitrate on yield and economics of chickpea
Farming Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Intervention
situation (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Medium black soil Foliar spray of potassium nitrate @ 1% 675 13.47 14375 1.89
Preparedness of rabi sorghum (880 kg/ha) by 35.4% with higher

Rainwater management net returns (Rs.17450/ha), B:C ratio (1.69) and
RWUE (5.71 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’ practice of
Opening of ridges and furrows in kharif
two harrowings during kharif season followed by
followed by rabi sorghum increased the grain yield
rabi sorghum (650 kg/ha) (Table 80).
Table 80: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of rabi sorghum
Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
situation Grain Stover cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Medium to Ridges and furrows in kharif 880 1980 25100 17450 1.69 5.71
deep black soil followed by rabi sorghum
Two harrowings (Farmers’ 650 1220 24600 5937 1.24 4.22
practice)
Opening of ridges and furrows on fallow land in Kharif Rabi sorghum (Cv.Phule Vasudha)
Cropping systems kg/ha), net returns (Rs.23095/ha), B:C ratio (1.52)

Intercropping of pigeonpea + soybean (1:3) and RWUE of 6.62 kg/ha-mm with higher LER
recorded higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (2977 (1.24) compared to sole pigeonpea (Table 81).
77
Table 81: Performance of pigeonpea + soybean intercropping system (1:3)

situation/ Intervention LER cultivation
Main crop Intercrop MCEY (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
soil type (Rs/ha)
Medium Pigeonpea + 735 889 2977 1.24 44000 23095 1.52 6.62
black soil soybean (1:3)
Sole pigeonpea 1002 - 1002 1.00 40000 15110 1.37 4.08
(farmers’ practice)
LER: Land equivalent ratio; MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield
Double cropping system of blackgram followed of sole cropping (610 kg/ha), with higher net returns
by rabi sorghum recorded main crop equivalent (Rs.39620/ha), B:C ratio (2.23) and RWUE (3.56
yield of 1666 kg/ha as compared to farmers practice kg/ha-mm) (Table 82).
Table 82: Performance of blackgram – rabi sorghum double cropping system

MCEY Net returns B:C RWUE
situation/ Intervention cultivation
Crop 1 Crop 2 (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
soil type (Rs/ha)
Medium Blackgram - 810 940 1666 32000 39620 2.23 3.56
black soil sorghum
Blackgram sole 610 - 610 14000 11620 1.83 2.48
MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield (blackgram)
Energy management
Sowing of rabi sorghum with two bowl fertilizer
seed drill gave 18% higher grain yield compared to
farmers’ practice of sowing with single bowl seed
drill, with higher net returns (Rs. 6940/ha) and B:C
ratio (1.27). The energy use efficiency was also
higher (1.89) due to sowing with two bowl fertilizer
seed drill over farmers’ practice i.e., sowing with
single bowl seed drill in rabi sorghum (Table 83).
Sowing of rabi sorghum with two bowl ferti-seed drill
Table 83: Effect of two bowl fertilizer seed drill on crop yield and economics of rabi sorghum
Field Energy
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net RWUE Energy
Farming B:C efficiency
Intervention cultivation returns (kg/ha- use ef-
situation ratio (hr/ha) Input Out-
Grain Stover (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm) put ficiency
Medium Sowing with 720 1368 25100 6940 1.27 4.67 5.5 14652 27684 1.89
black soil two bowl fertil-
izer seed drill
Sowing with 610 1040 24600 1950 1.07 3.96 5.0 14172 21967 1.55
local seed drill
Alternate land use yield (1139 kg/ha) with net returns of Rs. 27229/
Anola + pearlmillet system recorded higher ha, B:C ratio of 1.87 and RWUE of 8.14 kg/ha-mm
anola fruit yield (2000 kg/ha) and pearlmillet grain as compared to farmers’ practice (sole anola) (1500
kg/ha) (Table 84).
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 84: Performance of anola + pearlmillet system

Farming B:C RWUE
Intervention Inter Stover cultivation returns
situation Aonla MCEY ratio (kg/ha-mm)
crop yield (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
Medium Anola + pearl- 2000 1139 2562 2511 31000 27229 1.87 8.14
Black Soil millet
Farmers’ 1500 - - 1500 18000 15000 1.66 6.10
practice* (Sole
anola)
MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield
Anola + pearlmillet system Sole pearlmillet
1.1.9 VIJAYAPURA which was deficit by 92 mm (23.7%) than seasonal

normal of 387.5 mm. During rabi, it was 37.8 mm
which was deficit by 96.2 mm (71.8%) than normal
Vijayapura is in Karnataka Plateau (AESR 3). (134.0 mm) (Fig.22).
The climate is hot arid. Potential evapo-transpiration Normal onset of monsoon 7 June
is 622 mm. The rainfall is 594 mm. The length of Onset of monsoon during 2018 7 June
growing period is 90-120 days. Drought is common Annual mean rainfall 594.3 mm
and occurs once in five years. Water erosion is of Annual rainfall during 2018-19 466.3 mm
high severity with strong loss of top soil, affecting Mean crop seasonal rainfall kharif 387.5 mm and
during kharif and rabi rabi 134.0 mm
26-50% area. The soils are deep loamy and clayey,
Crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 295.5 mm and
mixed red and black soils. Available water capacity 2018-19 (kharif & rabi) rabi 37.8 mm
is low to medium. The dominant rainfed crops
during kharif are pigeonpea and during rabi are Normal 2018
160
sorghum and chickpea.
140

Rainfall (mm)
100
60
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal
40
(7 June), and a rainfall of 466.3 mm was received
th
20
which was deficit by 128.0 mm (21.5%) compared 0
to normal (594.3 mm). Out of total rainfall, kharif Month
season (June- September) recorded 295.5 mm Fig.22: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Vijayapura
79

Dry spell
19 10–28 June Pigeonpea, pearl millet and greengram Seedling and vegetative
11 2 – 12 July Pigeonpea, pearlmillet and greengram Vegetative
15 21 July - 1 August Pigeonpea, pearlmillet and greengram Vegetative, grand growth and flowering
50 30 September - Sunflower, pigeonpea, rabi Seedling , vegetative and flowering
18 November sorghum,chickpea and safflower
42 20 November - Sunflower, pigeonpea , rabi Flowering and maturity
31 December sorghum,chickpea and safflower
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- vegetative and flowering stage of chickpea. Foliar
mented application of water soluble complex fertilizer
Weather aberration Crop RTCP implemented (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4
Mid season and Chickpea Foliar spray, supple- @ 0.5% recorded significantly higher seed yield
terminal drought mental irrigation and (511 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 9572/ha), B:C ratio
mulching
(1.71) and RWUE (6.38 kg/ha-mm compared
Salient achievements of on-station experiments to control (Table ….). There was no significant
Real time contingency planning difference between foliar spray during dry spell
Situation: Mid season drought and after relieving of stress / dry spell on crop yield
(Table 85 ).
During 2018, a dry spell of 50 days occurred
during 30 September -18 November affecting the
Table 85: Effect of foliar spray on chickpea yield and economics
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of
Treatment Seed Mean seed Stover cultivation
(2018-19) (2 years) (2018-19) (Rs/ha)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 409 863 916 13212 5176 1.39 5.11
Foliar spray after relieving of
441 911 963 13212 6631 1.50 5.51
stress / dry spell
CD at 5% NS NS NS - NS NS NS
Sub-plot
Urea @ 1% 413 837 946 13145 5414 1.41 5.16
Urea @ 2% 401 847 902 13245 4794 1.36 5.01
Water soluble complex fertil-
463 983 1033 13245 7584 1.57 5.78
izer (19:19:19) @ 0.5%
Water soluble complex fertiliz-
er (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 511 1051 1147 13605 9572 1.71 6.38
@ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% 434 939 917 13405 6207 1.47 5.42
Water spray 382 802 836 13045 4069 1.31 4.78
Control (no spray of any mate-
371 751 795 12795 3684 1.28 4.64
rial/water)
CD at 5% 66 118 96 - 2950 0.22 0.82
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Chickpea with water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) Chickpea under control (no spray )
@ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5%
Situation: Terminal drought irrigation of 3 cm with sprinklers at critical stage

During 2018, a dry spell of 50 days occurred (flowering) along with pearlmillet straw mulching
during 30 September to 18 November and 20 recorded significantly higher seed yield (510 kg/
November to 31 December affecting the flowering ha), net returns (Rs.22967/ha) and B:C ratio (2.30)
and maturity stage of chickpea. Application of one compared to other treatments (Table 86).
Table 86: Effect of critical irrigation and mulching on chickpea yield and economics
Treatment
Seed Stover (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Irrigation at critical stage + mulch 510 806 12952 2.30 4.77
Irrigation at critical stage 330 473 5828 1.65 3.08
Irrigation after more than 20 days dry spell + mulch 377 521 7966 1.89 3.52
Irrigation after more than 20 day dry spell 340 448 6810 1.80 3.18
Control 218 265 1793 1.22 2.03
CD at 5% 87 125 3903 0.44 0.81
Irrigation at critical stage + mulching in chickpea Control
c. On-farm demonstrations The major soil types are shallow to medium deep
Village profile black soils, shallow red soils and gravelly soils. The
major rainfed crops during kharif are pearlmillet,
The program is being implemented in Kavalagi
pigeonpea, greengram, groundnut, maize and
village, Vijayapura tehsil and Honnutagi Vijayapura
sorghum, chickpea, wheat, sunflower and safflower
district, Karnataka. The total cultivated area is
during rabi season. The number of small, marginal,
1327 ha out of which 1307 ha is rainfed. The mean
medium and large farmers is 144, 53, 200 and 04,
annual rainfall is 594.4 mm with seasonal rainfall
respectively. The ground water table is 70 to 90 m.
of 387.5 mm during kharif(June - September).
81
The source of irrigation is open-wells and bore- Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
wells covering 1.5% of cultivated area only. During 2018, in Kavalagi village the onset of
The village Kavalagi is located 15 km East monsoon was early by 3 days (4 June). An annual
of Vijayapura town (16048’ N and 75045’ E). The rainfall of 270.3 mm was received which was
new village Honnutagi is located 17 km East of deficit by 324.1 mm (54.5%) than normal (594.3
Vijayapura town (750 50’ 11.3’’ to 750 52’ 52.5’’E mm). During kharif, there was a rainfall of 180.2
and 16o 45’ 46.5” to 160 51’ 18.6’’ N). mm, deficit by 207.3 mm (53.5%) than normal
(387.5 mm) and in rabi season 80 mm rainfall was
recorded which was deficit by 4.0 mm (97.0%)
against normal of 134.0 mm (Fig.23).
Annual mean rainfall (mm) 594.3 mm
Annual mean rainfall (mm) during 270.3 mm
2018-19
Mean crop seasonal rainfall (mm) 387.5 mm &134.0
during kharif and rabi mm, respectively
Crop seasonal rainfall (mm) during 180.2 mm & 4.0
kharif and rabi 2018-19 mm, respectively
Normal 2018
160
140
The climate is dry semi-arid. Out of the total 120

Rainfall (mm)
100
annual average rainfall of 594.4 mm, the south-west
80
monsoon contributes 65%, north-east monsoon 60
contributes 22.5% and 12.5% rainfall is received 40
during summer. The historical data (30 years) 20

0
indicated that variability in rainfall during south- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
west monsoon was manifested in delayed onset of Month
monsoon and drought. Fig.23: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Kavalagi

Dry spell
23 9 June - 1 July Pigeonpea, greengram and pearlmillet Vegetative
40 7 July - 15 August Pigeonpea Vegetative
Greengram and pearlmillet Vegetative to flowering
10 17 August - 26 August Pigeonpea Vegetative
20 28 August - 16 September Pigeonpea Vegetative
21 26 September - 16 October Pigeonpea Vegetative – flowering
74 18 October - 31 December Pigeonpea Flowering – maturity
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AICRPDA – NICRA

Village: Honnutagi
Early season Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Pigeonpea Thinning
drought Intercultivation
Greengram Intercultivation
Rainfed/ medium deep black soil Chickpea, sorghum Intercultivation
Mid season drought Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Pigeonpea, greengram Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%
Rainfed/ medium deep black soil Chickpea, sorghum Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%
Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Pigeonpea, greengram Protective irrigation
Village: Kavalagi
Early season drought Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Pigeonpea, greengram Intercultivation
Rainfed/ medium deep black soil Chickpea Intercultivation
Mid season drought Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Pigeonpea, greengram Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%
Rainfed/ medium deep black soil Chickpea Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%
Rainfed/shallow and medium black soil Chickpea Protective irrigation
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations Intercultivation with bullock drawn hoe increased
Real time contingency planning the yield of pigeonpea, chickpea, safflower and rabi
sorghum by 16 to 23% as compared to farmers’
practice of no weeding and intercultivation.
During 2018, a dry spell of 23 days occurred Among the crops, chickpea gave higher net
during 9 June - 1 July coinciding with vegetative returns (Rs.14469/ha), RWUE (6.80 kg/ ha-mm)
stage of kharif crops. Further, a dry spell of 20 days and B:C ratio (2.45) compared to other crops
during 26 September – 16 October occurred during (Tables 87 & 88).
early vegetative stage of rabi crops. Weeding and
Table 87: Effect of weeding / intercultivation on pigeonpea yield and economics
Village Intervention
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium deep Weeding / interculture 625 3.39 22000 2.42
black soil
Farmers’ practice* 513 2.78 16250 2.12
Rainfed / shallow black Weeding / interculture 588 3.19 19525 2.24
soil
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium deep Weeding / interculture 738 4.00 28750 2.85
black soil
*Farmers’ practice: No interculture operation
Weeding/interculture in pigeonpea Farmers’ practice (no weeding/ intercultivation)
83
Table 88: Effect of weeding / interculture on yield and economics of different crops
Crop Village Intervention
tion/ soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Weeding / interculture 215 2.06 4400 1.52
deep black soil Farmers’ practice* 185 1.78 2600 1.31
Greengram
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium Weeding / interculture 225 2.16 5000 1.59
Chickpea
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium Weeding / interculture 388 4.84 7438 1.74
Rabi sorghum deep black soil Farmers’ practice* 448 5.59 4030 1.47
Safflower Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Weeding / interculture 613 7.66 8875 1.93
deep black soil
*Farmers’ practice: No weeding / interculture
Safflower with weeding / interculture Farmers’ practice
Situation: Mid season drought from harvested rainwater recharged and stored in
At Honnutagi and Kavalagi villages, a long dry open wells gave an average of 86 and 53% higher
spell of 74 days occurred during 18 October to 31 yields in pigeonpea and chickpea respectively, over
December coinciding with flowering and maturity farmers’ practice of no supplemental irrigation, with
stage of pigeonpea and chickpea. Two supplemental higher net returns, B:C ratio and RWUE (Table 89).
irrigations of 40 mm each with MIS (sprinklers)
Table 89: Effect of supplement irrigation on yield and economics of pigeonpea and chickpea
Village Crop Intervention
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium deep Pigeonpea Supplemental irrigation 1250 6.79 58000 4.41
black soil Farmers’ practice 675 3.66 26000 2.79
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium black Chickpea Supplemental irrigation 613 7.66 17563 2.76
soil Farmers’ practice 400 5.00 7000 1.78
Farmers’ practice: No supplemental irrigation
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Pigeonpea with supplemental irrigation Pigeonpea under farmers’ practice
At Honnutagi and Kavalagi villages, a dry spell and rabi sorghum. Foliar application of KNO3 @
of 20 days from 28 August to 16 September and a 0.5% gave an average of 20-25% higher yields in
long dry spell of 74 days occurred during 18 October pigeonpea, chickpea and rabi sorghum over farmers’
to 31 December coinciding with vegetative and practice of no foliar spray and recorded higher net
flowering stages of pigeonpea, chickpea, greengram returns, B:C ratio and RWUE (Table 90).
Table 90: Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on yield and economics of different crops
Crop Village Intervention
Pigeonpea Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Foliar spray 717 3.89 27442 2.77
deep black soils Farmers’ practice 571 3.10 19750 2.36
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium Foliar spray 748 4.06 29350 2.89
Greengram Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Foliar spray 255 2.45 6575 1.75
Chickpea Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Foliar spray 498 6.23 12675 2.76
Rabi sor- Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Foliar spray 556 6.95 6325 1.68
ghum deep black soils Farmers’ practice 463 5.78 4450 1.52
*Foliar spray: KNO3 @ 0.5%; Farmers’ practice: No foliar spray
Preparedness over farmers’ practice at Honnutagi and Kavalagi

Rainwater management villages, respectively (Table ). Similarly, in rabi
sorghum, deep ploughing recorded 21.1% higher
In-situ moisture conservation through deep
mean grain yield of 639 kg/ha over farmers’ practice
ploughing in chickpea recorded 21.2 and 21.6%
in Honnutagi village with higher net returns of Rs.
higher mean seed yield of 394 and 415 kg/ha
18244/ha and B:C ratio (2.74) (Table 91).
85
Table 91: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation (deep ploughing) on yield and economics of chickpea
and rabi sorghum
Farming Seed/ grain Cost of
Crop Village situation/ Intervention yield cultivation
soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha)
Chickpea Honnutagi Rainfed / Deep ploughing 394 10500 8963 1.85 5.41
medium Farmers’ practice 325 9500 6363 1.67 4.41
black soil
Kavalagi Rainfed / Deep ploughing 415 10500 8175 1.78 5.19
medium Farmers’ practice 341 9500 5856 1.62 4.27
black soil
Rabi sorghum Honnutagi Rainfed / Deep ploughing 639 10500 18244 2.74 7.98
medium
black soil Farmers’ practice 528 9500 14238 2.50 6.59
*Farmers’ practice: No deep ploughing.
In chickpea, compartment bunding recorded in Honnutagi and Kavalagi villages, respectively

24.9 and 25.3% higher seed yield (476 and 499 kg/ (Table 92).
ha) with higher net returns over farmers’ practice
Table 92: Effect of compartment bunding on yield and economics of chickpea

Farming Seed yield Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
situation/ soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Compartment
476 10500 10931 2.04 5.95
black soil bunding
Farmers’ practice 381 9500 7656 1.81 4.77
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium Compartment
499 10500 11,958 2.14 6.24
black soil bunding
Farmers’ practice 398 9500 8,430 1.89 4.98
*Farmers’ practice: No compartment bunding
In chickpea, ridge and furrow method of rabi sorghum, ridge and furrow method of sowing
sowing recorded higher seed yield of 433 and 415 recorded higher grain yield of 620 kg/ha with higher
kg/ha as compared to farmers practice in Honnutagi net returns (Rs. 17400/ha) and B:C ratio (2.66) over
and Kavalagi villages, respectively. Similarly, in farmers’ practice in Honnutagi village (Table 93).
Table 93: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of chickpea and rabi sorghum
Cost of
Farming situa- Yield Net returns B:C RWUE
Crop Village Intervention cultivation
tion/ soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(Rs/ha)
Chickpea Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Ridge and furrow 433 10500 8963 1.85 5.41
black soil Farmers’ practice* 353 9500 6363 1.67 4.41
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium Ridge and furrow 415 10500 8175 1.78 5.19
black soil Farmers’ practice 341 9500 5856 1.62 4.27
Rabi sor- Honnutagi Rainfed / medium Ridge and furrow 20 10500 17,400 2.66 7.75
ghum black soil Farmers’ practice 513 9500 13,563 2.43 6.41
Farmers’ practice: flat bed sowing
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Cropping systems in Honnutagi and Kavalagi villages, respectively

In rabi season, sorghum and safflower based compared to sole sorghum and chickpea (455 and
intercropping systems were demonstrated in the 476 kg/ha, respectively) (Table .). Safflower +
farmers’ fields. Among the intercropping systems, chickpea (2:4) intercropping system gave higher
sorghum + chickpea intercropping (2:4) gave safflower equivalent yield of 731 and 675 kg/ha,
higher sorghum equivalent yield (673 and 646 kg/ net returns (Rs.9500 and 9500/ha), RWUE (9.14
ha), net returns (Rs.9354 and 8600/ha), B:C ratio and 4.37 kg/ha-mm), B:C ratio (2.31 and 2.13) and
(1.98 and1.91), RWUE (8.42 and 8.08 kg/ha-mm) LER (1.48 and 1.36 ) compared to sole safflower
and LER(1.33 and 1.29) respectively (Table 94) and chickpea (351 and 385 kg/ha, respectively)
(Table 95).
Table 94: Performance of rabi sorghum + chickpea (2:4) intercropping system
Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net RWUE
MCEY B:C
Village situation/ Intervention Main Inter LER cultivation returns (kg/ha-
(kg/ha) ratio
soil type crop crop (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Honnutagi Rainfed / Rabi sorghum 314 224 673 1.33 9500 9354 1.98 8.42
medium + chickpea
black soil Farmers’ 455 - 455 - 8500 4240 1.50 5.69
practice
Kavalagi Rainfed / Rabi sorghum 325 200 646 1.29 9500 8,600 1.91 8.08
medium + chickpea
black soil Farmers’ 476 - 476 - 8500 4828 1.57 5.95
practice
Farmers’ practice: Sole rabi sorghum; LER: Land equivalent ratio; MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield
Rabi sorghum + chickpea intercropping (2:4) Sole rabi sorghum
Table 95: Performance of safflower + chickpea (2:4) intercropping system

Farming Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net RWUE
B:C
Village situation/ Intervention Main Inter- MCEY LER cultivation returns (kg/ha-
ratio
soil type crop crop (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Honnutagi Rainfed / Safflower + chickpea 375 238 731 1.48 9500 12438 2.31 9.14
medium Farmers’ practice 350 350 9000 6734 1.75 8.44
black soil
Kavalagi Rainfed / Safflower + chickpea 338 225 675 1.36 9500 10750 2.13 4.37
medium Farmers’ practice 381 381 9000 8138 1.90 4.70
black soil
Farmers’ practice: Sole chickpea; LER: Land equivalent ratio; MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield
87
Safflower + chickpea intercropping (2:4) Sole chickpea
Among rabi sorghum varieties, BJV-44 and village under medium black soils with higher net
M35-1 recorded highest grain yield of 543 and returns and B:C ratio (Table 96).
575 kg/ha compared to local variety in Honnutagi
Table 96: Yield and economics of improved rabi sorghum varieties
Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation/ soil type Variety
Rainfed / medium deep black BJV-44 543 6.79 5880 1.63
soil M35-1 575 7.19 6600 1.69
Farmers’ practice (local variety) 455 5.69 4240 1.50
Rabi sorghum var. BJV-44 Rabi sorghum var. M35-1
Similarly, improved drought tolerant variety compared to local variety (469 kg/ha) at Honnutagi
of safflower, A-1 recorded seed yield of 575 kg/ha village in the medium black soils (Table 97).
with net returns of Rs. 800/ha and B:C ratin of 1.86
Table 97: Performance of improved safflower variety under deficit rainfall conditions
Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation/ soil type Variety
Rainfed / medium deep black soil A-1 575 7.19 8000 1.86
Farmers’ practice 469 5.86 5063 1.56
(local variety)
Energy management yield of chickpea (476-499 kg/ha) compared to

During Kharif, compartmental bunding helped famers’ practice. On an average, energy input for
in moisture conservation and gave higher seed chickpea cultivation was 4924 and 4876 MJ/ha
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AICRPDA – NICRA
with compartment bunds and without compartment while it was 5.07 and 4.09, respectively at Kavalagi
bunds, respectively with energy use efficiency village (Table 98).
of 4.84 to 3.91, respectively at Honnutagi village
Table 98: Effect of compartmental bunding on energy use efficiency in chickpea

Seed yield Energy (MJ/ha) Energy use
Village Farming situation/ soil type Intervention
(kg/ha) Input Output efficiency
Honnutagi Rainfed / medium black soil Compartment bunding 476 4924 23813 4.84
Farmers’ practice 381 4876 19063 3.91
Kavalagi Rainfed / medium black soil Compartment bunding 499 4924 24953 5.07
*Farmers’ practice: No compartment bunding
Land management units (LMU) based crop Land

Net RWUE
planning Crop/ manage- Yield B:C
returns (kg/ha-
variety ment unit (kg/ha) ratio
On the basis of soil conservation unit (SCU) (Rs/ha) mm)
(LMU)
and soil quality units (SQU) 14 land management Sorghum LMU-V 403 9113 2.01 5.03
units (LMU) have been derived (Fig.24). However (M 35-1)
Sorghum LMU-VII 325 5625 1.63 4.06
the results of four LMUs (I, III, V and VII) revealed (BJV-44)
that higher chickpea and sorghum yields were Sorghum LMU-VII 338 6188 1.69 4.22
recorded in LMU-I followed by LMU-III, LMU-V (M 35-1)
and LMU-VII. Further, net returns and benefit cost
ratio were also high in LMU-I. (Table 99).
Table 99: Performance of chickpea and rabi
sorghum under different LMUs
Land
Net RWUE
Crop/ manage- Yield B:C
returns (kg/ha-
variety ment unit (kg/ha) ratio
(Rs/ha) mm)
(LMU)
Chickpea LMU-I 578 16988 2.89 7.22
(JG-11)
Chickpea LMU-III 523 14513 2.61 6.53
(JG-11)
Chickpea LMU-V 420 9900 2.10 5.25
(JG-11)
Chickpea LMU-VII 300 4500 1.50 3.75
(JG-11)
Sorghum LMU-I 588 17438 2.94 7.34
(BJV-44)
Sorghum LMU-I 623 19013 3.11 7.78
(M 35-1)
Sorghum LMU-III 473 12263 2.36 5.91
(BJV-44)
Sorghum LMU-III 520 14400 2.60 6.50
(M 35-1)
Sorghum LMU-V 425 10125 2.13 5.31
(BJV-44) Fig.24: Land management units of Kavalagi village
89
1.2 Moist Semi Arid Zone (750-1000 mm) Normal onset of monsoon 11-17 June
1.2.1 AKOLA Onset of monsoon during 2018 6 June
a. Agro-ecological setting Annual rainfall during 2018-19 836.5 mm
Akola is in Eastern Maharashtra of Deccan Plateau, Mean crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 733.1 mm
and rabi
hot semi-arid eco-region (AESR 6.3). The climate is
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 836.5 mm
hot moist semi-arid. Average annual rainfall is 825 (kharif & rabi)
mm. Length of growing period is 120-150 days.
Normal 2018
300
250
Rainfall (mm)
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was early 200
(6 June) and an annual rainfall of 836.5 mm was 150
received which was excess by 61.7 mm (7.9%) 100
compared to normal (774.8 mm) (Fig.25). Out of 50
total rainfall received, 836.5 mm was received 0

during kharif season which was excess by 103.4 Month
mm compared to normal of 733.1 mm. Fig. 25: Normal and actual (2018) monthly
rainfall at Akola

Dry spell
20 27 July -15 August Soybean, greengram Flowering
Cotton, pigeonpea Vegetative
27 23 August -18 September Soybean, greengram Pod initiation and development
Cotton Square formation and boll initiation
Pigeonpea Vegetative
96 24 September - 31 December Cotton Maturity
Pigeonpea Flowering and pod development
Chickpea Vegetative and flowering.

Weather aberration Crop Stage of crop RTCP implemented
Early and mid season drought Cotton Vegetative Opening of furrows after each row at 30-35 DAS and foliar sprays
Mid season drought Cotton Square formation Foliar sprays
Salient achievements of on-station experiments higher seed cotton yield (1278 kg/ha) net returns
Real time contingency planning (Rs. 32325/ha), B:C ratio (1.8) and RWUE (1.25
kg/ha-mm) followed by foliar spray of 2% water
soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) at flowering
During kharif 2018, a dry spells of 20 days occurred and boll development stage (1274 kg/ha) compared
during 27 July to 15 August at vegetative stage in to control (1107 kg/ha) (Table 100).
cotton. Opening of furrows at 30-35 DAS recorded
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 100: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation and foliar spray on Bt. cotton (Balwan) yield and
economics
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net RWUE
B:C
Treatment Seed cultivation returns (kg/ha-
Stalk ratio
cotton (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Opening of furrow at 30-35 DAS 1278 2326 40164 32325 1.80 1.53
Foliar spray of 2% urea at flowering (75-80 DAS) 1219 2218 40447 28679 1.71 1.46
Foliar spray of 2% KCl at BDS 1219 2218 40447 28679 1.71 1.46
Foliar spray of 2% urea and 2% KCl at flowering and BDS 1270 2312 41287 30782 1.75 1.52
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at flowering 1226 2231 40584 28962 1.71 1.47
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at BDS 1204 2191 40473 27813 1.69 1.44
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at flowering and BDS 1274 2319 41505 30773 1.74 1.52
Control (no spray) 1107 2015 39312 23511 1.60 1.32
BDS: Boll development stage
Cotton with opening of furrow and foliar sprays Cotton without opening of furrow and foliar sprays
Situation: Mid season drought at flowering and boll development stage (BDS)
During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 27 days occurred recorded higher seed cotton yield (1326 kg/ha),
during 23 August to 18 September at vegetative, net returns (Rs. 42654/ha), B:C ratio (2.37) and
square formation and boll initiation stage in cotton. RWUE (1.59 kg/ha-mm) followed by opening of
Opening of furrows at 30-35 DAS and foliar spray conservation furrow (30-35 DAS) compared to
of 2% water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) control (1148 kg/ha) (Table 101).
Table 101: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation and foliar spray under HDPS on arboreum cotton
(AKA-7) yield and economics
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of RWUE
Net returns B:C
Treatment Seed cultivation (kg/ha-
Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio
cotton (Rs/ha) mm)
Opening of furrow at 30-35 DAS 1293 1357 29474 42362 2.44 1.55
Foliar spray of 2% urea at flowering (75-80 DAS) 1256 1318 29832 39946 2.34 1.50
Foliar spray of 2% KCl at BDS 1248 1311 29787 39579 2.33 1.49
Foliar spray of 2% urea and 2% KCl at flowering and BDS 1304 1369 30701 41753 2.36 1.56
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at flowering 1256 1318 29932 39846 2.33 1.50
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at BDS 1263 1326 29976 40213 2.34 1.51
Foliar spray of 2% 19:19:19 at flowering and BDS 1326 1392 31034 42654 2.37 1.59
Control (no spray) 1148 1206 28607 35201 2.23 1.37
BDS: Boll development stage
91
Cotton with furrow opening and foliar spray Cotton without furrow opening and foliar spray
c. On-farm demonstrations during July, August and September coinciding

Village profile with the vegetative or reproductive stages of the
major rainfed crops. The onset of the monsoon
The old village Warkhed (Bk) and new village
was sometimes delayed up to 25th SMW and 26th
Kajleshwar in Barshitakli tahsil of Akola district is
SMW and early withdrawal observed during 39th
situated between7707’00’’ to 77010’00’’ E longitude
SMW. The soil moisture status was often deficit
and 20032’ 30’’ to 20035’ 00’’ N latitude and covers
during the reproductive stages of major rainfed
an area of 198 ha. The mean elevation of the area is
crops, particularly cotton and pigeonpea. There has
about 325 m above MSL. It is about 32 km south-
been a shift in the rainfall pattern with decadal trend
east of Akola city. The mean annual rainfall is 796.0
showing a decrease in June and July rainfall in the
mm with seasonal rainfall of 743 during kharif
last two decades and increase in September rainfall
(June -September). The major soil types are shallow,
during the same period.
medium deep, deep and very deep black soils.
The major rainfed crops during kharif are cotton, Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
soybean, greengram, sorghumand pigeonpea, and During 2018, the onset of monsoon was on 14th
during rabi is chickpea. The numbers of small, June. A rainfall of 905.4 mm was received which
marginal, medium and large farmers are 84, 84, 29 was excess by 98.4 mm compared to normal (807.0
and 1, respectively. The groundwater table is 7.8 m mm). During kharif season (June to September),
below ground. The source of irrigation is open wells 905.4 mm of rainfall was received which was excess
and bore-wells covering 8.36% of cultivated area. by 217.4 mm as compared to normal (688.0 mm).
Climate vulnerability in general During rabi season (October-December), no rainfall
was received against the normal (82.0 mm). During
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic zone is
summer, 1.7 mm rainfall was received which was
semi-arid. Out of the total annual average rainfall
deficit by 21.1 mm compared to normal (22.8 mm)
of 818 mm, the south-west monsoon contributes
(Fig.26).
84%, post-monsoon contributes 9%, winter rains
contributes 3% and summer rains contributes 4%. Normal onset of monsoon 11-17 June
The historical rainfall data (last 30 years) indicated Onset of monsoon during 2018 14 June
that the variability in rainfall during south-west Annual mean rainfall 807.0 mm
monsoon was deficit (-16%) of the average rainfall. Annual rainfall during 2018-19 905.4 mm
The onset (south-west) of monsoon is during 24th Mean crop seasonal rainfall 688.0 and 82.0 mm,
during kharif and rabi respectively
SMW and post-monsoon rains were uncertain. For
Actual crop seasonal rainfall 905.4 mm and 0.0 mm,
the past 10-15 years, dry spells are being experienced during (2018-19) respectively
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Normal 2018
350 mented
300 Weather RTCP
Crop Stage of crop
250 aberration implemented
Rainfall (mm)
200 Early season Soybean, Opening of furrow

Vegetative
150
drought cotton in each row
Boll
100 Cotton Foliar spray
development
50
Protective
Pod
0 Mid season Soybean irrigation,
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec initiation
drought foliar spray
Month
Flowering and
Protective
Fig. 26: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Chickpea pod
irrigation
Warkhed development

Dry spell
08 13-20 June Soybean, cotton, pigeonpea, greengram Vegetative
13 28 July - 10 August Soybean, greengram Flowering
Cotton, pigeonpea Vegetative
23 28 August - 21 September Soybean Pod initiation and development
Cotton Square formation and boll initiation
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations ratio (2.4) and RWUE (1.86 kg/ha-mm) at Warkhed
Real time contingency planning village as compared to farmers’ practice of without
furrow opening (1536 kg/ha) (Table …). At new
village, Kajleshwar, in-situ moisture conservation
During kharif, a dry spell of 13 days occurred during through openingof furrows in each row after 30-35
28 July-10 August coinciding with pod development DAS of soybean recorded higher seed yield (1570
stage of soybean (JS-335) in-situ moisture kg/ha), net returns (Rs.29381/ha), B:C ratio (2.21)
conservation through openingof furrows in each row and RWUE (1.73 kg/ha-mm) compared to farmers’
after 30-35 DAS of soybean recorded higher seed practice of without furrow opening (1427 kg/ha)
yield (1875 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.33120/ha), B:C (Table 102)
Conservation furrow in soybean Soybean under farmers’ practice
93
Table 102: Effect of conservation furrow on yield and economics of soybean

Farming Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
situation/soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Warkhed Medium deep black soils Opening of furrow (30-35 DAS) 1875 1.86 33120 2.4
Farmers’ practice (without furrow) 1536 1.7 25869 2.07
Kajleshwar Medium deep black soils Opening of furrow (30-35 DAS) 1570 1.73 29381 2.21
In cotton, in-situ moisture conservation through (1.56 kg/ha-mm) at Warkhed village as compared to
opening of furrows in each row after 30-35 DAS farmers’ practice of without furrow opening (1622
recorded higher seed cotton yield (1776 kg/ha), net kg/ha) (Table 103).
returns (Rs.54051/ha), B:C ratio (2.16) and RWUE
Table 103: Effect of conservation furrow on yield and economics of cotton
Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation/soil type Intervention
(kg/ha) (kg/ ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Medium deep black soils Opening of furrow (30-35 DAS) 1776 1.56 54051 2.16
Cotton with conservation furrow Cotton without conservation furrow
Situation: Mid season drought rainwater in farm pond recorded higher seed yield
At Warkhed village, a dry spell of 23 days occurred (1952 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 41905/ha), B:C ratio
during 28 August- 21 September coinciding with pod (2.70) and WUE (2.16 kg/ha-mm) over farmers’
development stage of soybean (JS-335). Application practice of no protective irrigation (1726 kg/ha)
of one protective irrigation (25 mm) from harvested (Table 104).
Farm pond at Warkhed village Soybean with protective irrigation Soybean without protective irrigation
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 104: Effect of protective irrigation on yield and economics of soybean

Farming situation/soil type Intervention Yield (kg/ha) WUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Protective irrigation 1952 2.16 41905 2.70
Medium deep black soil
At Warkhed village, foliar spray of KCl @ 2% at 55806/ha), B:C ratio (2.2) and RWUE (2.0 kg/ha-
boll development stage in cotton recorded higher mm) compared to farmers’ practice of no foliar
seed cotton yield (1810 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. spray (1628 kg/ha) (Table 105).
Table 105: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of cotton

Farming situation/ soil Intervention Seed cotton RWUE Net returns
B:C ratio
type yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha)
Medium deep black soil Foliar spray KCl @ 2% 1810 2.00 55806 2.20
At Warkhed village, foliar spray of complex fertilizer village, foliar spray of complex fertilizer (19:19:19)
(19:19:19) @ 2% at pod initiation stage in soybean @ 2% at pod initiation stage in soybean recorded
recorded higher seed yield (3848 kg/ha), net returns higher seed yield (3557 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.
(Rs. 34643/ha), B:C ratio (2.42) and RWUE (1.91 29992/ha), B:C ratio (2.33) and RWUE (1.75 kg/
kg/ha-mm) over the farmers’ practice of no foliar ha-mm) over the farmers’ practice of no foliar spray
spray (3408 kg/ha) (Table 106). At Kajleshwar (3136 kg/ha)
Table 106: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of soybean

Farming situation/ Intervention Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Village
Warkhed Medium deep black soil Foliar spray 3848 1.91 34643 2.42
Kajleshwar Medium deep black soil Foliar spray 3557 1.75 29992 2.33
At Warkhed village, two protective irrigations from seed yield (1862 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 41959/ha)
harvested rainwater in farm pond at flowering and and B:C ratio (2.30) compared to farmers’ practice
pod development stage in chickpea recorded higher (18369 kg/ha) (Table 107).
Chickpea with two protective irrigations Chickpea without protective irrigation
95
Table 107: Effect of protective irrigations on Preparedness

yield and economics of chickpea
Cropping systems
Farming
Yield Net returns B:C
situation/ Intervention Soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) intercropping system
(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
soil type
recorded 10.3% higher soybean equivalent yield
Medium Two protective 1862 41959 2.64
deep black irrigations (2562 kg/ha) as compared to farmers’ practice of
soil One protective 1604 32860 2.30 soybean + pigeonpea (6:1) system (2323 kg/ha),
irrigation
with higher net returns (Rs. 38735/ha), B:C ratio
Farmers’ 1369 13333 1.55
practice (no (2.31) and RWUE (2.30 kg/ha-mm) (Table 108).
irrigation)
Table 108: Performance of soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) intercropping system

Farming situa- Yield (kg/ha) MCEY(kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
tion/ soil type Soybean Pigeonpea 2018-19 Mean (6 years) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Medium deep Soybean + pigeon- 1369 740 2562 2078 38735 2.31 2.30
black soils pea (4:2)
Soybean + pigeon- 1465 533 2323 1537 20999 1.71 1.70
pea (6:1) (Farmers’
practice)
Cotton + greengram (1:1) intercropping system ratio (1.90) and RWUE (1.89 kg/ha-mm) compared
gave 30.8% higher cotton equivalent yield (2046 to sole cotton (1564 kg/ha) (Table 109).
kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs. 45273/ha), B:C
Table 109: Performance of cotton + greengram (1:1) intercropping system
Farming situa- Cropping Yield (kg/ha) MCEY (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
tion/ soil type system Cotton Green gram 2018-19 Mean (6 years) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Medium deep Cotton + 1452 697 2046 1709 45273 1.90 1.89
black soils greengram
(1:1)
Farmers’ 1564 -- 1564 1365 35222 1.79 1.51
practice (sole
cotton)
1.2.2 BENGALURU was deficit by 192.9 mm (21%) compared to

normal (920.0 mm) (Fig.27). During kharif season
Bengaluru is located in Deccan (Karnataka) Normal 2018
250
plateau of Central Eastern Ghats (AESR 8.2), dry
zone in Karnataka. The climate is hot moist semi- 200
Rainfall (mm)
arid. Annual average rainfall is 926 mm. Length of 150
growing period is 120-150 days. 100

During 2018, the onset of monsoon was timely (2 nd
Month
June). A rainfall of 727.8 mm was received which Fig.27: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Bengaluru
96
AICRPDA – NICRA
(June-September), 337.6 mm rainfall was recorded Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented
which was deficit by 170.7 mm (33.6%) against Weather Crop Stage of RTCP
normal of 508.3 mm. In rabi season, rainfall was aberration crop implemented
51.8 mm which was deficit by 182.1 mm (77.8%) Mid season Fingermillet Flag leaf Foliar spray
drought
than the normal of 233.9 mm and in summer, 269.4
mm rainfall was recorded and was excess by 94.6 Salient achievements of on-station experiments
mm (54.0%) than normal of 174.8 mm. Real time contingency planning
Normal onset of monsoon 2 June Situation: Mid season drought
Onset of monsoon during 2018 2 June Foliar spray in fingermillet during dry spell recorded
Annual mean rainfall 920.4 mm numerically higher grain (1550 kg/ha) and straw
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 727.8 mm yield (1677 kg/ha) compared to foliar spray after
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 508.3 & 233.9 mm, relieving of stress/dry spell (1386 and 1685 kg/ha).
kharif & rabi respectively
Among different sources of nutrients, foliar spray
Crop seasonal rainfall during 337.60 & 51.8 mm,
2018-19 (kharif & rabi) respectively
of 0.5% water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19)
recorded numerically higher grain yield (1920 kg/
Dry spell ratio (2.52) compared to control (1050 kg/ha). The
Stage of the
Duration Dates and Crop
crop interaction effect among different foliar sprays on
(days) months grain yield of finger millet was found non-significant
12 6-17 October Fingermillet Flag leaf (Table 110).
Table 110: Performance of fingermillet under different foliar sprays during mid season drought
Grain yield Straw yield
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
Pooled Pooled (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
2018 2018
(2 years) (2 years)
Main plot
M1: Foliar spray during dry spell 1550 1030 1677 3090 24760 2.02 5.72
M2: Foliar spray after relieving of stress/ dry spell 1386 942 1685 2842 19857 1.82 3.91
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS - - -
Sub plot
T1:Urea @1% 1350 944 1898 3010 19709 1.83 4.96
T2:Urea @ 2% 1729 1162 1747 2951 30815 2.30 6.37
T3:Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) 1920 1242 1825 3329 36386 2.52 7.08
@ 0.5%
T4:T3+ rec. dose of micronutrient as foliar spray* 1650 876 1277 3116 25768 2.00 6.08
T5:Rec. dose of micronutrient as foliar spray 1226 1103 1690 3192 14030 1.56 3.09
T6:Water spray 1354 808 1658 2638 19038 1.79 3.19
T7:Control (no spray of any nutrient/ water) 1050 767 1672 2528 10415 1.44 2.90
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS - - -
*Recommended dose of micronutrient as foliar spray: Borax @ 75 g/ha and zinc sulphate @ 75 g/ha
97
c. On-farm demonstrations stages of major rainfed crops. The extreme events

Village profile like unusual and high intensity rainfall/ hail storm
in short span are occurring during kharif and rabi
seasons.
Chikkamaranahalli cluster villages (Mudalapalya,
Hosapalya, Chikkamaranahalli, Chikkamaranahalli
colony and Chikkaputtayanapalya), Nelamangala During 2018, in Chikkamaranahalli village, the
taluk, Bengaluru rural district, Karnataka. The total onset of monsoon was timely (2nd June). A rainfall of
cultivated area is 409.2 ha out of which 367.4 ha 609.0 mm was received which was deficit by 144.4
is rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 750 mm mm (23.9%) compared to normal (753.4 mm). Out
with seasonal rainfall of 442 mm during kharif of total rainfall, kharif season received 327.0 mm,
(June-September). The major soil type is sandy which was deficit by 88.1 mm (21.23%) compared
clay loam. The major rainfed crops during kharif to normal of 415.1 mm (Fig.28). Rabi season
are fingermillet, groundnut and pigeonpea. The received 64.0 mm which was deficit by 177.6 mm
numbers of small, marginal, medium and large (73.5%) compared to normal of 241.6 mm and in
farmers are 48, 144, 7 and 2, respectively. The summer, it was 218.0 mm against normal of 95.6
ground water table is 350 feet below surface. The mm which was excess by 122.4 mm (128%).
source of irrigation is bore wells covering 4.39 ha Normal onset of monsoon 2 June
of cultivated area. Onset of monsoon during 2018 2 June
The climate in this agro-climatic zone is semi- Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 415.1 & 241.6 mm,
arid. Out of the total annual average rainfall of 750 kharif & rabi respectively
Crop seasonal rainfall during 327.0 mm & 64.0
mm, the south-west monsoon contributes 55.5%, 2018-19 (kharif & rabi) mm, respectively
north-east monsoon 33.3% and summer 11.13%.
The historical rainfall data (of 30 years) indicates
Normal 2018
that the variability in rainfall during south- west 200
monsoon is 8% surplus of the average rainfall. The
160
onset (south-west) of monsoon is during 23rd SMW
Rainfall (mm)
(Standard meteorological week, June 1st week) 120
has shifted to June 2nd week, followed by erratic 80

rainfall and north-east monsoon is 40th SMW. For
40
the past 15 years, the dry spells during crop season
were experienced in June, July, August, September 0
and October and at vegetative and reproductive Month
stages of the major rainfed crops. The soil moisture

status is deficit during vegetative and reproductive Chikkamaranahalli

Dry spell
33 7 June - 8 July Cowpea, Groundnut Germination
24 14 July - 6 August Fingermillet, Pigeonpea Germination stage
Field bean, cowpea Pod filling
10 17 August - 26 August Fingermillet, pigeonpea Germination to establishment
Groundnut Flowering to peg initiation
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AICRPDA – NICRA
Dry spell
16 30 August – 14 September Fingermillet Seedling to tillering
Pigeonpea Vegetative to flowering
Groundnut Pod formation to maturity
15 30 September- 14 October Fingermillet Tillering to flag leaf
Pigeonpea Flowering to pod formation
Groundnut Harvesting
Horse gram Germination to establishment
39 16 October- 23 November Fingermillet Flowering
Pigeonpea Grain filling
43 24 November- 5 January Fingermillet Maturity/ harvest
Pigeonpea Maturity

Fingermillet, groundnut Fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea
Early season drought Upland-loamy sand
pigeonpea (BRG-5) (8:2) with conservation furrow
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations paired rows of pigeonpea recorded higher

Real time contingency planning fingermillet grain equivalent yield, net returns and
B:C ratio compared to farmers’ practice of growing
fingermillet + mixed cropping (Akkadi) with an yield
Intercropping of fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea advantage ranging from 34 to 44.7% in different
(BRG-5) (8:2) with conservation furrow between cluster villages (Table 111).
Table 111 : Performance of in-situ moisture conservation in fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) intercrop-
ping system
Farming Fingermillet
Village situation/ Intervention equivalent yield
soil type (kg/ha)
Mudalapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2298 42200 2.36 7.46
sand in-situ moisture conservation
Fingermillet + akkadi 1344 9601 1.30 4.36
Hosapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2136 37223 2.20 6.93
Chikkamaranahalli Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2141 36715 2.19 6.95
Chikkamaranahalli Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2139 37427 2.21 6.94
colony sand in-situ moisture conservation
Chikkaputtayyana- Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2348 43852 2.42 7.62
palya sand in-situ moisture conservation
Chikkahosapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) with 2019 33390 2.08 6.55
99
Preparedness net return and B: C ratio (2400 kg/ha, Rs. 53862/

Cropping systems ha and 3.29, respectively) compared to medium
duration (GPU-28) and short duration varieties
Among different varieties of fingermillet, long
(GPU-48) (Table 112).
duration variety (MR-6) recorded higher grain yield,
Table 112: Performance of different fingermillet varieties

Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns B:C
Variety Duration (days)
soil type Grain Straw (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Upland-loamy sand MR-6 117 2400 3612 9.67 53862 3.29
GPU-28 103 1700 2040 9.34 30522 2.30
GPU-48 98 1420 1633 7.80 21512 1.91
Among the pulse based intercropping systems at mm), net returns (Rs. 20012/ha) and B:C ratio (1.72)
Chikkamaranahalli village, pigeonpea (BRG-1) compared to the farmers’ practice of sole pigeonpea
+ field bean (HA-4) recorded higher pigeonpea (523 kg/ha) (Table 113).
equivalent yield (872 kg/ha), RWUE (2.20 kg/ha-
Table 113: Yield and economics of pulse based intercropping systems
Farming situation/ PEY (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns B:C
Crop
soil type 2018-19 Mean (7 years) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Upland-loamy sand Pigeonpea + cowpea (1:1) 678 1059 1.71 13357 1.49
Pigeonpea + field bean (1:1) 872 1142 2.20 20012 1.72
Sole pigeonpea 523 615 1.32 3210 0.94
PEY: Pigeonpea equivalent yield
Pigeonpea + cowpea intercropping (1:1) Pigeonpea + field bean (1:1)
Fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea (BRG-5) (8:2) compared to farmers’ practice of fingermillet +

intercropping system recorded higher fingermillet akkadi (multiple crops) at all the cluster villages
equivalent yield, net return and B:C ratio as (Table 114).
Table 114: Yield and economics of fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) intercropping system
FEY (kg/ha)
Farming situa- Net returns B:C RWUE
Village Intervention Mean
tion/ soil type 2018-19 (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(7 years)
Mudalapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2395 2728 31418 2.13 4.88
sand pea (8:2)
Fingermillet + akkadi 1409 1763 13646 3.48 3.48
100
AICRPDA – NICRA
FEY (kg/ha)
Village Intervention Mean
tion/ soil type 2018-19 (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(7 years)
Hosapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2236 2567 42815 2.46 7.25
sand pea (8:2)
Chikkamaranahalli Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2310 2836 46069 2.57 7.49
sand pea (8:2)
Chikkamaranahalli Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2502 2682 51571 2.76 8.12
colony sand pea (8:2)
Chikkaputtayyanapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2445 2574 49226 2.68 7.93
sand pea (8:2)
Chikkahosapalya Upland-loamy Fingermillet + pigeon- 2224 - 43730 2.49 7.22
sand pea (8:2)
Fingermillet + akkadi 1585 15.057 1.46 5.14
FEY=Fingermillet equivalent yield
Fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) Fingermillet + akkadi system
Nutrient management equivalent yield, net returns and B:C ratio compared
Application of 100% RDF+12.5 kg/ha of ZnSO4 to application of 100% RDF alone in Mudalpalya,
in fingermillet (MR-1) + pigeonpea (BRG-5) Chikkamaranhalli and Chikkaputtayyanapalya
(8:2), intercropping system recorded higher grain villages (Table 115).
Table 115: Effect of nutrient management in fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) intercropping system
Farming FEY (kg/ha)
Village situation/ Intervention Mean
2018-19 (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
soil type (7 years)
Mudalapalya Upland- 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 2702 2960 59473 3.24 8.77
loamy sand 12.5 kg/ha
100% RDF 2395 2728 31418 2.13 4.88
Chikkamara- Upland- 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 2677 2807 59173 3.22 8.69
nahalli loamy sand 12.5 kg/ha
100% RDF 2502 2682 51571 2.76 8.12
Chikkaput- Upland- 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 2663 2884 58521 3.20 8.64
tayyanapalya loamy sand 12.5 kg/ha
100% RDF 2445 2574 49226 2.68 7.93
FEY: Fingermillet equivalent yield; 100% RDF: 50:40:37.5 kg NPK/ha
101
Application of 100% RDF+12.5 kg/ha of ha) and B:C ratio (2.08, 2.04 and 1.87) compared
ZnSO4 in groundnut (GKVK-5) + pigeonpea (BRG- to application of 100% RDF alone in Hosapalya,
1) (8:2) intercropping system recorded higher Chikkaputtayyanapalya and Chikkahosapalya
groundnut equivalent yield (1792, 1758 and 1611 villages (Table 116).
kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 34941, 33573 and 27675/
Table 116: Effect of nutrient management on yield and economics of groundnut + pigeonpea (8:2)
intercropping system
GNEY (kg/ha)
Village Crop Intervention Mean
2018-19 (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(3 years)
Hosapalya Groundnut + 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 1792 1752 34941 2.08 4.65
pigeonpea (8:2) 12.5 kg/ha
100% RDF 1434 1553
Chikkaputtayanapalya Groundnut + 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 1758 2121 33573 2.04 4.56
100% RDF 1511 1855
Chikkahosapalya Groundnut + 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 1611 27675 1.87 4.18
100% RDF 1213
GNEY: Groundnut equivalent yield; 100% RDF: 25:50:25 kg NPK/ha
1.2.3 INDORE Normal onset of monsoon 12-18 June

a. Agro-ecological setting Onset of monsoon during 2018 18 June
Indore centre is located in Central highlands Annual mean rainfall 958 mm

(Malwa) Gujarat plain Kathiawar peninsula Annual rainfall during 2018-19 756.7 mm
semiarid eco region (AESR 5.1) and Malwa plateau Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 854.5 and 64.5
in Madhya Pradesh. The climate is hot dry semi-arid
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018- 756.7 and 0.0 mm,
and annual rainfall is 944 mm. 19 (kharif and rabi) respectively
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Dry spell
Stage of the
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal Duration Dates and Crop
crop
(days) months
(18 June), and an annual rainfall of 756.7 mm was
7 30 July - Soybean, Vegetative
received which was deficit by 201.3 mm compared 05 August maize, pigeonpea
to normal (958.0 mm). During south-west monsoon
7 10-16 Soybean, maize, Seed filling
(kharif), the rainfall received was 756.7 mm against September pigeonpea and maturity
the normal (854.5 mm) which was deficit by 97.8 Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
mm. During rabi (October-December), no rainfall mented
was received compared to normal (64.5 mm).
Weather Crop Stage RTCP
During summer, no rainfall was received compared aberration of crop implemented
to normal (30.6 mm) (Fig.29). Mid season drought Soybean Vegetative Foliar spray
102
AICRPDA – NICRA
Normal 2018
137, respectively. The ground water table is 20 m.
300 The sources of irrigation are open well, bore well,
250 tube well, farm ponds, nallah etc., covering 60% of
200 cultivated area.
Rainfall (mm)
150
100
In general, the climate in this zone is semiarid.
50
The south-west monsoon contributes 90– 94%,
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec winter rains contribute 3-6% and summer rain
Month contribute 3-4% of the total annual average rainfall
Fig.29 : Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Indore of 958 mm. The normal onset (southwest) of
monsoon is during 24 SMW. The dry spells during
crop season were experienced in September and at
Real time contingency planning seed formation stage of soybean and maize. The
Situation: Mid season drought onset of the monsoon is normal or shifts about 8-10
Foliar spray of urea @ 2% in soybean during days i.e., 26 SMW (June end) and the withdrawal
branching and initiation of flowering recorded is early (37 SMW). The data on normal and actual
highest seed yield (1222 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. maximum and minimum temperatures follow the
17889/ha) and B:C ratio (1.89) followed by foliar same trend from 19 SMW to 49 SMW. Thereafter,
spray of water soluble NPK (19:19:19) @ 0.5% from 50 SMW to 20 SMW the actual values were
(1204 kg/ha) (Table 117). lower than the corresponding normal values. Thus,
the maximum and minimum temperatures have
Table 117: Effect of foliar spray on soybean (JS-
decreased for rabi crops. The extreme events like
20-34) yield and economics
unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span had
Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C been increasing as the rains have accrued between
Treatment
Seed Stalk (Rs/ha) ratio
22-42 SMW with two peaks of more than 250 mm
Urea 2% 1222 2019 17889 1.89 per week during 34 and 35 SMW. Further, there had
NPK (19:19:19) @ 1162 1894 16023 1.80 been three peaks of more than 100 mm per week and
0.5% + insecticide
these are 28, 30 and 32 SMW during kharif and no
NPK (19:19:19) @ 1204 2037 17315 1.87
0.5% rains were received during rabi season. The region
Chlormequat chloride 1157 1991 15880 1.79 has been experiencing other extreme events like
@ 375 ml/ha frost. There were four events of occurrence of frost
c. On-farm demonstrations that was on 14th, 15th, 22nd January and 9th February
2012. There has been considerable shift in the
Village profile
rainfall pattern and sowing window for soybean is
The program is being implemented in Nignoti from 23-25 SMW. For the last eight decades (1930
village, Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. The total to 2010), the maximum and minimum temperatures
cultivated area is 248 ha out of which 100 ha is showed increasing trend, while decreasing trend of
rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 958 mm with rainfall was observed for the same period at Indore.
seasonal rainfall of 854.5 mm during kharif (June-
September). The major soil types are medium deep
to deep black soils. The major rainfed crops during During 2018, the onset of monsoon was
kharif are soybean, maize, sorghum, and wheat normal (17 June) and annual rainfall of 645.9
and chickpea during rabi season. The number of mm was received which was deficit by 312.1 mm
small, marginal and large farmers is 65, 47 and compared to normal (958.0 mm) (Fig.). During
103
south-west monsoon (kharif), 645.9 mm of rainfall Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
was received against the normal of 854.5 mm, and Dry spell
Stage of the
was deficit by 208.6 mm (24.4%). During rabi, no Duration Dates & Crop
crop
rainfall was received against the normal of 64.5 mm (days) months
and in summer also no rainfall was received against 15 26 July-09 Soybean, Vegetative, early
August maize, flowering
normal rainfall of 30.7 mm (Fig.30). pigeonpea
Normal onset of monsoon 12-18 June 16 22 August - Soybean, Late maturity,
Onset of monsoon during 2018 17 June 06 September maize, vegetative (pi-
pigeonpea geonpea)
12 09 - 20 Soybean, Late maturity,
September maize, vegetative (pi-
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 854.5 and 64.5, pigeonpea geonpea)
kharif and rabi respectively
- 23 September Soybean, Maturity
Crop seasonal rainfall during 645.9 and 0.0 mm,
onwards maize,
2018-19 (kharif and rabi) respectively
pigeonpea
Normal 2018
Real time contingency practices (RTCP)
300 implemented: Nil
250
200
Rainfall (mm)
Preparedness
150
100 Rainwater management

50 Construction of five excavated tanks during 2018-
0 19 helped in storing huge amount of runoff water
Month in these tanks and decreased the offsite damage and
erosion from the lower fields due to retarded runoff
Nignoti amount and velocity (Table 118).
Table 118: Details of new tanks constructed during 2018-19

Tank dimension(m)
Farmers’
Village Top Bottom Capacity (m3) Land holding (ha)
name Depth
L W L W
Goutam Singh Ningnoti 21.5 14.5 15 9 4 893.5 4.25
Abhay Singh Ningnoti 15 11 11.2 10.3 4.5 630.81 0.87
Ishwar Singh Ningnoti 57.5 15.5 53.5 11.5 2 1506.5 5.00
Raju Upmanyu Bisakhedi 33 11 29.7 6.3 2 550.11 3.00
Pawan Bisakhedi 26 14.5 17.5 15.6 2.7 877.5 4.25
During rabi, one supplemental irrigation from Dollar varieties, respectively with higher net
harvested rainwater increased the yield of chickpea returns and B:C ratio compared to no supplemental
by 23.7, 15.6 and 5.5 % in Vishal, Jaki-9218 and irrigation (Table 119).
Table 119: Effect of supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater on yield and economics of
chickpea
Seed yield (kg/ha) WUE Net returns B:C
Variety
With supplemental irrigation Without supplemental irrigation (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Vishal 862 1130 1.75 19180 0.89
Jaki-9218 760 900 1.39 10900 0.51
Dollar 1040 1100 1.70 42600 1.82
104
AICRPDA – NICRA
Cropping systems ha) and B:C ratio (4.73) compared to Jyoti (13800
During kharif 2018, new soybean variety JS- kg/ha) and Chipsona (12240 kg/ha) (Table 121).
2034 produced higher seed yield (1975 kg/ha), net Table 121: Performance of potato varieties
returns (Rs. 40238/ha), B:C ratio (2.01) and RWUE Tuber yield Net returns B:C
Variety
(3.06 kg/ha-mm) followed by JS 95-60 (1706 kg/ (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
ha, Rs. 32033/ha and 1.60) compared to RVS-6124 Jyoti 13800 114600 4.58
(1587 kg/ha) (Table 120). ALR 14160 118200 4.73
Chipsona 12240 99000 3.96
Table 120: Performance of new soybean varieties
Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C During rabi, wheat variety Tejas produced
Variety
(kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio 28.1% higher grain yield (5350 kg/ha), with higher
JS 95-60 1706 2.64 32033 1.60 net returns (Rs. 81050/ha) and B:C ratio (3.12) with
JS-2034 1975 3.06 40238 2.01
improved practice compared to farmers’ practice
RVS- 1587 2.46 28404 1.42
6124 (4175kg/ha). Other varieties, Lok 1 and Anmol also
produced 14.4 and 8.4% higher grain yield (4175
During rabi, potato variety ALR produced higher and 4854 kg/ha) over farmers’ practice (3650 and
tuber yield (14160 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 118200/ 4479 kg/ha) respectively (Table 122).
Table 122: Performance of new wheat varieties

Yield without intervention Yield with improved RWUE Net returns B:C
Variety
(kg/ha) practice (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Anmol 4479 4854 6.1 71121 1.44
Tejas 4175 5350 6.7 81050 3.12
Lok 1 3650 4175 5.2 57550 2.22
1.2.4 PARBHANI to normal (880.9 mm). During kharif 802.4 mm

a. Agro-ecological setting rainfall was recorded which was deficit by 32.6 mm
(3.9%) than normal rainfall of 835.0 mm (Fig.31).
Parbhani centre is located in Central and
Western Maharashtra plateau eco-sub-region. Normal onset of monsoon 10 June
Marathwada region of Maharashtra state comprises
8 districts with average annual precipitation of 807
Annual mean rainfall during 2018-19 812.1 mm
mm. The region is dominated by medium black Mean crop seasonal rainfall during kharif 835.0 mm
cotton soils (60%), followed by heavy and shallow Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018 (kharif) 802.4 mm
soils 15-20% each. Though the majority area falls
under assured rainfall zone, it is characterized by Normal 2018
350
2-3 prolonged dry spells during crop growth. During 300
recent past soybean, cotton and pigeonpea are major 250
Rainfall (mm)
crops in dryland areas. 200
100
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal 0

(9 June). A rainfall of 812.1 mm was received
th
Month
which was deficit by 68.6 mm (7.8%) compared Fig. 31 : Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Parbhani
105
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) Salient achievements of on-station experiments
Dry spell Real time contingency planning
Stage of the
Duration Dates & Crop Situation: Mid season drought
crop
(days) months During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 33 days occurred
25 22 July - 15 Soybean, Flowering & (28August to 30 September) at boll development
August pigeonpea, pod formation of cotton. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded
cotton
significantly higher seed cotton yield (1659 kg/
33 28 August - Soybean, Grain filling ha), net returns (Rs. 53759/ha), B:C ratio (2.46)
30 September pigeonpea, and maturity and RWUE (2.94 kg-mm/ha) compared to other
cotton
treatments. Foliar spray during dry spell recorded
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) significantly higher seed cotton yield (1580 kg/
implemented ha) with higher net returns (Rs.49566/ha) and B:C
ratio (2.35) compared to foliar spray after relieving
Weather RTCP of stress (Table 123). Foliar spray of water soluble
Crop Stage of crop
complex fertilizer (19:19:19) at 0.5% + ZnSO4 @
Mid season Cotton, Vegetative Foliar spray 0.5% also recorded higher relative water content
drought soybean,
(RWC) and chlorophyll content (Table 124).
Table 123: Effect of foliar spray on cotton yield and economics

Seed cotton Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
yield (kg/ha) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 1580 36539 49566 2.35 2.80
Foliar spray after relieving of stress /dry spell 1307 36539 34708 1.94 2.32
CD at 5% 15 799 -
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 1385 35280 40202 2.13 2.46
Urea @ 2% 1399 35360 40886 2.15 2.48
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 1449 36740 42203 2.14 2.57
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 1551 38270 46250 2.20 2.75
0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 1500 39800 41941 2.05 2.66
Water spray 1325 35200 36994 2.05 2.35
KNO3 @ 1.5% 1659 36665 53759 2.46 2.94
Control (no spray of any material/water) 1282 35000 34860 1.84 2.27
CD at 5% 100 - 5466 - -
Table 124: Effect of foliar spray on RWC, chlorophyll content and NDVI values in cotton
% RWC Chlorophyll content NDVI
Treatment
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
Urea @ 1% 102.8 127.6 41.9 42.2 0.782 0.826
Urea @ 2% 108.9 129.8 41.9 42.4 0.780 0.814
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 112.9 135.5 42.9 42.9 0.804 0.818
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 156.2 156.2 43.4 42.7 0.800 0.822
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 146.9 150.0 41.5 41.6 0.832 0.814
Water spray 107.1 118.8 40.9 41.0 0.786 0.782
KNO3 @ 1.5% 176.2 158.6 44.3 43.2 0.838 0.856
Control (no spray of any material/water) 91.1 89.2 40.4 40.6 0.796 0.776
T1: Foliar spray during dryspell; T2: Foliar spray after relieving of dryspell
106
AICRPDA – NICRA
Foliar sprays of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded treatments (Table 125). Foliar spray during dry spell
significantly higher soybean seed yield (1075 kg/ recorded higher seed yield (1026 kg/ha), net returns
ha), net returns (Rs. 13203/ha), B:C ratio (1.56) (Rs. 12865/ha) and B:C ratio (1.58) compared to
and RWUE (1.91 kg-mm/ha) compared to other foliar spray after relieving of stress/dry spell.
Table 125: Effect of foliar spray on soybean (MAUS 158) seed yield and economics
Seed yield Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 1026 12865 1.58 1.82
Foliar spray after relieving of stress /dry spell 829 6161 1.27 1.47
CD at 5% 44.1 1499.3 - -
Sub plot:
Urea @ 1% 871 9048 1.44 1.54
Urea @ 2% 894 6970 1.46 1.58
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 960 9143 1.38 1.70
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 1001 10335 1.43 1.77
+ ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 986 9457 1.39 1.75
Water spray 837 8046 1.39 1.48
KNO3 @ 1.5% 1075 13203 1.56 1.91
Control (no spray of any material/water) 798 7183 1.35 1.41
CD at 5% 102.3 3479.4 - -
c. On-farm demonstrations and summer rainfall contributes about 5%. The
Village profile historical rainfall data (of 30 years) indicated
The program is being implemented in Babulgaon that the variability in rainfall during south-west
village in Jintur Taluka, and new village Ujalamba, monsoon is 10-15% deficit of the average rainfall.
Parbhani Taluka and district, Maharashtra. The total The onset (south-west) of monsoon is during 22-23
cultivated area is 951.06 ha out of which 880.00 ha SMW. For the past 15 years, the dry spells during
is rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 880 mm with crop season were experienced during August and
seasonal rainfall of 812.1 mm during kharif (June- at vegetative or reproductive stages of the major
September). The major soil types are medium deep rainfed crops. The onset of monsoon was normal.
to deep black soils. The major rainfed crops during The soil moisture status was deficit during maturity
kharif are soybean, sorghum, cotton, pigeonpea, stages of major rainfed crops. The maximum and
greengram, blackgram and during rabi are sorghum, minimum temperatures during crop season are 41
safflower and linseed. The source of irrigation is and 210C, respectively. The extreme events like
unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span are
open wells covering 5% of cultivated area.
increasing during kharif and rabi seasons. There had
been a considerable shift in the rainfall pattern and
The climate in this agro-climatic zone is it is observed that during last 5 years the onset of
semi-arid. Out of the total annual average rainfall effective monsoon was in the 1st fortnight of July
of 880mm, the south-west monsoon contributes instead of last week of June.
80 to 85%, winter rains contribute 10 to 15%
107
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) Weeding with hoe at 21-25 DAS in soybean
Dry spell produced 14.7% higher seed yield (1100 kg/ha)
Dura- Stage of the compared to without weeding and intercultural
Dates & Crop
tion crop
(days)
months operations, with higher net returns (Rs 17400/ha)
Soybean, pigeonpea, Vegetative (Table 127).
9 12-20 June greengram, black-
gram and cotton Table 127: Effect of weeding/interculture on soy-
Soybean, pigeonpea, Flowering bean yield and economics
22 July – 15 greengram, black- and
25 Farming Intervention Seed RWUE Net
August gram and cotton Pod forma- B:C
situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns
tion ratio
soil type (kg/ha) mm) (Rs/ha)
Soybean, pigeonpea, Grain filling
28 August - Light to Weeding/in- 1100 1.95 17400 1.87
33 greengram, black- stage and
30 September medium terculture
gram and cotton maturity
black soil
Farmers’ 959 1.70 12606 1.63
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) practice (no
implemented weeding)
Weather Crop Stage of RTCP

In Ujalamba village, a dry spell of 9 days
aberration crop implemented
Early season Soybean, Vegetative Weeding and occurred during 12-20 June at vegetative stage
drought pigeonpea intercultivation of crops. In-situ moisture conservation with dust
Mid season Soybean, Flowering Furrow opening,
drought pigeonpea supplemental mulching and straw mulching @ 5 t/ha produced
irrigation, foliar 11.8% higher yield compared to without mulching,
spray
Terminal Soybean, Seed filling Supplemental
with higher net returns (Rs 15360/ha) and B:C ratio
drought pigeonpea and maturity irrigation, foliar (1.76) (Table 128).
spray
Table 128: Effect of mulching on soybean yield
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations and economics
Real time contingency planning Farming Seed RWUE Net
Intervention B:C
Situation: Early season drought situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns
ratio
In Babulgaon village, a dry spell of 9 days
Light to Straw 1040 1.79 15360 1.76
occurred during 12-20 June at vegetative stage of medium mulching @
crops. In-situ moisture conservation through dust black soil 5 t/ha
mulching and straw mulching @ 5 t/ha produced Farmers’ 930 1.65 11620 1.58
13.5 (1010 kg/ha) higher yield compared to without practice (no
mulching)
mulching with higher net returns (Rs 14340/ha)
(Table 126). In Ujalamba village, weeding with hoe and
Table 126: Effect of mulching on soybean seed interculture at 21-25 DAS produced 11 to 12%
yield and economics higher seed yield compared to without weeding and
Farming Intervention Seed RWUE Net interculture operations. Among the crops soybean
B:C
situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns produced higher seed yield (1085 kg/ha) with higher
ratio
Light to Straw mulch- 1010 1.79 14340 1.71
net returns (Rs 16890/ha) compared to pigeonpea
medium ing @ 5 t/ha (Table 129).
black soil Farmers’ 890 1.58 10260 1.51
practice (no
mulching)
108
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 129: Effect of weeding/interculture on soybean and pigeonpea yields and economics
Yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation Crop Intervention
Soybean Weeding/interculture 1085 1.92 16890 1.84
Light to medium black soil
Pigeonpea Weeding/interculture 600 1.06 12700 1.67
Farmers’ practice: No weeding/interculture
Situation: Mid season drought every 4 rows in soybean and after every 2 rows
During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 25 days in pigeonpea enhanced yield by 13.0 and 17.9%,
occurred (22 July to 15 August) at flowering and respectively. Among the crops, pigeonpea recorded
pod formation stage of crops. In-situ moisture highest net returns (Rs.18352/ha), RWUE (2.0 kg/
conservation through opening of furrows after ha-mm) and B:C ratio (1.9) with improved practice
of opening of furrows (Table 130).
Table 130: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of soybean and pigeonpea
Intervention Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Farming situation Crop
Light to medium black Soybean- (MAUS 71) Opening of furrows 1128 2.0 18352 1.9
Pigeon pea (BDN 711) Opening of furrows 802 1.42 15513 1.51
Farmers’ practice: No furrow opening
One supplemental irrigation of 5 cm with Table 132: Effect of foliar sprays on soybean and
sprinkler system from harvested rainwater in farm pigeonpea on yields and economics
pond at pod formation stage of soybean increased Farming Seed RWUE Net
Interven- B:C
situation/ Crop yield (kg/ha- returns
the seed yield by 67.5% (1410 kg/ha), with higher soil type
tion
(kg/ha) mm) (Rs/ha)
ratio
net returns (Rs.27869/ha), B:C ratio (2.39) and WUE Light to Soy- KNO3 @ 1070 2.08 19780 1.81
(1.63 kg/ha-mm) compared to farmers’ practice of medium bean 1%
black soil Water 988 1.75 16380 1.67
no supplemental irrigation (842 kg/ha) (Table 131).
spray
Table 131: Effect of supplemental irrigation on Farmers’ 810 1.44 7540 1.37
soybean yield and economics practice
Pi- KNO3 @ 810 1.44 15968 1.53
Farming Seed WUE Net geon- 2%
Intervention B:C
situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns pea
ratio Water 730 1.29 11427 1.38
spray
Light to Supplemental 1410 1.63 27869 2.39
Farmers’ 665 1.18 8243 1.29
medium irrigation
practice
Black Farmers’ 842 1.49 8628 1.43
practice (no
supplemental
irrigation)
Foliar spray of both KNO3 (1% & 2%) and
water sprays (35 & 60 DAS) at pod filling stage
increased the yield of soybean and pigeonpea by 9.8
to 33.2% compared to farmers’ practice of no foliar
spray. In both crops, foliar spray of KNO3 (1% &
2%) gave higher yields and net returns compared to Demonstration of foliar spray (KNO3) for dry spell
water spray (Table 132). mitigation in soyabean
109
In Ujalamba village, one supplemental Situation: Terminal drought

irrigation of 5 cm with sprinkler system, from During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 33 days
harvested rainwater in farm pond, at pod formation
occurred (28 August to 30 September) coinciding
stage of soybean increased the seed yield by 58.9%
with seed filling and harvesting stages of soybean.
(1430 kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.28620/
Supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater in
ha), B:C ratio (2.43) and WUE (1.63 kg/ha-mm)
farm pond with a depth of 5 cm in soybean (MAUS-
compared to farmers’ practice of no supplemental
irrigation (842 kg/ha) (Table 133). 158) gave highest seed yield (1410 kg/ha), net
returns (Rs.27869/ha), B:C ratio (2.39) and WUE
Table 133: Effect of supplemental irrigation on
soybean yield and economics (2.50 kg/ha-mm) compared to farmers’ practice of
no supplemental irrigation (840 kg/ha) (Table. 134).
Farming
Intervention Seed WUE Net In Ujalamba village, supplemental irrigation in
situa- B:C
yield (kg/ha- returns
tion/ soil ratio soybean (MAUS-158) gave highest soybean yield
(kg/ha) mm) (Rs/ha)
type
Light to Supplemental 1430 1.63 28620 2.43 (1430 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.28620/ha), B:C ratio
medium irrigation (2.43) and WUE (2.54 kg/ha-mm) compared to
black Farmers’ 900 1.60 10600 1.53 farmers’ practice of no supplemental irrigation (900
practice (no
supplemental kg/ha)
irrigation)
Table 134: Effect of supplemental irrigation on soybean yield and economics

Intervention Seed yield WUE Net returns B:C
Village Farming situation/ soil type
Babhulgaon Light to medium black soil Supplemental irrigation 1410 2.50 27869 2.39
Ujalamba Light to medium black soil Supplemental irrigation 1430 2.54 28620 2.43
Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% in soybean & @ compared to farmers’ practice of no foliar spray, and
2% in pigeonpea at pod filling stage increased the gave higher net returns and B:C ratio (Table 135).
yield of soybean and pigeonpea by 14.3 to 15.4%
Table 135: Effect of foliar sprays on soybean and pigeonpea yield and economics
Seed yield RWUE Net returns
Farming situation/ soil type Crop Intervention B:C ratio
(kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha)
Light to medium black soil Soybean KNO3 @ 1% 1165 2.07 19610 1.98
Pigeon pea KNO3 @ 2% 768 1.36 13584 1.45
Preparedness and RWUE of 2.13 kg/ha-mm compared to farmers’

Rainwater management practice (flat bed). Similarly, in Ujalamba village,
in-situ moisture conservation in soybean with broad
In Babhulgaon village, in-situ moisture
bed and furrow (BBF) method gave higher seed
conservation in soybean with broad bed and furrow
yield (1185 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 20990/ha), B:C
(BBF) method resulted in higher seed yield (1200
ratio (1.99) and RWUE of 2.10 kg/ha-mm compared
to farmers’ practice (flat bed) (Table 136).
110
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 136: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of soybean
Farming situ- Intervention Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
Village
ation/ soil type Seed Stalk cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Babhulgaon Light to me- BBF 1200 2120 20180 20620 2.02 2.13
dium black soil Farmers’ 995 1975 19000 14830 1.78 1.76
practice
Ujalamba Light to me- BBF 1185 - 20180 20990 1.99 2.10
dium black soil Farmers’ 1005 - 19000 15170 1.79 1.78
practice
Soybean under BBF method
Cropping systems
Intercropping of soybean + pigeonpea (4:2)
gave higher soybean equivalent yield (SEY) (1312
kg/ha), net returns (Rs.18608/ha), B:C ratio (1.71)
and RWUE (2.33 kg/ha-mm) compared to farmers’
practice of sole soybean (965 kg/ha). Similarly
sorghum + pigeonpea intercropping system (4:2)
gave higher soybean equivalent yield (1547 kg/ha)
and net returns (Rs. 22692/ha) compared to farmers
practice of sole sorghum (850 kg/ha) (Table 137). Soybean + pigeonpea intercropping system (4:2)
Table 137: Performance of soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) and sorghum + pigeonpea (4:2) intercropping
systems
Farming SEY (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
situation 2018-19 Mean (2 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Light to Soybean + pigeon- 1312 1553 26000 18608 1.71 2.33
medium pea (4:2)
black soil Farmers’ practice 965 983 20100 12710 1.63 1.71
(sole soybean)
Sorghum + pi- 1547 1723 14900 22692 2.5 2.75
geonpea (4:2)
Farmers practice 850 925 12250 8405 1.68 1.51
(sole sorghum
SEY: Soyabean equivalent yield
111
In Ujalamba village, during rabi, chickpea + returns (Rs.6588/ha), B:C ratio (1.32) and RWUE
safflower (6:2) intercropping system gave higher (1.02 kg/ha-mm) compared to farmers’ practice of
chickpea equivalent yield (CEY) (579 kg/ha), net sole chickpea (500 kg/ha) (Table 138).
Table 138: Performance of chickpea + safflower (6:2) intercropping system

CEY Cost of Net returns B:C RWUE
Farming situation Intervention
(kg/ha) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Light to medium Chickpea+ safflower intercropping (6:2) 579 20162 6588 1.32 1.02
black soil Farmers’ practice (sole chickpea) 500 19100 4000 1.20 0.88
CEY: Chickpea equivalent yield
1.2.5 JHANSI Real time contingency practices (RTCP)

a. Agro-ecological setting implemented
Weather RTCP
Jhansi is located in Bundelkand uplands (AESR Crop Stage of crop
4.4) and Bundelkand agro-climatic zone in Uttar Mid season Groundnut Pod Foliar spray
Pradesh. The climate is hot, moist semi-arid. drought development
Sorghum Boot stage Foliar spray
Normal 2018
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was early 400
350
(10 June). A rainfall of 1054.2 mm was received
th
300
which was excess by 236.7 mm (28.9%) compared
Rainfall (mm)
250
to normal (817.5 mm). During kharif, 1037.2 mm 200
rainfall was received which was excess by 294.9 150

100
mm than normal (742.3 mm). During rabi (October-
50
December), no rainfall was received against normal 0
rainfall of 29.8 mm and during summer (March- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
May), 8.0 mm of rainfall was received which was
deficit by 16.2 mm compared to normal (24.2 mm) Jhansi
(Fig.32 ).
Normal onset of monsoon 3rd week of June
Onset of monsoon during 2018 10 June Real time contingency planning
Annual mean rainfall 817.5 mm Situation: Mid season drought
Annual mean rainfall during
2018-19 1054.2 mm During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 16 days
Mean crop seasonal rainfall dur- 742.3 and 29.8 mm, occurred at vegetative stage of sorghum. Among
ing kharif & rabi respectively different foliar sprays, water soluble complex
Crop seasonal rainfall during 1037.2 and 0.0 mm fertilizers (19: 19: 19) @ 0.5 % + zinc and iron @
2018 (kharif & rabi) during kharif and rabi,
respectively 0.5% each (Zn through zinc sulphate and Fe through
iron sulphate) produced higher green and dry fodder
yield (19333 and 9217 kg/ha) which was at par with
Dry spell
Stage of the treatment recommended dose of micronutrients
Duration Crop
Dates & months crop for foliar spray (Zinc, boron, iron & Mn @ 0.5%
(days)
16 24 September – Groundnut Pod develop- each) (17633 and 8400 kg/ha) compared to other
10 October ment treatments (Table 139).
112
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 139: Effect of foliar sprays on growth and yield of sorghum

Growth parameters at 60 DAS Yield (kg/ha)
Treatment No of No of leaves / Plant
GFY DFY
plants/m plant height (cm)
Main plot
F1: Foliar spray during dry spell 16.42 6.95 118 17033 8114
F2: Foliar spray after relieving of stress/ dry spell 15.23 7.00 122 15690 7471
CD at 5% 0.96 NS NS NS NS
Sub plot
S1 : Urea 1% 16.50 7.17 121 17617 8383
S2 : Urea 2% 15.67 7.17 119 17250 8200
S3: Water soluble complex fertilizers (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 15.83 7.50 129 17350 8283
S4: S3 + foliar spray of zinc and iron @ 0.5% each 15.50 7.83 129 19333 9217
S5: Foliar spray of zinc, boron, iron & Mn @ 0.5% each 15.67 7.33 124 17633 8400
S6: Water spray 15.50 5.67 111 13783 6567
S7: Control 16.16 6.17 105 11567 5500
CD at 5% NS 1.02 7.8 2832 1349
GFY: Green fodder yield; DFY: Dry fodder yield
Similarly, in groundnut, foliar spray of water par with each other recorded significantly higher
soluble complex fertilizers (19:19:19) @ 0.5% and pod yield (409 and 400 kg/ha) and haulm yield (799
recommended dose of micronutrients for foliar and 782 kg/ha) respectively over other treatments
spray (zinc, boron, iron & Mn @ 0.5% each) being (Table 140).
Table 140: Effect of different foliar sprays on growth and yield of groundnut
Growth parameters at 60 DAS Yield (kg/ha)
Treatment No. of No. of leaves/ Plant No. of Pod
Haulm
plants/m plant height (cm) Branches/ plant
Main plot
F1: Foliar spray during dry spell 6.14 75.38 27.00 16.57 358 698
F2: Foliar spray after relieving of 6.04 76.42 25.90 16.23 348 679
stress/ dry spell
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS 9.6 18
Sub plot
S1 : Urea 1% 5.50 77.50 27.00 16.50 331 646
S2 : Urea 2% 5.83 75.16 28.00 16.33 328 640
S3: Water soluble complex fertil- 6.00 75.16 28.50 16.33 409 799
izers (19:19:19)@ 0.5%
S4: S3 + foliar spray of zinc and 6.67 78.83 25.83 16.83 399 779
iron @ 0.5% each
S5: Foliar spray of zinc, boron, 6.00 75.50 26.33 16.67 400 782
iron & Mn @ 0.5% each
S6: Water spray 6.67 73.50 24.00 15.83 301 588
S7: Control 6.00 73.67 25.50 16.33 300 586
CD at 5% NS NS NS Ns 18 34.9
113
c. On- farm demonstrations of 943.8 mm was received which was deficit by 78.3
Village profile mm compared to normal of 1022.0 mm. During
south-west monsoon (kharif), 937.6 mm rainfall
The program is being implemented in Kadesara
was received which was 195.3 mm excess compared
Kalan village Talbehat Block/Mandal/Taluk/
to normal of 742.3 mm and during rabi (October to
Tehsil of Lalitpur district. The general topography
December), there was 6.1 mm rainfall as against
is undulating to gentle sloping plain. The total
normal of 29.8 mm. During summer, 34.9 mm
cultivated area is 875.1 ha out of which 292.64 ha
rainfall was received which was 10.7 mm excess
is rainfed. The major soil types are loamy sand,
against normal of 24.2 mm (Fig.33).
sandy loam and sandy clay loam. The major rainfed
crops during kharif are groundnut, sesame and Normal onset of monsoon 25 June (26th SMW)
Onset of monsoon during 27 June (26th SMW)
blackgram, and wheat, chickpea and mustard during
2018
rabi season. The source of irrigation is ground level Annual mean rainfall 1022.0 mm
pump set covering 45% of cultivated area. Annual mean rainfall during 943.8 mm
2018-19
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 742.3 and 29.8 mm, during
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic zone during kharif kharif and rabi, respectively
is semi-arid. The south-west monsoon contributes Crop seasonal rainfall during 937.6 and 6.1 mm, during
2018 (kharif) kharif and rabi, respectively
82.39%, north-east monsoon contributes 7.75% and
summer contributes 0.5% of the total annual rainfall Normal 2018
of 818 mm. The major climatic vulnerabilities of the 400

350
region are delayed onset of monsoon, intermittent 300
dry spells of >10 days, excess runoff causing
Rainfall (mm)
250
moisture stress during reproductive phase of rabi 200

150
crops, terminal heat causing reduced maturity
100
period in wheat, terminal drought at grain filling 50
stage of wheat. For the past 15 years, the dry spells 0
during crop season had been experienced, during Month
August & September and at different growth stages Fig. 33: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
of the major rainfed crops. The onset of monsoon Kadesara Kalan
has shifted (27th SMW) in July. The soil moisture
status was deficit during pod filling in kharif crops, Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
germination to harvesting in rabi crops depending Dry spell
Stage of the
on rainfall. The extreme events like unusual and Duration Dates & Crop
crop
high intensity rainfall in short span were increasing (days) months
during kharif and rabi seasons. The region is also 20 10 - 30 Groundnut, Pod development
September blackgram
experiencing other extreme events like cold waves.
There has been a considerable shift in rainfall Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
mented
pattern and amount has been decreasing at the rate
of 2.0 mm/year during kharif season. Weather
Crop
Stage of the RTCP
Terminal Groundnut Pod Supplemental
During 2018, in Kadesara kalan village, the drought development irrigation
onset of monsoon was normal (27th June). A rainfall Blackgram Pod filling Supplemental
irrigation
114
AICRPDA – NICRA
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations net returns (Rs.36331/ha) and B:C ratio (2.22)
Real time contingency planning compared to without supplemental irrigation (708
kg/ha) (Table 141).
At Kadesara Kalan village, supplemental
irrigation (40 mm) from harvested rainwater
increased the pod yield of groundnut by 49.0%
(1078 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.38448/
ha) and B:C ratio (2.35) compared to without
supplemental irrigation (708 kg/ha). Similarly, at
Hanauta village, supplemental irrigation (40 mm)
from harvested rainwater increased the pod yield
of groundnut by 46.0% (1037 kg/ha) with higher
Groundnut under supplemental irrigation
Table 141: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of groundnut

Farming situ- Pod yield WUE Net returns B:C
ation/ soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Kadesara Kalan Medium deep Supplemental irrigation 1078 1.15 38448 2.35
black soil Farmers’ practice (no supplemental 708 0.76 19773 1.21
irrigation)
Hanauta Medium deep Supplemental irrigation 1037 1.11 36331 2.22
black soil Farmers’ practice (no supplemental 708 0.76 19773 1.21
irrigation)
At Kadesara Kalan village, in-situ moisture village, in-situ moisture conservation practice of
conservation through weeding and interculture weeding and interculture increased blackgram seed
increased blackgram seed yield by 33.5% (517 kg/ yield by 37.0% (531 kg/ha) with higher net returns
ha) with higher net returns (Rs.14260/ha) and B:C (Rs.14859/ha) and B:C ratio (1.43) compared to
ratio (1.87) compared to farmers’ practice of no farmers’ practice of no weeding and interculture
weeding and interculture (387 kg/ha). At Hanauta (387 kg/ha) (Table 142).
Table 142: Effect of intercultural operations on performance of blackgram

Farming situation/ Seed yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Kadesara Kalan Shallow alluvial soils Weeding/ interculture 517 0.55 14260 1.87
Hanauta Shallow alluvial soils Weeding/ interculture 531 0.57 14859 1.43
At Kadesara Kalan village, foliar spray of village, foliar spray of 2% urea solution at increased
2% urea at branching and pod formation stage of the seed yield by 27.0% (495 kg/ha), with higher
blackgram increased the seed yield by 52.2% (589 net returns (Rs.12850/ha) and B:C ratio (1.78)
kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.18252/ha) and compared to farmers’ practice of no foliar spray
B:C ratio (2.11) compared to farmers’ practice of (387 kg/ha) (Table 143).
no foliar spray (387 kg/ha). Similarly, at Hanauta
115
Table 143: Effect of foliar spray on yield and economics of blackgram

Kadesara Kalan Medium black soil Foliar spray of 2% urea 589 0.62 18252 2.11
Hanauta Medium black soil Foliar spray of 2% urea 495 0.52 12850 1.78
Preparedness groundnut increased pod yield by 55.8% (1025

Rainwater management kg/ha), with higher net returns (Rs.35564/ha) and
B:C ratio (1.09) compared to farmers’ practice of
At Kadesara Kalan village, use of herbicide
no herbicide use and dust mulching (708 kg/ha)
for weed control and dust mulching at 30 DAS in
(Table 144).
Table 144: Effect of sowing time, herbicide spray and dust mulching on performance of groundnut
Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
soil type Pod Haulm (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Shallow alluvial soils Improved practice 1025 1196 35564 2.17 1.09
*Improved practice: Timely sowing, spray of herbicide to control weeds, dust mulch at 30 DAS
Cropping systems 2)-wheat (HI-1605) system gave higher main

At Kadesara Kalan village, among different crop equivalent yield (6622 kg/ha) and net returns
double cropping systems in medium black soils, (Rs.90552/ha) and B:C ratio (3.60) compared to
groundnut (Amber)-wheat (HI-1418) system gave farmers’ practice. In shallow alluvial soils, sesame
higher main crop equivalent yield (7375 kg/ha), net (Shekhar)-wheat (Raj-3765) system gave higher
returns (Rs.103389/ha), B:C ratio (3.97) and RWUE main crop equivalent yield (5471 kg/ha), net returns
(7.81 kg/ha-mm) when compared to farmers’ practice. (Rs.69746/ha) and B:C ratio (3.01) compared to
Similarly, in medium black soil, blackgram (Azad- farmers practice (Table 145)
Table 145: Yield and economics of double cropping systems

Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) MCEY Net returns B:C RWUE
Cropping system
soil type Crop 1 Crop 2 (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Medium black soil Groundnut (Amber) 1044 4430 7375 103389 3.97 7.81
-Wheat (HI-1418)
Farmers’ practice 708 2760 4756 59176 2.92 5.04
Medium black soil Blackgram (Azad-2) 527 4920 6622 90552 3.60 7.01
-Wheat (HI-1605)
Shallow alluvial soils Sesame (Shekhar)- 394 4050 5471 69746 3.01 4.70
Wheat (Raj-3765
MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield; Farmers’ practice: Groundnut-wheat double cropping with local varieties
116
AICRPDA – NICRA
Energy management sowing of blackgram with bullock drawn seed drill gave
At Kadesara Kalan village, sowing of wheat with higher seed yield (499 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.13946/
bullock drawn seed drill gave higher grain yield (4230 ha) and B:C ratio (1.91) compared to farmers’ practice
kg/ha) net returns (Rs.65018/ha) and B:C ratio (4.43) (387 kg/ha) (Table 146).
compared to farmers’ practice (2760 kg/ha). Similarly,
Table 146: Yield and economics of wheat and blackgram as affected by sowing method
Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C
Intervention
soil type Seed/grain Stover/stalk (Rs/ha) ratio
Wheat sowing with bullock drawn seed drill 4230 5320 65018 4.43
Medium black soil
Black gram sowing with bullock drawn seed drill 499 911 13946 1.91
Medium black soil
Farmers’ practice: Broadcasting
1.2.6 RAKH DHIANSAR the kharif season (June to September) which was
deficit by 254.0 mm (28.7%) as against normal of
885.8 mm. In rabi, 43.2 mm rainfall was received
Rakh Dhiansar is situated at latitude of 32°39’ North which was deficit by 4.4 mm (9.2%) than normal of
and longitude of 74°53’ East and at an elevation 47.6 mm. In summer season, 48.9 mm rainfall was
of 332 meters above mean sea level. The depth of received which was deficit by 65.2 mm as against
the soil varies from 70 cm to 130 cm. Soil organic normal of 114.1 mm (Fig.34.).
carbon varies from 0.22 to 0.50% and available
nitrogen ranges from 144 to 207 kg/ha. The soils Normal onset of monsoon 27 June
are low to very low in moisture retention. Onset of monsoon during 2018 29 June
b. On-station experiments: Nil
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 885.8 and 47.6 mm,
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delay by 2 kharif and rabi respectively
days (29 June). The annual rainfall recorded during Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018- 631.8 and 43.2 mm,
the year was 768.1 mm which was deficit by 382.8 19 (kharif & rabi) respectively
mm than the normal (1150.9 mm). Out of the total Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
rainfall received, 631.8 mm was received during
Dry spell
Stage of the
Duration Crop
Dates & months crop
Normal 2018 (days)
400
18 14 December-31 Wheat Germination
350 December
300
c. On-farm demonstrations
Rainfall (mm)
250
200
Village profile
150
100 The programme is being implemented in Khaner
50
village, Purmundal block, Tensil and district Samba,
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jammu and Kashmir. The total cultivated area is 55
Month
ha and 100% of the area is rainfed. The mean annual
Fig.34: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at rainfall is 1150.9 mm with seasonal rainfall of 514.2
Rakh Dhiansar
117
mm. The major soil types are sandy loam. The major Normal onset of monsoon 27 June
rainfed crops during kharif are maize, blackgram, Onset of monsoon during 2018 29 June
greengram, sesame, fodder pearl millet, fodder Annual mean rainfall 1150.9 mm
sorghum and during rabi season are wheat, chickpea Annual rainfall during 2018-19 768.1 mm
and mustard. The number of small, marginal and Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 668.5 mm and 108.7
medium farmers is 40, 18 and 32, respectively. The
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018 631.8 mm and 43.2
ground water table is 150-200 meters. There is no (kharif and rabi) mm, respectively
source of irrigation in the village. Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
Climatic vulnerability in general Dry spell
Stage of the
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic Duration Crop
Dates & months crop
(days)
zone is sub-humid. The rainfall is received through
33 30 September - 01 Maize Maturity &
south-west monsoon, western disturbances (winter November 2018 harvesting
season) and summer (pre monsoon) and contributes 18 14 December-31 Wheat Germination
December 2018
about 75, 13 and 12 % of the annual rainfall. The
historical rainfall data indicated that the variability Real time contingency practices (RTCP)
among normal rainfall during south-west monsoon is implemented: Nil
26.2 and 17.5% surplus and deficit respectively. The Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
normal onset of monsoon was during 26th SMW.
Preparedness
The chances of occurrence of normal and moderate
drought were 7 and 12% during kharif season and 8 Rainwater management
and 8% during rabi season, respectively. At Kahner village, maize hybrid Double dekalb
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 sown across the slope gave 15.1% higher maize
grain yield (2360 kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal
29532/ha), B: C ratio (2.4) and RWUE (4.28 kg/ha-
(29 June). The annual rainfall recorded during the
mm) as compared to farmers’ practice of sowing
year was 768.1 mm, which was deficit by 383.0 mm
along the slope (2050 kg/ha) (Table 147).
than the normal rainfall of 1151.1 mm. Out of total
rainfall, 631.8 mm was received during the kharif Table 147: Effect of sowing methods on yield and
economics of maize
season (June to September) as against normal of
668.5 mm. In rabi, 43.2 mm rainfall was received Grain Cost of RWUE Net
B:C
Intervention yield cultivation (kg/ha- returns
which was 65.5 mm deficit than normal of 108.7 ratio
(kg/ha) (Rs/ha) mm) (Rs/ha)
mm (Fig.35). Sowing across 2360 20500 4.28 29532 2.4
the slope
Normal 2018
400 Sowing along 2050 19700 3.71 21505 2.1
350 the slope
300 (Farmers’
practice)
Rainfall (mm)
250
200
Cropping systems
150
100 At Khaner village an intercropping system
50
of maize + blackgram (1:1) (additive series) gave
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 21% higher maize equivalent yield (2748 kg/ha)
Month
with higher net returns (Rs. 34533/ha), B:C ratio
Khaner
(2.53) and RWUE (4.98 kg/ha-mm) as compared
118
AICRPDA – NICRA
to farmers’ practice of sole maize (1900 kg/ha). returns (Rs.31993/ha), B:C ratio (2.42) and RWUE
Similarly, at Madana village, intercropping system (4.73 kg/ha-mm) as compared to farmers’ practice
of maize + blackgram (1:1) gave 19.1% higher of sole maize (2190 kg/ha) (Table 148).
maize equivalent yield (2609 kg/ha) with higher net
Table 148: Performance of maize + blackgram (1:1) intercropping system
Farming MEY Cost of cultivation RWUE Net returns B:C

situation/soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Khaner Medium deep Maize + blackgram (1:1) 2748 22500 4.98 34533 2.53
soils Sole maize (farmers’ 1900 19700 3.44 18870 1.95
practice)
Madana Medium deep Maize + blackgram (1:1) 2609 22500 4.73 31993 2.42
soils Sole maize (farmers’ 1850 19700 3.40 18400 1.93
practice)
MEY: Maize equivalent yield
Energy management each) and RWUE (4.54 and 4.60 kg/ha-mm). The
Sowing of maize with maize planter gave 17.5 and energy use input and output ranged from 6905-6893
21.1% higher grain yield over farmers’ practice in MJ/ha and 115298-114951 MJ/ha respectively with
Khaner and Madana villages respectively with net energy use efficiency of 16.70 and16.68 in Khaner
returns of Rs. 35198 and 35319/ha, B:C ratio (2.72 and Madana villages (Table 149).
Table 149: Effect of maize planter for sowing on yield and economics of maize
Mean yield
Energy (MJ/ha)
Farming situation/ (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns B:C Energy use
Village
soil type Farmers’ (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio efficiency
Improved Input Output
practice
Medium Khaner 2509 2134 4.54 35198 2.72 6905 115298 16.70
deep soils Madana 2521 2082 4.60 35319 2.72 6893 114951 16.68
Farmers’ practice: Broadcasting
119
1.3 Dry Sub-humid Zone (1000-1250 mm) Normal 2018

450
1.3.1 BALLOWAL SAUNKHRI 400

300
Rainfall (mm)
Ballowal Saunkhri is located in Kandi zone in 250
200
Punjab. Annual average rainfall is 1012 mm. Annual 150
potential evapotranspiration is 739 mm. 100
50
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Month
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal Fig. 36: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Ballowal Saunkhri
(27 June). The annual rainfall during the year was
th
1357.7 mm, which was excess by 263.4 mm than There were no dry spells during crop growing
the normal annual rainfall of 1094.3 mm. Out of season (2018-19) and therefore real time contingency
the total rainfall, 1203.5 mm was received during practices (RTCP) were not implemented
the kharif season (June to September) which was
excess by 341.5 mm (39.6%) as against normal of
862.0 mm. In rabi, 240.2 mm rainfall was received Preparedness
which was 49.7 mm excess (26.1%) than normal of
Rainwater management
190.5 mm. In summer season, 56.5 mm rainfall was
received which was deficit by 25.6 mm as against During kharif 2018, 39.6% higher rainfall was
normal of 82.1 mm (Fig.36). received than normal (862.0 mm). So the maize
Normal onset of monsoon 1 July yield and other crop parameters were found to be
Onset of monsoon during 2018 27 June at par with the rainfed crop compared to different
Annual mean rainfall 1094.3 mm drip irrigation treatments. However, scheduling
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 1357.7 mm irrigation through drip @ 100% of ET in maize
during kharif and rabi, using harvested rainwater gave marginally higher
respectively grain yield (4231 kg/ha) as compared to rainfed
Crop seasonal rainfall during 1203.5 and 240.2 mm crop (4198 kg/ha) (Table 150).
respectively
Table 150: Effect of drip irrigation on yield and
economics of maize
Treatment
Grain Mean grain (2 yrs) Straw (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha- mm)
Rainfed 4198 3754 7514 35832 34652 1.87 3.48
50% ET 4210 4053 7621 37512 33259 1.89 3.49
75 % ET 4208 4227 7959 37551 33393 1.89 3.49
100 % ET 4231 4311 7869 37529 33805 1.90 3.51
CD at 5% NS - NS - - - -
In maize foliar spray of 2% urea resulted ZnSO4 @ 0.5%, KCl @ 2%, water spray and no
in highest grain yield (3764 kg/ha) which was spray treatments. Foliar spray of urea @ 2% also
statistically at par with foliar spray of urea @ 1%, recorded higher net returns (Rs. 41496/ha), B:C
19:19:19 @ 1% and 19:19:19 @ 1% + ZnSO4 @ ratio (2.36) and RWUE (4.24 kg/ha-mm) compared
0.5% but was significantly higher compared to to other treatments (Table 151).
120
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 151: Effect of foliar application of different fertilizers on maize yield and economics
Grain yield Straw yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Treatment
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
No spray 3005 5446 3.39 26610 1.85
Water spray 3290 5914 3.71 33268 2.11
Urea @ 1% 3594 6662 4.05 39146 2.30
Urea @ 2% 3764 6674 4.24 41496 2.36
KCl @ 2% 3411 6186 3.84 35242 2.16
Water soluble complex fertilizer 3541 6493 3.99 37410 2.22
(19:19:19) @ 1%
Water soluble complex fertilizer 3711 6815 4.18 40552 2.31
(19:19:19) @ 1% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 3258 2843 3.67 27834 1.92
CD at 5% 345 616 - - -
Maize with urea spray @ 2% Maize with no foliar spray
c. On-farm demonstrations Climate vulnerability in general

Village profile The climate in this agro-climatic zone is semi-
The program is being implemented in arid. Out of the total annual average rainfall of 1081
Achalpur, Nainwan and Bhawanipur (new) villages mm, the south-west monsoon contributes 80%,
in Garhshankar tehsil in Hoshiarpur district, Punjab. north-east monsoon contributes 12% and summer
The total cultivated area is 145.2 ha in Achalpur and contributes 8%. The historical rainfall data (of
320 ha in Nainwan, out of which the rainfed area 30 years) indicated that the variability in rainfall
is 102 ha in Achalpur and 288.5 ha in Nainwan. during south-west monsoon was 43% deficit of
The mean annual rainfall is 1081 mm with the the average rainfall. (South-west) of monsoon was
seasonal rainfall of 903.7 mm during kharif (June - during 24 SMW. For the past 15 years, the dry
September). The major soil types are silt loam (silty spells during crop season were experienced in the
clay loam). The major rainfed crops during kharif month of September at grain filling stage of kharif
season are maize and sorghum and in rabi are wheat, crops. The normal onset of the monsoon was first
raya and taramira. The small, marginal, medium and July and generally delayed by one week influencing
large farmers are 86, 11, 3 and 0% in Achalpur and the sowing of maize and its productivity. The soil
76, 13, 6 and 5% in Nainwan, respectively. Only moisture was generally deficit at sowing and at
one tube well is available in each village as a source reproductive stages of rabi crops. The maximum
of irrigation, which is covering 10% of cultivated and minimum temperature during kharif season
area approximately. ranged from 31.9 to 40.80C and 21.4 to 26.20C,
121
whereas during rabi season it varied from 16.0 to Normal 2018

38.90 C and 2.3 to 20.40C, respectively in the past 450
400
10 years. The area has been experiencing extreme 350
events like hail storm and frost during rabi season. 300
Rainfall (mm)
250
150
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was normal 100
(27 June). The annual rainfall during the year was

th 50
0
1265.9 mm, which was 171.6 mm excess than the Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
normal annual rainfall of 1094.3 mm. Out of total
rainfall, 1142.4 mm was received during the kharif Fig.37 : Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Achalpur
season (June to September) which was excess by

280.4 mm (32.5%) as against normal of 862.0 mm. There were no dry spells during crop growing
In rabi, 17.8 mm rainfall was received which was season (2018-19) and therefore real time contingency
44.1 mm deficit than normal of 61.9 mm and in practices (RTCP) were not implemented
summer season, it was 56.5 mm which was deficit Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
by 25.6 mm as against normal of 82.1 mm (Fig.37) Preparedness
Normal onset of monsoon 1 July Rainwater management
Sowing of maize on ridges recorded higher
Annual mean rainfall during 1265.9 mm grain and stover yield (4270 and 7771 kg/ha), net
2018-19 returns (Rs.39190/ha), B:C ratio (2.20) and RWUE
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 862.0 and 61.9 mm, (3.73 kg/ha-mm) followed by bed sowing (4010 and
7258 kg/ha) compared to flat bed sowing (3415 kg/
Crop seasonal rainfall during 1142.4 and 17.8 mm,
2018-19 (kharif and rabi) respectively ha) (Table 152).
Table 152: Effect of planting methods on yield and economics of rainfed maize
Intervention
Grain Mean (2 yrs) Stover (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha- mm)
Ridge planting 4270 4058 7771 32629 39190 2.20 3.73
Bed planting 4010 3946 7258 32408 35000 2.08 3.51
Flat bed sowing (Farmers’ practice) 3415 3289 6249 33138 24336 1.73 2.99
At villages Achalpur and Nainwan, in-situ village Achalpur and Nainwan, in-situ moisture
moisture conservation through summer ploughing conservation through sowing of maize across the
immediately after harvest of wheat gave higher slope gave grain yield of 3556 and 3530 kg/ha with
maize grain yield of 3993 and 3872 kg/ha with net net returns of Rs. 27162 and 34615/ha compared
return of Rs. 29433 and 36118/ha and B:C ratio of to sowing of maize along the slope. In Bhawanipur
1.77 and 1.94, respectively as compared to sowing village also, sowing of maize across the slope gave
without summer ploughing. In the newly adopted higher grain yield (3593 kg/ha) and net returns
village Bhawanipur, summer ploughing gave grain (Rs.35771/ha) compared to sowing of maize along
yield of 4370 kg/ha with net returns of Rs.45255/ the slope.
ha and B:C ratio of 2.17 compared to sowing
Similarly, earthing up in maize gave grain yield
of crops without summer ploughing (Table). At
of 3852 and 4341 kg/ha with higher net returns
122
AICRPDA – NICRA
of Rs.31308 and 48870/ha, respectively at both earthing up in maize gave higher grain yield (4524
Achalpur and Nainwan villages compared to over kg/ha) and net returns (Rs.52227/ha) compared to
without earthing up. In Bhawanipur village also, no earthing up (Table 153).
Table 153: Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of maize
Intervention Grain yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Achalpur village
Summer ploughing 3993 4.49 29433 1.77
Farmers’ practice (without summer ploughing) 3480 3.91 25937 1.78
Sowing across slope 3556 4.00 27162 1.82
Farmers’ practice (Sowing along the slope) 3204 3.60 21489 1.65
Earthing up 3852 4.33 31308 1.92
Farmers’ practice (without earthing up) 2795 3.14 22011 1.69
Nainwan village
Earthing up 4341 4.88 48870 2.41
Bhawanipur village
Earthing up 4524 5.08 52227 2.50
Cropping systems varieties. At Achalpur, greengram variety ML 2056

At Achalpur, Maize hybrid PMH 1 gave higher gave higher seed yield (648 kg/ha) and net returns
grain yield (4229 kg/ha) compared to Prakash and (Rs.12849/ha) over local cultivar. Similar results
local cultivar, with higher net returns (Rs.43774/ were recorded at Nainwan and Bhawanipur.
ha), B:C ratio (2.16) and RWUE (4.8 kg/ha-mm). At Achalpur, sesame variety Punjab Til No.
Similar results were recorded at village Nainwan 2 gave higher seed yield (531 kg/ha) compared
and Bhawanipur villages (Table). At Achalpur, to RT 346 (354 kg/ha) and local cultivar (231 kg/
blackgram variety Mash 114 gave highest seed ha), with higher net returns of Rs.31660/ha and
yield of 626 kg/ha compared to KUG 725 and B:C ratio (2.48). Similarly at village Nainwan and
local cultivars. Similarly at villages Nainwan and Bhawanipur, Punjab Til No 2 performed better than
Bhawanipur, Mash 114 gave highest seed yield other varieties (Table 154).
(723 and 696 kg/ha, respectively) compared to other
123

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns RWUE
Variety B:C
Grain/seed Stover/stalk cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha-mm)
Maize
Achalpur village
PMH-1 4229 9473 37592 43774 2.16 4.8
Prakash 2750 5390 36716 23674 1.64 3.1
Local 2357 5209 33821 23242 1.69 2.6
Nainwan village
PMH-1 3890 8714 37293 37551 2.01 4.4
Prakash 2420 4743 36374 16769 1.46 2.7
Local 3141 6942 34715 41329 2.19 3.5
Bhawanipur village
PMH-1 4200 9408 37567 43241 2.15 4.7
Prakash 2240 4390 36187 13003 1.36 2.5
Local 2180 4818 33619 19159 1.57 2.4
Blackgram
Achalpur village
Mash 114 626 3906 25750 8680 1.34 0.7
KUG 725 470 2449 25750 100 1.00 0.5
Local 371 2371 22298 3672 1.16 0.4
Nainwan village
Mash 114 723 4512 25750 14015 1.54 0.8
KUG 725 501 2610 25750 1805 1.07 0.6
Local 392 2505 22298 5142 1.23 0.4
Bhawanipur village
Mash 114 696 4343 25750 12530 1.49 0.8
KUG 725 429 2235 25750 -2155 0.92 0.5
Local 325 2077 22298 452 1.02 0.4
Greengram
Achalpur village
ML 2056 648 4523 22791 12849 1.56 0.7
Local 398 2078 18656 3234 1.17 0.4
Nainwan village
ML 2056 686 4788 22791 14939 1.66 0.8
Local 422 2203 18656 4554 1.24 0.5
Bhawanipur village
ML 2056 742 5179 22791 18019 1.79 0.8
Local 334 1743 18656 -286 0.98 0.4
Sesame
Achailpur village
PB Til No 2 531 4004 21440 31660 2.48 0.6
RT 346 354 2683 21440 13960 1.65 0.4
Local 231 1642 15599 7501 1.48 0.3
Nainwan village
PB Til No 2 409 3100 21440 19460 1.91 0.5
RT 346 354 2669 21440 13960 1.65 0.4
Local 180 1280 15599 2401 1.15 0.2
Bhawanipur village
PB Til No 2 472 3578 21440 25760 2.20 0.5
RT 346 386 2910 21440 17160 1.80 0.4
Local 264 1877 15599 10801 1.69 0.3
124
AICRPDA – NICRA
Energy management operated seed drill in all the three villages with
Among different sowing methods in maize, higher net returns, B:C ratio and RWUE compared
higher grain yield was recorded with manually to other sowing methods (Table 155).
Table 155: Effect of sowing implements on yield and economics of maize

Intervention Grain yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Achalpur village
Broadcasting 3431 3.00 29052 1.78
Tractor drawn drill 4574 4.00 49994 2.31
Kera method 3516 3.08 28248 1.71
Manually operated seed drill 5006 4.38 57475 2.48
Nainwan village
Broadcasting 4074 3.57 40894 2.08
Kera method 3561 3.12 29076 1.73
Bhawanipur village
Broadcasting 3608 3.16 32312 1.87
Kera method 4233 3.71 41446 2.03
1.3.2 CHIANKI mm compared to normal (65.9 mm) and in summer,

a. Agro-ecological setting rainfall was 6.8 mm which was deficit by 35.9 mm
as against normal (42.7 mm).
Chianki centre is located in Chhattisgarh
Normal onset of monsoon 4-10 June
Mahanadi basin (11.0) and western plateau zone
in Jharkhand. The climate is hot moist sub-humid.
Annual normal rainfall is 1179 mm. The length of
growing period is 150-180 days. The annual normal
potential evapotranspiration is 1400–1600 mm. In during kharif and rabi,
some parts of the region, partial waterlogging in respectively
early stages of the crop growth followed by seasonal Crop seasonal rainfall during 1086.0 mm and 14.4 mm
drought during the rest of the period is observed. 2018-19 during kharif and rabi,
respectively
Normal 2018
400
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed 350
300
by 15 days (24 June). The annual rainfall of 1112.0
Rainfall (mm)
250
mm was received which was deficit by 68.0 mm 200
150
compared to normal (1180.0 mm) (Fig.38). During
100
kharif (June–September), 1086.0 mm of rainfall was 50
received which was excess by 48.0 mm compared 0

to normal (1038.0 mm). During rabi season, 14.4 Month
mm rainfall was received which was deficit by 51.5 Fig.38: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Chianki
125
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) kg/ha) compared to local varieties (3348 kg/ha)
Dry spell (Table 157).
Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop Table 157: Yield and economics of lowland rice
(days) months
varieties
21 20 Septem- Rice Flowering
ber-10 October Maize Cob formation Grain RWUE
Net returns B:C
Sesame Capsule formation Variety yield (kg/ha-
(Rs/ha) ratio
Pigeonpea Vegetative (kg/ha) mm)
57 14 October-10 Pigeonpea Flowering Arize- 6444 5993 5.52 77188 4.13
December Rajshree 4758 4.38 57428 3.07
CRR-2996 4097 3.77 46852 2.51
BPT-5204 4005 3.69 45380 2.43
Crop KMP-153 3891 3.58 43556 2.33
Local 3348 3.11 36568 2.15
Delayed onset Rice, - Improved varieties
of monsoon maize, Among maize varieties/hybrids, BAUMH2015-2
sesame
Mid season Rice Flowering & Foliar spray
recorded higher grain yield (3178 kg/ha) with
drought milking higher net returns (Rs.20194/ha) and B:C ratio
Salient achievements of on-station experiments (1.31) followed by Rasi-4212 (2394 kg/ha), Suwan
(2359 kg/ha), BVM-2 (2292 kg/ha) and CP-848
(2458 kg/ha) while local variety (LCY) gave lowest
Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon grain yield (1921 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs.8015/
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was ha) (Table 158).
delayed by 15 days (24th June). Among improved Table 158: Yield and economics of maize varie-
varieties of rainfed medium land rice, Arize-Tej ties/hybrids
recorded 47% higher grain yield (4624 kg/ha) with Grain RWUE Net B:C
net returns (Rs.55284/ha) and B:C ratio (2.96) Variety/hybrid yield (kg/ha- returns
(kg/ha) ratio
followed by PAC-801 (4151 kg/ha), MTU-1010 mm) (Rs/ha)
BAUMH- 2015-2 3178 2.93 20194 1.31
(3947 kg/ha) and Naveen (3619 kg/ha) compared to
Rasi- 4212 2394 2.20 11413 0.74
local varieties (3146 kg/ha) (Table 156).
Suwan 2356 2.17 10987 0.71
Table 156: Yield and economics of medium land BVM-2 2292 2.11 10270 0.67
rice varieties CP-848 2458 2.26 12130 0.79
Grain RWUE Local 1921 1.76 8015 0.59
Net returns B:C
Variety yield (kg/ha-
(Rs/ha) ratio
(kg/ha) mm)
Arize-Tej 4624 4.26 55284 2.96
PAC-801 4151 3.82 47716 2.55
MTU-1010 3947 3.63 44452 2.38
Naveen 3619 3.33 39204 2.10
PAC-807 3517 3.24 37572 2.01
Local 3146 3.00 34336 2.00
Among rainfed lowland rice varieties/hybrids,

Arize-6444 gave 79% higher grain yield (5993
kg/ha) with higher net returns (Rs.77188/ha) and
B:C ratio (4.13) followed by Rajshree (4758 kg/
ha), CRR-2996 (4097 kg/ha) and BPT-5204 (6662 Maize cv. BAUMH- 2015-2
126
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 159: Yield and economics of sesame varieties

Seed B:C
RWUE Net returns
Variety yield
(kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
(kg/ha)
Shekhar 634 0.58 18798 1.71
JLT-408 627 0.58 18469 1.68
JT-S-8 572 0.53 15884 1.44
TKG-21 566 0.52 15602 1.42
JG-11 506 0.47 12782 1.16
Local 389 0.35 8283 0.82

During kharif 2018, a dry spell of 21 days
Local variety of maize
occurred during 20 September to 10 October
Sesame variety Shekhar recorded 81% higher coinciding with flowering stage in rice. Foliar spray
seed yield (634 kg/ha) with higher net returns of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @
(Rs.18798/ha) and B:C ratio (1.71) followed by 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% recorded significantly higher
JLT-408 (627kg/ha), JT-S-8 (572 kg/ha) and TKG- grain yield (2650 kg/ha) than other treatments
21 (566 kg/ha) compared to local variety (389 kg/ except foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (2620 kg/ha)
ha) (Table 159). (Table 160).
Table 160: Yield and yield attributes of rice as influenced by foliar spray
Plant height No. of effective 1000 seed weight Grain
Treatment
(cm) tillers/m2 (g) yield (kg/ha)
Urea @ 1% 105 159 19.9 2180
water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 106 161 21.0 2260
0.5%
Urea @ 2% 106 159 20.1 2220
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% 106 167 23.3 2620
water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 107 168 23.7 2650
0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%
Water spray 105 158 19.5 2160
No spray (control) 105 158 19.0 2040
CD at 5% NS NS 2.42 371
c. On-farm demonstrations 69 and 27, respectively. The source of irrigation is

Village profile harvested rainwater (dam and ahars) covering 30%
of cultivated area. The NICRA program was also
The program is being implemented in Kumbhi
expanded to adjoining village Chiraunjia, Meral
and Bankheta villages in Garhwa district, Jharkhand.
block of Garhwa disrtict.
The total cultivated area is 215 ha, out of which 150
ha is rainfed. The normal rainfall is 1152.4 mm. Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
The major soil types are sandy loam, clay loam During the year 2018, the onset of monsoon was
and loam. The major rainfed crops during kharif are delayed by 14 days (24 June). A rainfall of 1039.6
rice, maize, pigeonpea, sesame, etc and rabi crops mm was received which was deficit by 112.8 mm
are chickpea, wheat, lentil, linseed and mustard. The compared to normal of 1152.4 mm (Fig.39). During
number of small, marginal large farmers is 131, kharif (June - September), 1016.8 mm rainfall was
127
received which was excess by 109.1 mm (10.9%) Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
compared to normal (992.5 mm). During rabi Dry spell
season, 11.7 mm rainfall was received which was Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop
deficit by 35.6 mm (45.8%) compared to normal (days) months
(77.6 mm) and during summer (March-May), 7.3 25 20 Septem- Rice, Flowering,
mm rainfall was received which was deficit by 40.7 ber- Maize Cob formation
Sesame Capsule formation
mm compared to normal (48.0 mm). 14 October
Normal onset of monsoon 4-10 June 65 14 October- Rice Maturity
18 December Pigeonpea Flowering
Onset of monsoon during 24 June
2018
Annual rainfall during 1039.6 mm Real time contingency planning
2018-19 Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 992.5 and 77.6 mm during
kharif and rabi, respectively During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed
Crop seasonal rainfall during 1016.8 and 11.7 mm during by 15 days (24th June). High yielding drought
2018-19 kharif and rabi, respectively
tolerant medium duration hybrid of rice (PAC-
Normal 2018
801) yielded grain yield of 3718 kg/ha with higher
400 RWUE (3.79 kg/ha-mm), net returns (Rs.40788/ha)
350
and B:C ratio (2.18) as compared to local variety
300
(2857 kg/ha) (Table...). Kanchan variety of maize
Rainfall (mm)
250
200 gave higher grain yield of 2354 kg/ha with RWUE
150 of 2.40 kg/ha-mm compared to local variety (1774
100
kg/ha) (Table...). The A-404 variety of fingermillet
50
0
gave higher grain yield (1431 kg/ha) with RWUE
of 1.46 kg/ha-mm over local cultivar. In sorghum,
Month
CSV-20 recorded higher grain yield (1543 kg/ha)
and RWUE (1.57 kg/ha-mm) compared to local
Kumbhi and Bankheta
cultivar. Sesame variety Shekhar also gave higher
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) seed yield (446 kg/ha) over local cultivar (287 kg/
implemented ha). Similarly, higher seed yield of pigeonpea (1578
Weather RTCP kg/ha) was recorded by var. Bahar compared to
Crop
aberration implemented local cultivar (1159 kg/ha) with higher RWUE (1.48
Delayed onset of Rice, maize, sesame, Improved
monsoon fingermillet, sorghum, varieties
kg/ha-mm), net returns (Rs.53932/ha) and B:C ratio
pigeonpea (3.47) (Table 161).
Fingermillet var. A-404 Sesame var. Shekhar Pigeonpea var. Bahar
128
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 161: Performance of drought tolerant varieties of different crops

Crop Variety Seed/grain yield (kg ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Rice PAC-801 3718 3.79 40788 2.18
Local 2857 2.91 29712 1.85
Sahbhagi Dhan 3419 3.48 37104 2.10
Local 2741 2.79 28556 1.86
Naveen 3374 3.44 36384 2.06
Local 2697 2.75 27852 1.82
Arize-6444 4457 4.54 53712 3.05
Local 3454 3.52 39964 2.61
Maize Kanchan 2354 2.40 10964 0.71
Local 1774 1.81 6368 0.47
Fingermillet A-404 1431 1.46 9320 0.84
Local 1074 1.09 4250 0.38
Sorghum CSV-20 1543 1.57 4781 0.38
Local 1125 1.14 100 0.08
Sesame Shekhar 446 0.45 9962 0.90
Local 287 0.29 2489 0.22
Pigeonpea Bahar 1578 1.48 53932 3.47
Local 1159 1.08 37496 2.77
Preparedness gave higher seed yield (1098 kg/ha) with RWUE of

Cropping systems 26.78 kg/ha-mm over local cultivar. In mustard, var.
Pusa Bold recorded higher seed yield (1132 kg/ha),
High yielding medium duration variety of
RWUE (27.6 kg/ha-mm) and net returns (Rs.24356/
wheat (K-9107) yielded grain yield of 2748 kg/ha
ha) compared to local cultivar. Safflower variety
with higher RWUE (67.0 kg/ha-mm), net returns
A-1 also gave higher seed yield (1287 kg/ha) over
(Rs.27464/ha) and B:C ratio (1.28) compared to
local cultivar (987 kg/ha). Similarly, higher seed
local variety (1936 kg/ha) (Table...). Chickpea
yield of linseeed (917 kg/ha) was recorded by T-397
var. Ujjwal gave higher seed yield (1178 kg/ha)
over local cultivar (687 kg/ha) with higher RWUE
with RWUE of 28.7 kg/ha-mm compared to local
(22.36 kg/ha-mm), net returns (Rs.18261/ha) and
variety (712 kg/ha) (Table...). Lentil var. KLS-218
B:C ratio (1.52) (Table 162).
Table 162: Performance of drought tolerant varieties of rabi crops
Crop Variety Seed/grain yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Wheat K-9107 2748 67.02 27464 1.24
Local 1936 47.21 12848 0.58
Chickpea Ujjwal 1178 28.73 36154 2.49
Local 712 17.36 16116 1.11
Lentil KLS- 218 1098 26.78 24430 1.75
Local 813 17.36 14455 1.03
Mustard Pusa Bold 1132 27.60 24356 1.87
Local 878 17.36 15974 1.22
Safflower A-1 1287 31.39 30471 2.53
Local 987 24.03 20571 1.71
Linseed T-397 917 22.36 18261 1.52
Local 687 24.03 10671 0.88
129
Mustard var. Pusa Bold Safflower var. A-1 Linseed var. T-397
1.3.3 FAIZABAD Normal 2018

400
300
Faizabad centre is located in Northern plain,
Rainfall (mm)
250
Rohilkhand, Avadh and South Bihar plains (AESR 200
9.2) and Eastern plain agro-climatic zone in Uttar 150

100
Pradesh. The climate is hot dry sub-humid. Annual 50
normal potential evapo-transpiration is about 549 0
mm. Annual normal rainfall is 1040 mm. Length Month
of growing period is 150-180 days. Drought occurs Fig.40: Normal and actual (2018) monthly
once in ten years. rainfall at Faizabad

Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Dry spell Stage of the
Crop
Duration (days) Dates & months crop
- 13 September to Rice Grain filling
by 18 days (12th July). A rainfall of 891.1 mm was till harvest & maturity
received which was deficit by 110.6 mm compared Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented
to normal rainfall (1001.7 mm). During south-west
monsoon (kharif), 815.8 mm rainfall was received Crop
which was deficit by 99.3 mm (9.9%) compared to Delayed Rice, maize, - Improved
onset of blackgram, varieties
normal of 915.1 mm. During rabi, 54.5 mm rainfall
monsoon sesame
was received against the normal rainfall of 92.0 mm. Terminal Rice Grain filling Foliar spray
During summer, 19.8 mm of rainfall was received drought
which was deficit by 13.4 mm compared to normal Salient achievements of on-station experiments
rainfall (33.2 mm) (Fig.40). Real time contingency planning
Normal onset of monsoon 24 June Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
Onset of monsoon during 2018 12 July
Annual mean rainfall 1001.7 mm by 18 days (12th July). Among different alternate
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 891.1 mm crops, blackgram (var. NDU-1) gave higher net
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 915.1 mm (kharif ) & returns (Rs.25750/ha) and B:C ratio (2.06) followed
92.0 mm (rabi)
by sesame (Rs. 19250/ha) compared to farmers’
Crop seasonal rainfall during 815.8 mm (kharif ) &
practice of rice cultivation with local variety (Rs.
2018-19 54.5 mm (rabi)
4060/ha) (Table 163).
130
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 163: Performance of alternate crops

Crop duration Seed/grain RWUE Cost of Net returns B:C
Crop Variety
(days) yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Rice NDR-97 94 2115 2.67 20280 13560 0.67
Maize Naveen 92 2475 3.03 20500 16625 0.81
Blackgram NDU-1 85 765 0.94 12500 25750 2.06
Sesame T-3 93 615 0.75 11500 19250 1.67
Farmers’ prac- Local variety 115 1515 1.86 20180 4060 0.20
tice (rice)
Situation: Terminal drought relieving of stress/dry spell (1872 kg/ha). Among

During 2018, monsoon was withdrawn by 13 the different sources of foliar sprays, water soluble
September affecting the grain filling in rice. Among complex fertilizer (19: 19: 19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4
different foliar sprays in rice, foliar spray during dry @ 0.5% recorded the highest grain yield (2220
spell recorded higher grain yield (2109 kg/ha), net kg/ha), net returns (Rs.15502/ha), B:C ratio (0.78)
returns (Rs.13660 /ha), B:C ratio (0.70) and RWUE and RWUE (2.79 kg/ha-mm) compared to other
(2.56 kg/ha-mm) compared to foliar spray after treatments (Table 164).
Table 164: Effect of foliar sprays on yield and economics of rice

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net B:C RWUE
Treatment Grain Straw Mean grain cultivation returns ratio (kg/ha-
(2018-19) (2 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) mm)
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 2109 2413 1873 19224 13660 0.70 2.56
Foliar spray after relieving of stress (with favor- 1872 2533 1606 18450 10743 0.57 2.35
able soil moisture)
CD at 5% 144 - - - - - -
Sub plot
Urea @ 2% 1928 2413 1729 18835 11292 0.60 2.42
Urea @ 1% 2021 2533 1466 18925 12664 0.70 2.54
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19: 19: 19) @ 0.5% 2064 2583 1854 19000 13252 0.71 2.59
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19: 19: 19) @ 2220 2782 2003 19190 15502 0.78 2.79
0.5%+ ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + Borax @ 0.25 %
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + Borax @ 0.25 % 2040 2553 1838 19012 12872 0.68 2.56
Water spray 1843 2304 1678 18935 9870 0.52 2.31
Control (no spray) 1818 2274 1609 18450 9957 0.53 2.28
CD at 5% 164 - - - - - -
Rice with foliar spray of water soluble complex fertilizer

Rice under control (no spray)
(19:19:19) @ 0. 5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + borax @ 0.25%
131
c. On-farm demonstrations major rainfed crops. The soil moisture status is

Village profile deficit during growth and flowering stages of major
rainfed crops.
Hardoya village, Uttar Pradesh. The total cultivated Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
area is 397 ha out of which 138 ha is rainfed. The rainfall data of Faizabad centre was taken.
The major soil types are silty loam and silty clay. Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)
The major rainfed crops during kharif are upland
Dry spell
rice, maize, pigeonpea, blackgram, sorghum and Stage of the
Duration Crop
pearlmillet and rabi crops are chickpea, lentil, Dates & months crop
(days)
mustard, linseed and barley. The numbers of - 13 September to Rice Grain filling
landless, marginal, small and medium farmers are till crop harvest
55, 445 and 155, respectively. The ground water Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
table is 6 meter. The source of irrigation is tube well mented
and ponds covering 65% of cultivated area. The
Weather RTCP
activities and interventions were extended to new Crop
village, Amavachitan, block- Haringtonganj, tehsil- Delayed on set of Rice, maize, Improved varieties
Milkipur in Faizabad district. monsoon blackgram,
sesame
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic
zone is sub-humid. The south-west monsoon
contributes 90% of the total annual average rainfall Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
of 1001.7 mm. The historical rainfall data (30 years) During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed
indicated that the variability in rainfall during by 18 days (12th July). Among rice varieties, NDR-
southwest monsoon is 15-20% deficit of the average 97 gave higher grain yield (1906 kg/ha) and stover
rainfall. The onset (south-west) of monsoon is yield (2426 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 10216/ha), B:C
during 25 SMW. The dry spells during crop season ratio (0.50) and RWUE (2.33 kg/ha-mm) followed
are experienced (for the past 10/15 years) during by var. Baranideep (1762 kg/ha) compared to local
September at grain setting and maturity stages of variety (1315 kg/ha) (Table 165).
Table 165: Performance of short duration varieties of rice

Grain yield Straw yield RWUE Cost of Net returns B:C
Variety
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
NDR-97 1906 2426 2.33 20280 10216 0.50
Baranideep 1762 2261 2.16 20280 7912 0.39
Suskasamrat 1682 2176 2.06 20280 6632 0.32
Vandna 1558 2169 1.91 20280 4648 0.23
Local variety 1315 1932 1.61 20180 860 0.04
Among the pigeonpea varieties, NDA-1 and RWUE (2.27 kg/ha-mm) compared to other
performed better and gave higher seed yield (1846 varieties and local variety (1250 kg/ha) (Table 166).
kg/ha), net returns (Rs.73250/ha), B:C ratio (3.85)
132
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 166: Performance of short duration varieties of pigeonpea

Seed yield Stover yield RWUE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Variety
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
NDA-1 1846 6111 2.27 19050 73250 3.85
NDA-2 1702 5930 2.08 19050 66050 3.47
Bahar 1722 5453 2.11 19050 67050 3.52
MA-13 1470 4921 1.80 19050 54450 2.86
Local variety 1250 4380 1.53 19050 43450 2.28
Among different alternate crops, blackgram (var. (Rs.16000/ha) compared to farmers’ practice of rice
NDU-1) gave higher net returns (Rs.20000/ha) cultivation with local variety (Rs.860/ha) (Table 167).
and B:C ratio (1.6) followed by sesame (var.T-3)
Table 167: Performance of alternate crops under delayed onset of monsoon

Crop Seed/grain RWUE Cost of Net returns B:C
crop Variety
duration (days) yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Rice NDR-97 94 1906 2.33 20280 10216 0.50
Maize Naveen 92 2250 2.76 20500 13250 0.64
Blackgram NDU-1 85 650 0.80 12500 20000 1.6
Sesame T-3 93 550 0.67 11500 16000 1.39
Farmers’ Local 115 1315 1.61 20180 860 0.04
practice (rice) variety
Preparedness the highest grain yield (2377 kg/ha), net returns

Rainwater management (Rs.15501/ha), B:C ratio (0.76) and RWUE
(2.92 kg/ha-mm) compared to without mulching.
In-situ moisture conservation practice with
Similarly in pigeonpea and sorghum, subabul green
mulching of green leaves of subabul @ 10 t/
leaves mulching @ 10 t/ha recorded an increase in
ha in maize, pigeonpea and sorghum revealed
yield by 24.2% and 22.2%, respectively compared
that mulching in maize (var. Naveen) recorded
to no mulching (Table 168).
Table 168: Effect of mulching on yield and economics of kharif crops

Yield (kg/ha)
Variety RWUE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Crop With Without (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
mulching mulching
Maize Naveen 2377 1765 2.92 20154 15501 0.76
Pigeonpea NDA-1 1950 1570 2.39 19050 78450 4.11
Sorghum CSV-10 1650 1350 2.02 18654 6100 0.32
In-situ moisture conservation with Uday) recorded higher seed yield (2215 kg/ha),
mulching of green leaves of subabul @ 10 t/ha in net returns (Rs.91775/ha), B:C ratio (4.83), RWUE
mustard, chickpea and lentil recorded an increase (2.71 kg/ha-mm) compared to mustard and lentil
in yield by 36.8%, 32.2% and 36.4% respectively (Table 169).
compared to without mulching. Chickpea (var.
133
Table 169: Effect of mulching on yield and economics of rabi crops

Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Crop Variety
With mulching Without mulching (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Mustard Varuna 1525 1115 1.87 13590 52016 3.82
Chickpea Uday 2215 1675 2.71 18975 91775 4.83
Lentil NDM-1 1535 1125 1.88 18975 57775 3.04
Among drought tolerant varieties of mustard, and RWUE (1.80 kg/ha-mm) followed by varieties
var. Varuna recorded higher seed yield (1475 kg/ NDR-1 and NDR-4 compared to farmers’ practice
ha), net returns (Rs.38035/ha), B:C ratio (2.79) of local variety (995 kg/ha) (Table 170).
Table 170: Performance of drought tolerant varieties of mustard
Variety Seed yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
NDR-1 1303 1.59 13590 32015 2.35
Varuna 1475 1.80 13590 38035 2.79
NDR-4 1195 1.47 13590 28235 2.07
Local variety 955 1.17 13590 19835 1.46
Chickpea var. Udai recorded higher seed yield by varieties Pusa-362, Avarodhi and KWR-108
(2125 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.87275/ha), B:C ratio compared to local variety (1350 kg/ha) (Table 171).
(4.59) and RWUE (2.60 kg/ha-mm) followed
Table 171: Performance of chickpea varieties
Variety Seed yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Udai 2125 2.60 18975 87275 4.59
Pusa-362 1975 2.42 18975 79775 4.20
Avarodhi 1895 2.32 18975 75775 3.99
KWR-108 1685 2.06 18975 65275 3.44
Local variety 1350 1.66 18975 48525 2.56
1.3.4 REWA Normal onset of monsoon 23 June

a. Agro-ecological setting Onset of monsoon during 2018 27 June
Normal annual rainfall 1090.0 mm
Rewa centre is located in Keymore plateau and Annual rainfall during 2018-19 894.4 mm
Satpura hill zone in Madhya Pradesh under Dry sub Normal crop seasonal and rainfall 997.0 & 71.2 mm,
humid zone. during kharif & rabi respectively
Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 794.4 & 29.0 mm,
b. On-station experiments (kharif & rabi) respectively
Normal 2018
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed 450
400
by 4 days (27th June). A rainfall of 894.4 mm was 350
received which was deficit by 195.6 mm compared 300

Rainfall (mm)
250
to normal rainfall of 1090.0 mm. The rainfall during 200
150
kharif season was 794.4 mm as against normal 100
rainfall of 997.0 mm. During rabi season, the 50
0
rainfall was 29.0 mm compared to normal rainfall Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
of 71.2 mm (Fig.41).
Fig.41 : Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at Rewa
134
AICRPDA – NICRA
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) Salient achievements of on-station experiments
Dry spell Real time contingency planning
Stage of the
Duration Crop Situation: Mid season drought
Dates & months crop
(days) During 2018, monsoon was withdrawn by 9
- 9 September to till Soybean Vegetative to September affecting the flowering and maturity
harvest maturity stage of soybean. Foliar application of water
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% +
mented recommended dose of micronutrients (ZnSO4 @
100 ppm) during dry spell recorded significantly
RTCP higher seed yield (749 kg/ha), stalk yield (651 kg/
Weather aberrations Crop
implemented
ha), net returns (Rs. 8807/ha), B:C ratio (1.53) and
Mid season and terminal Soybean Foliar spray RWUE (0.95 kg/ha-mm) followed by foliar spray of
drought
urea @ 2% (717 kg/ha) compared to control (555
kg/ha) (Table 172).
Table 172: Effect of foliar sprays on yield and economics of soybean

B:C RWUE
Treatment Seed Mean seed cultivation returns
Stalk ratio (kg/ha-mm)
(2018-19) (2 yrs) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
During dry spell
Urea @ 1% 702 597 1581 16330 7467 1.45 0.885
Urea @ 2% 717 727 1615 16360 7946 1.48 0.903
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 686 515 1545 16530 6725 1.40 0.865
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + 749 651 1684 16550 8807 1.53 0.942
ZnSO4 @ 100ppm
ZnSO4 @ 100 ppm 629 450 1417 16315 5008 1.30 0.793
Water spray 563 404 1267 16100 2985 1.18 0.709
Control (no spray of any material) 555 354 1250 16065 2749 1.17 0.699
After stress relieving
Urea @ 1% 571 563 1285 16330 3027 1.18 0.719
Urea @ 2% 563 587 1267 16360 2725 1.16 0.709
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% 567 514 1278 16530 2691 1.16 0.715
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + 648 599 1458 16550 5417 1.32 0.816
ZnSO4 @ 100 ppm
ZnSO4 @ 100 ppm 560 496 1261 16315 2669 1.16 0.705
Water spray 550 458 1240 16100 2545 1.15 0.694
Control (no spray of any material) 520 435 1170 16065 1563 1.09 0.655
Soybean with foliar spray of water soluble complex

Soybean under control (no spray)
fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 100 ppm
135
c. On-farm demonstrations 33.5% during kharif season compared to seasonal

Village profile rainfall (1008.6 mm). However, during rabi, 27.6
mm rainfall was received against normal of no
The program is being implemented in the
rainfall (Fig.42).
village Raura and Patuna, Block and Tehsil Raipur,
Karchulian in district Rewa. The total cultivated Normal onset of monsoon 23 June
area is 643.986 ha (477.785 ha + 166.201ha) out Onset of monsoon during 2018 13 July
of which 250.997 ha (129.210 ha + 121.787 ha) is Annual mean rainfall 1050.0 mm
rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 1080 mm with Annual rainfall during 2018-19 698.6 mm
seasonal rainfall of 950 mm during kharif (June- Mean crop seasonal rainfall 1008.6 mm & 0.0 mm,
(kharif and rabi) respectively
September). The major soil types are silty loam and
Crop seasonal rainfall during 671.0 mm & 27.6 mm,
silty clay loam. The major rainfed crops are rice, 2018-19 (kharif and rabi) respectively
soybean, pigeonpea and blackgram in kharif season
and wheat, chickpea, lentil and linseed in rabi season. Normal 2018
400
The number of small, marginal, medium and large 350
farmers are 347 (310+ 37), 192 (110 + 82) and 137 300
(127 +10) in Raura and Patuna villages, respectively.
Rainfall (mm)
250
The programme was extended to new village Khira, 200

150
Block and Tehsil Raipur, Karchulian in district
100
Rewa. The total cultivated area is 150.350 ha out 50
of which 80.950 is rainfed. The number small, 0
marginal, medium and large farmers are 25, 75 and Month
15 in Khira villages respectively.
Climate vulnerability in general Raura and Patauna
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic zone
is sub-humid. The south-west monsoon contributes Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19): Nil
85% and north-east monsoon 15% of the total annual Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented
average rainfall of 1080 mm. The historical rainfall Weather RTCP
data (30 years) indicated that the variability in rainfall Crop
aberrations implemented
during south-west monsoon was 15-35% deficit Delayed onset of Soybean, blackgram, Improved varieties
of the average rainfall. The onset (south-west) monsoon pigeonpea
of monsoon was during 25 SMW (standard Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
meteorological week) and north-east monsoon is 47
SMW. The dry spells were experienced during the
crop season for the past 10/15 years during August Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
and September at flowering and grain formation The onset of monsoon was delayed by 20
stages of the major rainfed crops. The onset of the days during 2018. Pigeonpea var. Asha recorded
monsoon is normal. The soil moisture status is deficit higher seed yield (920 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.38600/
during flowering and grain development stages of ha), B:C ratio (4.21) and RWUE (1.26 kg/ha-mm)
major rainfed crops. compared to local variety (720 kg/ha). In blackgram,
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 variety LBG-20 gave higher seed yield (350 kg/
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was ha), net returns (Rs. 9250/ha), B:C ratio (1.92) and
delayed by 20 days (13th July). An annual rainfall RWUE (0.48 kg/ha-mm) followed by variety JU-30
of 698.6 mm rainfall was received against normal (280 kg/ha) compared to local variety (220 kg/ha)
rainfall of 1050.0 mm. The rainfall was deficit by (Table 173).
136
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 173: Performance of improved varieties of pigeonpea and blackgram

Farming situation/soil type Crop Variety Yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Medium land black soil Blackgram LBG-20 350 0.48 9250 1.92
JU-3 280 0.38 5400 1.54
Local 220 3100 1.34
Pigeonpea Asha 920 1.26 38600 4.21
Local 720 - 29600 3.96
Preparedness 3336, HI 1544, GW 322 compared to local variety

Cropping systems (2850 kg/ha). Rice var. sahbhagi recorded higher
grain yield (1250 kg/ha), straw (2510 kg/ha), net
Among the improved varieties, wheat var.
returns (Rs.5000/ha), B:C ratio (2.03) and RWUE
GW366 recorded higher grain yield (3450 kg/ha),
(1.93 kg/ha-mm) followed by varieties Danteshwari,
straw (7250 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.51500/ha) and
IR 64 compared to local variety (620 kg/ha)
B: C ratio (3.94) followed by varieties HI8713, HI
(Table 174).
Table 174: performance of improved varieties of different crops
Yield (kg/ha) Cost of Net returns B:C
Farming situation Crop Variety
Grain Stover cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Medium land black soils Rice Sehbhagi 1250 2510 15000 5000 2.03
Danteshwari 1120 2340 15000 2920 1.96
IR 64 850 1815 15000 -1400 2.65
Local 620 - 10200 -280 -
Wheat GW 366 3450 7250 17500 51500 3.94
HI 8713 3410 7502 17500 50700 3.89
HI 3336 3360 6888 17500 49700 3.84
HI 1544 3125 6718 17500 45000 3.57
GW 322 3315 6961 17500 48800 3.78
Local 2855 - 15600 41500 -
1.3.5 VARANASI monsoon (kharif), 780.1 mm of rainfall was received

a. Agro-ecological setting which was deficit by 164.4 mm compared to normal
(944.5 mm), During rabi, no rainfall was received
Varanasi centre is located in Northern Plain,
against the normal rainfall of 60.9 mm (Fig.43).
Rohilkhand, Avadh and south Bihar Plains (AESR
9.2) and Eastern plateau and vindhyan zone in Uttar Normal onset of monsoon 22 June
Pradesh. The climate is hot dry sub-humid. Annual Onset of monsoon during 2018 27 June
normal potential evapo-transpiration is 577 mm.
Annual mean rainfall during 2018-19 805.1 mm
Annual normal rainfall is 1078 mm. Length of growing Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 944.5 mm and 60.9
period is 150-180 days. Drought occurs once in six kharif and rabi mm, respectively
years. Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 780.1 mm and 0.0
(kharif and rabi) mm, respectively
b. On-station experiments: Nil
Dry spell
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed Stage of the
Duration Crop
Dates and months crop
by 5 days (27th June). A rainfall of 805.1 mm was (days)
received which was deficit by 275.8 mm (25.4%) 11 30 June -12 July Rice Seedling
compared to normal (1081.7 mm). During south-west 11 11 - 20 September Rice Flowering
137
Normal 2018 Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)

400
Dry spell
350
300
Duration Dates & Crop Stage of the crop
(days) months
Rainfall (mm)
250
200 10 3-12 July Rice, maize, Seedling
150 pigeonpea
100 13 1-13 Rice, maize, Vegetative, early
50 August pigeonpea flowering (pigeonpea)
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 24-30 Rice, maize, Late maturity, vegeta-
Month September pigeonpea tive (pigeonpea)
Varanasi
Normal 2018
350
c. On-farm demonstrations 300
Village profile 250
Rainfall (mm)
200
The program is being implemented in Tedha 150
village, Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh. The total 100
cultivated area is 290 ha out of which 210 ha is 50
0
rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 1191 mm with Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
seasonal rainfall of 945 mm during kharif (June-
Fig .44: Normal and actual (2018) monthly
September). The major soil types are sandy loam rainfall at Tedha
and loamy sand. The major rainfed crops during
kharif are rice, maize, pearlmillet, greengram, Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
pigeonpea, and wheat, chickpea, sesame, pea and Preparedness
linseed during rabi. The numbers of small, marginal,
Cropping systems
medium and large farmers are 0, 45, 85, and 120,
respectively. The irrigated area is 15-25% of Lentil var. HUL-57 gave higher seed yield
cultivated area. New village adopted is Patharaha (1157 kg/ha) compared to local (712 kg/ha).
(Hinauti), Mirzapur Dist., Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, chickpea var. Awrodhi gave higher seed
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 yield (2562 kg/ha) compared to Pusa-256 (2156 kg/
ha) and local variety (1512 kg/ha). In mustard, var.
During 2018, at Tedha village, the onset of
Varuna (T-59) gave higher seed yield (1131 kg/ha)
monsoon was timely (11th June). A rainfall of 452.0
mm was received which was deficit by 384.7 mm compared to local variety (834 kg/ha) (Table 175).
(45.9%) compared to normal (836.7). During south- Table 175: Performance of improved varieties of
west monsoon (kharif), 424.0 mm of rainfall was lentil, chickpea and mustard
received which was deficit by 275.5 mm compared to Farming situation/ Seed yield
Crop Variety
normal (699.5 mm). During rabi, 17.8 mm rainfall Soil type (kg/ha)
was received against the normal of 60.9 mm (Fig.44). Shallow and me- Lentil HUL-57 1157
dium
Local 712
Normal onset of monsoon 12 June (±5 days) alluvial soil
Onset of monsoon during 2018 11 June Chick- Awrodhi 2562
pea
Annual mean rainfall 836.7 mm PUSA-256 2156
Annual mean rainfall during 2018-19 452.0 mm Local 1512
Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 699.5 mm and 60.9 Mustard Varuna (T-59) 1131
Local 834
Crop seasonal rainfall during 424.0 mm and 17.8
2018-19 kharif and rabi mm, respectively
138
AICRPDA – NICRA
1.4 Moist Sub-humid zone (1250-1500 mm) Normal onset of monsoon 5 June
1.4.1 JAGDALPUR Onset of monsoon during 2018 7 June
Jagdalpur centre is located in Garjat hills,
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 1122.0 and 115.0 mm,
Dandakarannya and Eastern ghats eco-sub-region during kharif and rabi,
(AESR 12.1) and Bastar plateau agro-climatic zone respectively
in Chhattisgarh. The climate is hot moist sub-humid. Crop seasonal rainfall during 1365.8 and 235.9 mm,
Annual normal rainfall is 1297 mm. The length of 2018-19 during kharif and rabi,
respectively
growing period is 180-210 days.
Dry spell
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Stage of the
Duration Crop
Dates & months crop
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was delayed (days)
by two days (7 June). A total rainfall of 1677.0 17 14 June - 31 Rice, maize Tillering,
mm was received which was excess by 272.6 mm June vegetative
compared to normal of 1404.4 mm. During south- 46 9 October -25 Rice, niger, Milking, pod
December horsegram forming
west monsoon (kharif), there was 1365.8 mm
29 24 January - 23 Chickpea, Vegetative
rainfall which was excess by 244.3 mm (21.8%) as February field pea
against normal rainfall of 1122 mm. During north-
east monsoon (October - December), 235.9 mm of Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented
rainfall was received which was excess 121.1 mm Weather RTCP
Crop Stage of crop
as that of normal (115.0 mm). During summer, 75.0 aberration implemented
mm of rainfall was received which was deficit by Mid season drought Rice Milking Foliar spray
70.8 mm (48.5%) compared to normal rainfall of
146.1 mm. (Fig.45)
Normal 2018 Situation: Mid season drought
450
400 During 2018, a dry spell of 46 days occurred
350 during 9 October to 26 November coinciding with
300
Rainfall (mm)
250
the milking stage of rice. During the stress condition,
200 foliar spray of water soluble fertilizer (19:19:19) @
150
0.5% along with 0.5% ZnSO4 recorded significantly
100
50 higher grain and straw yield (2325 and 3440 kg/
0 ha), net returns (Rs.23203/ha), B:C ratio (1.83)
Month and RWUE (2.74 kg/ha-mm) compared to no foliar
spray (980 kg/ha) (Table 176).
Fig.45.: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Jagdalpur
Table 176: Effect of different foliar treatments on yield and economics of rice
Yield (q/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Treatment
Grain Mean grain (2 years) Straw (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
M1S1 1955 1990 3330 15958 1.58 2.30
M1S2 2037 2070 3260 17462 1.63 2.40
M1S3 2153 2260 3378 19772 1.71 2.53
139
Yield (q/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE

Treatment
Grain Mean grain (2 years) Straw (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
M1S4 2325 2370 3440 23203 1.83 2.74
M1S5 1787 1660 3078 12105 1.44 2.10
M1S6 1807 1590 2983 13020 1.48 2.13
M1S7 1198 980 2342 208 1.01 1.41
M2S1 1725 1600 2770 10683 1.39 2.03
M2S2 1753 1660 2830 11223 1.41 2.06
M2S3 1777 1680 2922 11593 1.42 2.09
M2S4 1775 1620 2800 11288 1.40 2.09
M2S5 1433 1280 2362 4145 1.15 1.69
M2S6 1370 1260 2297 3382 1.13 1.61
M2S7 1213 1050 2078 252 1.01 1.43
M1: Foliar spray during dry spell; M2: Foliar spray after relieving dry spell; S1: Urea @ 1%; S2: Urea @ 2%; S3:19:19:19 @ 0.5%;
S4:19:19:19 @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5%; S5: ZnSO4 @ 0.5%; S6: Water spray @ 500 l/ha; S7: Control (no spray)
c. On-farm interventions 269, 86 and 20, respectively. 24th to 25th SMW.

Village profile The ground water table is 6 to 15 m depending upon
topography and season. The source of irrigation is
farm ponds and wells covering 2% of cultivated
Tahkapal, Tandpal and Gumiyapal villages in
area.
Tokapal Tehsil, Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. The
total cultivated area is 511.25 ha out of which 500 Climate vulnerability in general
ha is rainfed. The mean annual rainfall is 1399 In general, the climate in this agro-climatic
mm with seasonal rainfall of 1118.7 mm during zone is moist sub-humid. The south-west monsoon
kharif (June - September). The major soil types contributes 80% of the total annual average rainfall
are shallow, medium to deep black mixed red and of 1399 mm. The historical rainfall data (30 years)
black soils. The major rainfed crops during kharif
indicated that the variability in rainfall during
are rice, maize and minor millets, while during rabi
south-west monsoon was 14% deficit of the average
are vegetables, chikpea, kulthi (horsegram) and
rainfall. The onset (south-west) of monsoon is
niger. The number of marginal, small, medium and
during 24 SMW.
for the past 32 years (5 dry spells in September and
11 dry spells in October) and at panicle initiation Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
and reproductive stages of rice. The soil moisture During 2018, in Tahkapal village, onset of
status is deficit during reproductive stages of major monsoon was delayed by 7 days (12th June). A
rainfed crops. The extreme events like unusual and rainfall of 1386.4 mm was received which was deficit
high intensity rainfall in short span are increasing by 18.0 mm compared to normal rainfall of 1404.4
during July-August (30, 32 and 34 SMWs) and
mm. During South-west monsoon (kharif), 1124.8
October (41 and 44 SMWs). The area has also been
mm rainfall was received which was 3.3 mm excess
experiencing extreme events like hail storms, floods
compared to normal rainfall of 1122 mm; during
and cold waves (occasionally). There has been
rabi (October-December), 46.7 mm of rainfall was
a considerable shift in the rainfall pattern and the
quantum of rainfall during SW monsoon (6%) and
to normal (115 mm). During summer, 212.9 mm of
North-East monsoon (32%) has increased during
rainfall was received which was excess by 66.8 mm
last 10 years and sowing window of the dominant
rainfed crops is delayed from large farmers are 61, compared to normal (146.1 mm) (Fig. 46).
140
AICRPDA – NICRA
Normal onset of monsoon 5 June Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented
Onset of monsoon during 2018 12 June Weather
Crop Stage of crop RTCP implemented
Annual mean rainfall 1404.4 mm aberration
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 1386.4 mm Delayed onset Rice - Lehi (sprouted paddy
Mean crop seasonal rainfal during 1122.0 and 115.0 mm of monsoon seed) sowing on pud-
kharif and rabi, respectively dled field
Crop seasonal rainfallduring 2018-19 1124.8 and 46.7 mm
kharif and rabi, respectively Early season Rice Vegetative Supplemental irriga-
drought tion
Normal 2018
500
Mid season Rice Flowering Foliar spray
450 drought
400
350
Terminal Rice Grain filling Supplemental irriga-
Rainfall (mm)
300 drought tion, foliar spray

250
200 Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
150
100 Real time contingency planning
50
0 Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
Month At Tahkapal village, The onset of monsoon was
Fig.46: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at delayed by 7 days. In- situ moisture conservation by
Tahkapal
multistory techniques for seedling preparation, Lehi
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) (sprouted paddy seed) sowing on puddle field, drum
Dry spell seeding with sprouted seeds were implemented.
Stage of the
Duration Dates & Crop Among the practices, Lehi (sprouted paddy seed)
crop
(days) months
sowing on puddle field gave highest grain yield
13 14 June-27 Rice, maize Tillering,
June vegetative (6557 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.98360/ha), B:C ratio
18 1-18 Rice, maize Grain filling, (3.15) and RWUE (9.44 kg/ha-mm) compared to
November silking
20 1-20 Rice, Grain filling
other treatments and control (Table 177).
December maize, niger
Table 177: Effect of sowing methods on yield and economics of rice
Intervention
tion/soil type (kg/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Midland Multistory techniques for seedling preparation of rice 4860 6.97 72910 2.33
Lehi (sprouted paddy seed) sowing on puddle field 6557 9.44 98360 3.15
Drum seeding with sprouted seeds after receipt of monsoon rains. 3192 4.57 18104 2.81
Multi-storey nursery system Drum seeder for sowing rice
141
Situation: Early season drought Table 178: Effect of life saving irrigation on yield
and economics of rice
At Tahkapal village, a dry spell of 13 days
occurred during 14-17 June coinciding with early Farming Grain WUE Net
Interven- B:C
situation/ yield (kg/ha- returns
vegetative stage of rice. Life saving irrigation of tion ratio
2 cm from harvested rainwater in farm pond at Midland Supplemen- 1840 2.83 10426 1.84
tillering stage gave highest grain yield (1840 kg/ tal irrigation
Farmers’ 867 1.37 1670 1.16
ha), net returns (Rs.10426/ha), B:C ratio (1.84) and
practice (no
WUE (2.83 kg/ha-mm) compared to control (867 supplemen-
kg/ha) (Table 178). tal irriga-
tion)
Rice without supplemental irrigation Rice with supplemental irrigation
Situation: Mid season drought kg/ha + lime 3 q/ha gave highest grain yield (5845
At Tahkapal village, a dry spell of 18 days kg/ha), net returns (Rs.87688/ha), B:C ratio (2.80)
occurred during 1-18 November coinciding with and RWUE (8.41 kg/ha-mm) compared to control
flowering stage of rice. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 25 (1368 kg/ha) (Table 179).
Table 179: Effect of foliar spray on RWUE, yield and economics of rice
Farming situation/ Grain yield RWUE Net returns B:C
Intervention
Midland Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha 5845 8.41 87688 2.80
+ lime 3 q/ha
Situation: Terminal drought 2 cm from harvested rainwater gave highest grain

At Tahkapal village, a dry spell of 20 days yield (2097 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.7493/ha), B:C
occurred during 1-20 December coinciding with ratio (2.05) and WUE (3.02 kg/ha-mm) compared
flowering stage of rice. Life saving irrigation of to control (1883 kg/ha) (Table 180).
Table 180: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of rice

Grain yield WUE Net returns B:C
Lowland Supplemental irrigation 2097 3.02 7493 2.05
Farmers’ practice (no 1883 2.71 6726 1.56
142
AICRPDA – NICRA
Preparedness yield (3512 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.34048/ha), B:C

Rainwater management ratio (2.65) and RWUE (3.12 kg/ha-mm) compared
to farmers’ practice of broadcasting of farmyard
At Tahkapal village, row placement of FYM
manure @ 1 t/ha (3045 kg/ha) (Table 181).
along with seed sowing gave 15.3% higher grain
Table 181: Effect of row placement of FYM along with seed sowing on yield and economics of rice
Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) Net returns B:C RWUE
Intervention
soil type Grain Mean grain (3 years) Straw (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Lowland Row placement of FYM 3512 3120 7550 34048 2.65 3.12
along with seed sowing
Farmers’ practice* 3045 2975 6547 31367 1.85 1.98
*Broadcasting of FYM @ 1 t/ha
Cropping systems mixing seed of fingermillet and pigeonpea together

At Tahkapal village, fingermillet + pigeonpea in equal amount and sowing gave higher main crop
(7:2) intercropping system gave higher net returns equivalent yield (1138 kg/ha), B:C ratio (2.4) and
(Rs.37324/ha). Whereas, farmers’ practice of RWUE (4.9 kg/ha-mm) (Table 182).
Table 182: Yield and economics of fingermillet + pigeonpea (7:2) intercropping system
Yield (kg/ha) MCEY (kg/ha)
Intervention Main Inter- LER
tion/ soil type 2018-19 Mean (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
crop crop
Midland Finger millet + 1440 414 829 1352 1.53 37324 2.20 4.25
pigeonpea (7:2)
Farmers’ practice 1730 569 1138 1847 0.82 22068 2.4 4.9
*Farmers’ practice: Mixing seeds together in equal amount and sowing; LER: Land equivalent ratio; MCEY: Main crop equivalent yield
1.4.2 PHULBANI mm was received during kharif (June- September)

a. Agro-ecological setting and was excess by 75.6 mm (6.57%) than normal
(1150.5 mm). In rabi, 290.4 mm rainfall was
Phulbani is located in Eastern Plateau
received which was 165.7 mm (132.8%) higher
(Chotanagpur) and Eastern Ghats, Garjat Hills,
than the normal (124.7 mm). In summer 147.3 mm
Dandakarannya and Eastern Ghats (AESR 12.1),
rainfall was received against normal of 108.4 mm
and Eastern ghat zone in Odisha. The climate is hot,
rainfall (Fig.47).
moist sub-humid. Annual normal rainfall is 1407
mm. Annual normal potential evapotranspiration is Normal onset of monsoon 10 June
478 mm. Length of growing period is 180-210 days. Onset of monsoon during 2018 9 June
b. On-station experiments Annual mean rainfall 1407.0 mm
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Annual rainfall during 2018-19 1663.8 mm
During 2018, the onset of monsoon was on Mean crop seasonal rainfall during 1150.5 and 124.7 mm,
time (9 June). A rainfall of 1663.8 mm was received
Crop seasonal rainfall during khar- 1226.1 and 290.4 mm,
during the year which was excess by 256.5 mm than
if and rabi (2018-19) respectively
normal (1407.0 mm). Out of total rainfall, 1226.1
143
Normal 2018 contributes 80%, north-east monsoon contributes

450 10% and summer rainfall contributes 10%. The
400
350
historical rainfall data (30 years) indicated that the
300 variability in rainfall during south-west monsoon
Rainfall (mm)
250 was 7.2% surplus of the average rainfall. The onset

200
(south-west) of monsoon was during 24 SMW.
150
100 For the past 15 years, the dry spells during crop
50 season had been experienced during germination
0
to reproductive stages in various rainfed crops. The
Month onset of the monsoon is erratic. The extreme events
like unusual and high intensity rainfall in short span
Fig.47: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at are increasing during kharif and rabi seasons.
Phulbani
Dry spell
Dry spell Stage of the
Crop Stage of the crop crop
Duration Dates & (days ) months
(days) months 17 23 September - Rice, maize, Grain filling
17 23 September Rice, Milking in rice, grain 10 October cowpea, & maternity
- 10 October maize filling in maize pigeonpea
Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple- Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
mented: Nil mented
c. On farm demonstrations Weather
Crop RTCP implemented
aberration
Village profile
Terminal drought Rice Life saving irrigation
Budhadani village, Phulbani tehsil in Kandhamal Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations
district, Odisha. The total cultivated area is 101 Real time contingency planning
ha, out of which 81.96 ha is rainfed. The mean
annual rainfall is 1123 mm with seasonal rainfall Situation: Terminal drought
of 1045 mm during kharif (June-September). The During 2018, a dry spell of 17 days occurred
major soil types are red lateritic and brown forest during 23 September to 10 October coinciding
soils. The major rainfed crops during kharif are with milking, rain filling and maturity stage in rice.
rice, maize, turmeric, and greengram, blackgram
Supplemental irrigation from nearby water stream
and vegetables during rabi. The number of small,
given to rice varieties, Naveen and Sahabhagi
marginal, medium and large farmers is 29.26, 51.63
and 19.11%, respectively. The new village adopted resulted in 27.4 and 25.7% higher yield (2510 and
during 2017-18 is Gunjidraga village, Phulbani 2400 kg/ha) with highest net returns (Rs.15925 and
block in Kandhamal district of Odisha. 14000/ha), B:C ratio (1.57 and 1.50) and RWUE
Climate vulnerability in general (1.98 and 1.50 kg/ha-mm) as compared to without
supplemental irrigation (1970 and 1910 kg/ha),
The climate is sub-humid. Out of the total annual
average rainfall of 1407 mm, south-west monsoon respectively (Table 183).
Table 183: Performance of rice varieties with supplemental irrigation

Grain yield (kg/ha)
RWUE Net returns B:C
Crop Variety (duration) With supplemental Without supplemental (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
irrigation irrigation
Rice Sahabhagi (110 days) 2400 1910 1.90 14000 1.50
Naveen (110 days) 2510 1970 1.98 15925 1.57
144
AICRPDA – NICRA
Preparedness system (2:2) gave higher maize equivalent yield

Rainwater management (4420 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.30565/ha), B:C ratio
(3.49) and RWUE (3.49 kg/ha-mm) as compared
In-situ moisture conservation through deep
to sole maize (2140 kg/ha) without in-situ moisture
summer ploughing, increase in bund height, hoeing
conservation (Table 184).
and weeding in maize + cowpea intercropping
Table 184: Performance maize + cowpea intercropping system (2:2) under in-situ moisture conserva-
tion
Intercropping system/ Yield (kg/ha) RWUE Net returns B:C
variety With in-situ moisture conservation Farmers’ practice (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Maize (SA 701) + 2050 (grain) + Sole maize (2140) 3.49 30565 2.09
cowpea (Gomti) (2:2) 1570 (green pods)
MEY(4420)
In- situ moisture conservation practices such as returns (Rs.14000/ha), B:C ratio (1.50) and RWUE
deep summer ploughing, increase in bund height, (1.90 kg/ha-mm) over farmer practice of no in-
hoeing and weeding in rice var. Sahabhagi gave situ moisture conservation practices (1910 kg/ha)
higher grain yield (2400 kg/ha) with higher net (Table 185).
Table 185: Performance of rice under in-situ moisture conservation practices

Intervention
Grain Mean (3 yrs) Stover (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
In-situ moisture 2400 2410 3100 28000 14000 1.50 1.90
conservation
Farmers’ practice 1910 1920 2795 26000 7425 1.29 1.59
Cropping systems (2200 kg/ha). Similarly, pigeonpea + radish (2:2)

Among maize based intercropping systems, intercropping system also gave higher pigeonpea
maize + cowpea (2:2) gave higher maize equivalent equivalent yield (1539 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.
yield (4420 kg/ha), net returns (Rs.30565/ha), B:C 39100/ha), B:C ratio (2.35) and RWUE (2.35 kg/
ratio (2.09) and RWUE (3.49 kg/ha-mm) followed ha-mm) as compared to sole pigeonpea (850 kg/ha)
by maize + pigeonpea (2:2) intercropping system (Table 186).
(3776 kg/ha) while sole maize recorded lowest yield
Table 186: performance of maize and pigeonpea based intercropping systems

Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation RWUE Net returns B:C
Cropping system
Main crop Inter crop MEY/ PEY (Rs/ha) (kg/ha-mm) (Rs/ha) ratio
Maize (SA 701) + cow- 2050 1570 (green 4420 28000 3.49 30565 2.09
pea (Gomti) (2:2) pods)
Maize (SA 701)) + pi- 2140 490 3776 30000 2.85 20032 1.67
geonpea (NTL 724) (2:2)
Sole maize 2200 - 2200 - - - -
(Farmer’s practice)
Pigeonpea (NTL 724) + 680 7600 1539 29000 1.16 39100 2.35
radish (Pusa Chetki) (2:2)
Sole pigeonpea 850 - 850 - - - -
145
1.5. Per-humid Zone Normal 2018

450
1.5.1 BISWANATH CHARIALI 400
350
Rainfall (mm)
Biswanath Chariali centre is located in middle 250
200
Brahmaputra plain eco-sub region (AESR 15.2). 150
The climate is hot humid. Annual normal rainfall is 100

50
1865 mm. The length of growing period is 240 to 0
270 days. Seasonal drought and flooding is common Month
which demands special selection for normal crop
husbandry.
Biswanath Chariali
Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19 Real time contingency practices (RTCP) imple-
mented
During the year 2018, the onset of monsoon
was delayed by 1week (2nd week of June). A rainfall Weather
Crop
Stage of RTCP
abbreviation crop implemented
of 1765.1 mm was received which was deficit by
99.7 mm compared to normal (1864.8 mm). During Mid season drought Toria Flowering Foliar spray
south-west monsoon (kharif), a rainfall of 1256.1 Salient achievements of on-station experiments

mm was received against a normal rainfall of 1182.2
mm. The rainfall during rabi was 149.4 mm which
was excess by 29.4 mm compared to normal rainfall Situation: Mid season drought
of 120.0 mm (Fig.48). Foliar spray in toria (TS-38) during dry spell
Normal onset of monsoon 1st week of June recorded significantly higher seed yield (948 kg/
Onset of monsoon during 2018 2nd week of June ha) with higher net returns (Rs. 21519/ha) and
Annual mean rainfall 1864.8 mm RWUE (12.03 kg/ha-mm) while B:C ratio (1.29)
Annual rainfall during 2018-19 1765.1 mm was higher with foliar spray after relieving of stress
Mean crop seasonal rainfall 1182 and 120 mm during under favorable soil moisture. Among sources of
kharif and rabi, respec-
tively
nutrients, foliar spray of water soluble complex
Crop seasonal rainfall during 1256.1 and 149.4 mm fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% +
2018-19 during kharif and rabi, borax @ 0.5% resulted in significantly higher seed
respectively
yield (1027 kg/ha). However, foliar spray of urea
Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19) @ 2% recorded higher net returns (Rs. 27558/ha)
Dry spell followed by urea @ 1% (Rs.27542/ha) while foliar
Stage of the spray of urea @ 1% recorded highest B:C ratio
Duration Crop
Dates & months crop
(days) (2.38) followed by urea @ 2% (2.14) (Table 187).
32 17 November- 18 Toria Flowering and
December siliqua formation
37 20 December -27 Toria Flowering and
January, 2019 maturity
35 28 January - 2 Toria Siliqua forma-
March, 2019 tion to maturity
146
AICRPDA – NICRA
Table 187: Toria yield and economics as influenced by foliar sprays

Treatment
Main plot
Foliar spray during dry spell 948 2489 16650 21519 1.29 12.03
Foliar spray after relieving of stress/dry spell 885 2407 15500 20271 1.31 11.22
CD at 5% 144 - - - - -
Sub plot
Urea @ 1% 979 2420 11570 27542 2.38 12.43
Urea @ 2% 1019 2400 12900 27558 2.14 12.93
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 908 2389 12200 24369 2.00 11.53
0.5%
Water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19) @ 1027 2478 14600 26305 1.80 13.03
0.5% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% & borax @ 0.5%
ZnSO4 @ 0.5% & borax @ 0.5% 994 2350 13900 25597 1.84 12.62
Water spray 783 2310 11500 20536 1.79 9.94
CD at 5% 64 - - - - -
Toria under foliar spray of urea @ 1% Toria under control (no spray)
c. On-farm demonstrations is 1987 mm with seasonal rainfall of 1375.3 mm

Village profile during kharif (June-September). The major soil
types are Inceptisols (sandy loam to silty clay
The NICRA project is being implemented in
loamy with pH ranging from 4.65 to 6.38). The
two villages of Lakhimpur district which is situated soil organic matter content of the village varies
in the North bank plain zone of Assam. Apparent from 0.34 to 3.03%. Status of available nitrogen
drought is the major weather aberration in Chamua (275 – 540 kg/ha) and potassium (138 to 330 kg/
(cluster of four villages); on the other hand, ha) is medium; however available phosphorus (21.4
Ganakdoloni village is affected by 3-5 flash floods – 54.0 kg/ha) content is low to medium. High soil
of 7 to 15 days duration in almost every year. acidity, high phosphate fixation, micronutrients
Chamua village deficiency, iron toxicity, periodic soil moisture
stress during winter seasons etc are some of the
The NICRA programme is being implemented
soil related problems of this village. Earlier, mono-
in Chamua village which is situated in the
cropping was practiced by the farmers and 90%
Narayanpur block of Lakhimpur district, Assam.
of total cultivable land (118 ha) was occupied by
The total cultivated area of the village is 133 ha
only Sali rice. Presently, farmers are encouraged to
which is entirely rainfed. The mean annual rainfall take up various crops like rapeseed, potato, tomato,
147
blackgram, greengram, turmeric, ginger, maize etc. crop season are being experienced for the past 15
Only 14.5% of the farmers are medium farmers and years in July, August, September and October at
rest are either small or marginal farmers. Though tillering, panicle initiation and reproductive growth
depth of ground water table of the village is only 6 stages of sali rice. The onset of the monsoon is
m, ground water is contaminated with both Arsenic normal. The maximum/minimum temperature
(10 ppb) and iron (14.2 ppm) and not suitable for during crop season is increasing (maximum
use. The weather related problems in the village are temperature by 0.0060C/year and minimum by
dry spells during growing season of Sali rice, scanty 0.01940C/year since the past 50 years. The extreme
and less rainfall during rabi season and occurrence events like unusual and high intensity rainfall in
of occasional flash floods in a portion of the village. short span are increasing during kharif (June, July,
There is ample scope for rainwater harvesting due to August, September and October) and rabi seasons.
presence of many natural farm ponds, and also for The area is also experiencing other extreme events
crop diversification due to availability of different like flood and hail storm.
land situations in the village. Experienced weather conditions during 2018-19
Ganakdoloni village During 2018, in Chamua Narayanpur village,
Gankdoloni village is situated in the Dhalpur the onset of monsoon was delayed by 4 days (11
block of Lakhimpur district, Assam. The latitude June). A rainfall of 1835.3 mm was received which
and longitude of the village are 26°55’33’’N and was deficit by 143.3 mm compared to normal
93°52’17’’E, respectively. Rainfall pattern of the (1978.6 mm). During south-west monsoon (kharif),
village is same as Chamua village. The total farm a rainfall of 1383.2 mm was received against a
families of village are 75 with cultivated area of 66 normal rainfall of 1280.1 mm. The rainfall during
ha. Only eight farmers of the village are medium and rabi was 222.1mm which was excess by 61.0 mm
rest are either small or marginal farmers. Ground compared to normal rainfall of 161.1 mm (Fig.49).
water table is very shallow with no contamination of Normal onset of monsoon 1st week of June
Arsenic. The village is affected by 3-5 flash floods of Onset of monsoon during 2018 11 June
7 to 15 days duration during kharif season. During Normal annual rainfall 1978.6 mm
rabi season, soil moisture deficit is a problem. Due Annual rainfall during 2018-19 1835.3 mm
to presence of only low lying lands there is limited Normal crop seasonal rainfall 1280.1 mm and 161.0 mm
scope for crop diversification. Sali rice grown in the during kharif and rabi,
respectively
village suffers from flood every year. Crop seasonal rainfall during 1383.2 mm and 222.1 mm
respectively
In general, the climate in this agro-climatic
zone is humid. The south-west monsoon contributes Normal 2018
64.5%, north-east monsoon 7.7%, summer 24.8% 450
400
and winter 3.1% of the total annual average rainfall 350
of 1987 mm. The historical rainfall data (of 30 300
Rainfall (mm)
250
years) indicated that the variability in rainfall
200
during south-west monsoon is 30-40% deficit of the 150
average rainfall. The onset (south-west) of monsoon 100

50
is during 23 SMW (standard meteorological week). 0
Early season drought or normal onset of monsoon Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
followed by 15 to 20 days dry spell and mid-season
drought are recurrent. The dry spells or flood during Fig.49: Normal and actual (2018) monthly rainfall at
Chamua village
148
AICRPDA – NICRA

Dry spell
10 3-12 October Sali rice Tillering, PI (*SDC),
21 14 October - 03 November Sali rice, potato, toria Sali rice: maturity (SDC), tillering and PI
(MDC), tillering (LDC)
30 18 November -17 December Sali rice, potato, toria Maturity (MDC, LDC)
25 05-29 January, 2019 Potato, toria Tuber formation, siliqua formation
* Short duration cultivar (SDC), Medium duration cultivar (MDC), Long Duration Cultivar (LDC); PI: Panicle initiation

Delayed onset of monsoon Upland Rice Sowing of rice in nursery using
harvested rainwater
Mid season drought Upland Rice, potato Irrigation with harvested rainwater
Medium land Rice, potato
Salient achievements of on-farm demonstrations Dishang (short duration) in upland and TTB-404
Real time contingency planning (medium duration) in medium land situation gave
44.3 and 50.7% higher grain yield (4520 and 5110
Situation: Delayed onset of monsoon
kg/ha), respectively over traditional cultivars (long
During 2018, onset monsoon was delayed by 4 duration) (2520 kg/ha), with higher net returns and
days (11th June). Among high yielding rice varieties, B:C ratio (Table 188).
Table 188: Performance of improved rice varieties as compared to local cultivars

Farming situation/
Variety (duration) Grain yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha-mm) Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
soil type
Upland Dishang 4520 3.1 27700 1.58
(100-110 days)
Medium land TTB-404 5110 3.3 36100 2.41
(140-145 days)
Mashuri 2520 1.6 10200 0.68
(130 days)
Performance of short (Dishang) and medium duration (TTB-404) rice varieties
149
Situation: Early season drought irrigation of 1 cm depth with the water lifting pump
A dry spell of 21 days from 14 October to from farm pond in early vegetative stage (20-25
03 November affected vegetative growth in potato DAS) gave (56.3%) higher yield of potato (22532
and toria under upland condition. One life saving kg/ha) as compared to no irrigation (9853 kg/ha)
(Table 189).
Farming situation/ Tuber yield WUE Net returns B:C
Intervention
Upland Supplemental irrigation in potato (Kufri Pokhraj) 22532 138.91 65660 1.40
(no supplemental irrigation)
Supplemental irrigation in potato (Local) 9500 58.57 79500 1.26
Farmers’ practice (no supplemental irrigation) 7548 46.54 52720 0.87
Supplemental irrigation in potato (left) and potato without irrigation (right)

Situation: Mid season drought water lifting pump from farm pond increased the
The crops experienced three mid season yield of rice (4520 kg/ha) by 33.3% with higher net
dry spells of 8 days (12-19 August), 10 days (3-12 returns (Rs. 27700/ha) and B:C ratio (1.58) over no
October) and 21 days (14 October-3 November). supplemental irrigation (3015 kg/ha) (Table 190).
One supplemental irrigation of 2 cm depth with the
Table 190: Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and economics of upland rice
Farming situation/ Grain yield WUE Net returns B:C
Intervention
Upland Supplemental irrigation in rice 4520 3.11 27700 1.58
Farmers’ practice (no supplemental irrigation) 3015 2.07 15150 1.01
Rice with supplemental irrigation Rice with no supplemental irrigation
150
AICRPDA – NICRA
Preparedness rapeseed, water hyacinth etc in turmeric resulted

Rainwater management in 35.4% increase in yield of turmeric (34063 kg/
ha) with higher net returns (Rs.781062/ha) and B:C
Organic mulching during April-May before
ratio (11.1) as compared to no mulching (25150 kg/
emergence of turmeric with rice straw, stalk of
ha) (Table 191).
Table 191: Effect of organic mulching for in-situ moisture conservation on yield and economics of
turmeric
Farming situation/ Yield Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C RWUE

Intervention
soil type (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio (kg/ha-mm)
Upland Organic mulching in turmeric 34063 70500 781062 11.1 18.0

(without mulching)
Cropping systems rice (Rs. 17326/ha) under uplands while rice-toria

Double cropping of rice-potato gave higher system recorded net returns of Rs. 31731/ha and
net returns (Rs. 50927/ha) and B:C ratio (0.96) B:C ratio of 1.13 under medium land situation
as compared to farmers’ practice of growing only (Table 192).
Table 192: Yield and economics of rice-potato double cropping system

Farming situation/ Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation Net returns B:C
Intervention
Soil type Rice Potato/ toria (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) ratio
Upland Rice-potato 3125 9085 53000 50927 0.96
Farmers’ practice (sole rice) 3583 -- 18500 17326 0.94
Medium land Rice-toria 4233 580 28000 31731 1.13
At Chamua village, 7 low-cost polyhouses delay in planting of rabi vegetables. Thus, low-cost
were established for demonstrating cultivation polyhouses were useful for advancing vegetable
of high value off-season/ seasonal vegetables and growing period which helps in better utilization of
raising nursery for vegetable seedlings in advance residual soil moisture due to early establishment of
for cultivation during rabi season. Due to heavy vegetables and increase in yield (3.10 and 2.15 kg/
rainfall till mid of October, it was difficult to raise m2) and net returns (Rs.8800-32300/yr).
seedlings of tomato, brinjal, chilli etc, which caused
Cultivation of high value crops under low-cost polyhouses
151
152
AICRPDA – NICRA
2. NICRA – Strategic Research
Potential of organic crop production management (744 kg/ha). Similarly, pigeonpea seed
as a climate change adaptation yield was similar in the plots under three production
and mitigation strategy in rainfed systems (400-443 kg/ha) (Fig.50).
agriculture
During the last 7 years, pigeonpea recorded
Organic agriculture is one of the fastest growing significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield
sectors of agricultural production, and is reported to (PEY) in 2013 (1898 kg/ha) whereas, sunflower
have both climate change adaptation and mitigation produced higher PEY in 2014 (641 kg/ha), 2016 (721
potential particularly in rainfed agriculture. A kg/ha) and 2017 (969 kg/ha), and greengram in 2015
field experiment was conducted during kharif (573 kg/ha). Among the production systems, crops
2018 at Gunegal Research Farm (GRF) of ICAR- under integrated management produced significantly
CRIDA to evaluate the performance of sunflower, higher PEY in 2012 (1553 kg/ha) but was at par with
greengram and pigeonpea under organic, inorganic organic production system during next 6 years. On
and integrated crop management systems. The average, integrated management being on par with
experiment was laid out in a strip-plot design with organic management recorded significantly higher
three production systems and three crops. In the PEY (886 kg/ha) compared to inorganic management
plots under organic management, farmyard manure (792 kg/ha).
was applied on the N equivalent basis to all the three
crops and the P requirement was supplemented
through rock phosphate. In the plots under integrated
management, 25% of equivalent recommended
N was applied through farmyard manure. The
remaining 75% N and 100% P and K was applied
through chemical fertilizers. The plots under
inorganic management received recommended dose
Greengram under organic management
of chemical fertilizers (20:50 kg N & P2O5/ha for
pigeonpea and greengram; 60:60:30 kg N, P2O5 &
K20/ha for sunflower).
In general, the seed yield of pigeonpea was less
across different treatments due to terminal drought
(no rainfall after 25th October). The seed yield of
sunflower was 17.8 and 18.9% higher in the plots under
integrated management (1138 kg/ha) than that under
inorganic and organic management, respectively.
However, plots under organic management gave Fig.50: Performance of crops under different production
marginally higher seed yield of greengram (791 kg/ systems
ha) compared to integrated (765 kg/ha) and inorganic
153
Different production systems had no significant insect-pests on greengram and sunflower was below
on soil pH and available Mn. However, plots under economic threshold level. The incidence of pod borer
organic management recorded significantly higher complex on pigeonpea was less in organic production
soil organic C (0.66%), compared to inorganic system (33%) compared to inorganic (42%) and
and integrated production systems. Plots under integrated production system (57%).
organic management being on par with integrated
In general, the cost of cultivation under
production system also recorded significantly higher
organic management was higher by Rs. 2610/
available K (242.3 kg/ha), Cu (2.01 ppm), Fe (13.4
ha in pigeonpea & greengram and by Rs. 9790/
ppm) and Zn (0.69 ppm) compared to inorganic
ha in sunflower compared to that under integrated
production system. However, integrated production
production system. Therefore, a price premium of
system recorded significantly higher available P
at least 5% for organic greengram, 25% for organic
(26.9 kg/ha) compared to other production systems.
pigeonpea and 40% for organic sunflower may
The plots under organic management had higher
be required to offset the higher cost of cultivation
dehydrogenase activity (5.69 μg TPF/g soil/h) and
and low yields under organic production system
microbial biomass carbon (302 μg/g soil) compared
compared with integrated production system.
to other production systems. The incidence of
154
AICRPDA – NICRA
3. NICRA - Other Activities
3.1 Village Institutions

3.1.1 Village Climate Risk Management the VCRMCs participated in identification of
Committee (VCRMC) beneficiaries, and implementation of various climate
VCRMCs established in each NICRA risk resilient interventions such as contingency crop
village are actively involved in various activities planning, soil and crop based interventions and
of the project. During 2018-19 in NICRA villages, efficient functioning of custom hiring centers etc.
VCRMC
NICRA village Decision taken/outcome of meeting
meeting
Vannedoddi village, Ananthapuramu
In-situ moisture conservation through deep ploughing with chisel
district, Andhra Pradesh 03.07.2018
plough in groundnut
(Ananthapuramu)
Opening of ridges and furrows between paired rows of pigeonpea in
22.07.2018
pulse based cropping systems
Chikkaputtayanapalya village, Weeding and intercultivation in fingermillet
Bengaluru Rural district, Karnataka 25.08.2018 Opening of moisture conservation furrow between paired rows of
(Bengaluru) pigeonpea
30.09.2018
Advised farmers to take up plant protection measures in pigeonpea
04.11.2018
Nignoti & Bisakhedi villages, Indore 11.05.2018 Site selection for water harvest tank finalized
district, Madhya Pradesh (Indore) 14.05.2018 Soil testing suggested
Timely sowing should be followed.
10.06.2018
Early and drought tolerant varieties to be sown
Hoeing and weeding to be carried out to cope with dry spell
Babhulgaon & Ujalamba villages, 20.07.2018 Opening of furrow after every 4 rows in soybean and 2 rows in
Parbhani district, Maharashtra pigeonpea and cotton (30 days after sowing)
(Parbhani)
04.08.2018 Straw mulching and spraying of KNO3
Supplemental irrigation to cotton and pigeonpea, if required from
05.09.2019
open well/ farm pond
Budhadani village, Kandhamal 08.06.2018 Selection of beneficiaries and demonstrations
district, Odisha (Phulbhani) 25.08.2018 Pest and disease management
09.03.2018 Discussion on annual accounts/ revenue generation from CHC
Discussion on implementation of NICRA activities in newly adopted
Chamua village, Lakhimpur district, 02.06.2018
villages
Assam (Biswanath Chariali)
18.07.2018 Renovation of polyhouse
01.11.2018 Renovation of farm ponds
Patameghpar (old village) &
Farmers advised to avoid the sowing of long duration varieties of Bt
Dangarvada (New village), 07.06.2018
cotton and groundnut
Jamnagar district, Gujarat (Rajkot)
03.07.2018 Opening of furrows by tying a rope to hoe in soybean and cotton for
20.07.2018 in-situ moisture conservation
Warkhed village, Suggested farmers for foliar spray of 19:19:19 @ 0.5% at pod initiation
10.08.2018
Akola district, Maharashtra (Akola) stage in soybean
11.09.2018 Foliar spray of KCl @ 2% at the time of boll development in cotton
14.12.2018 Protective irrigation in chickpea
155
VCRMC
NICRA village Decision taken/outcome of meeting
meeting
Khaner, Madana (new village),
Sowing of rabi crops on receding moisture.
Amba district, Jammu & Kashmir 04.09.2018
Sowing of wheat with seed cum fertilizer drill
(Rakh Dhiansar)
Naiwan, Achalpur & Bhawanipur 15.02.2019 Revise the rate of custom hiring centre
villages,
Hoshiarpur district, Punjab Provide supplemental irrigations from harvested rainwater in village
19.03.2019
(Ballowal Saunkhri) Nainwan
Dharmathampatti village,
Recommended suitable pest management for control of fall army
Thoothukkudi district, Tamil Nadu 28.10.2018
worm
(Kovilpatti)
Tahkapal & Jhatarae villages, Bastar 07.08.2018 Harvesting of rainwater in farm ponds
district, Chhattishgarh (Jagdalpur) 13.10.2018 Supplemental irrigation in rice and niger
Kalimati/Dholiya villages, 28.06.2018 Planning of interventions for different crops and selection of farmers
Banaskantha district,
Gujarat (SK Nagar) 05.07.2018 Distribution of inputs
If the germination affected, maintain plant population through gap
05.07.2018
filling
Tedha village, Mirzapur district,
22.07.2018 Interculture and foliar spray
Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi)
Suggested plant protection measures in pigeonpea, planning for
12.10.2018
mustard cultivation
15.10.2018 VCRMC committee formed
Danti village (new), Mirzapur
district, Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi) Rabi planning for chickpea, lentil & pea, suggested new varieties, use
31.10.2018
of harvested rainwater as pre-sowing irrigation
05.06.2018 Planning for Kharif season crops
07.07.2018 Short duration varieties of rice may be sown
Hardoiya village, Faizabad district,
Uttar Pradesh 11.08.2018 Control of weeds by hoeing
(Faizabad) 12.09.2018 Foliar spray of 2% urea in rice, pigeonpea and maize
Sowing of mustard, chickpea, lentil linseed, barley, pea etc. to be
15.10.2018
taken up
3.1.2 Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) mittee (CHMC). The money earned through hiring
was incurred for CHC maintenance and for repair
Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) was established
of the implements. Implements availability for vari-
in each NICRA village and need based implements
ous agricultural operations on custom hiring dur-
were made available to farmers for hiring as per the
ing 2018-19 in adopted NICRA villages, are given
rates approved by custom hiring management com-
below:
Improved implements used for various agricultural operations on custom hiring
Labour
Area Cost saving
NICRA Village Implement used Farm operation saving
covered (ha) (Rs/ha)
(hr/ha)
Vannedoddi village, Chisel plough Preparatory
2.0 5 -
Ananthapuramu district, Andhra cultivation
Pradesh (Ananthapuramu) Bullock drawn Ananta Sowing
6.0 3 14.2%
Planter
Tractor drawn Ananta Sowing
3.0 3 35%
Planter
Chikkaputtayanapalya & Hosapalya Modified seed drill Sowing
villages, Bengaluru Rural district, 35.0 - 160
Karnataka (Bengaluru)
Babhulgaon & Ujalamba villages, Seed cum ferti drill Sowing and
3.2 50% 400
Parbhani district, Maharashtra fertilizer application
(Parbhani) Stubble collector Stubble collection 4.8 75% 600
156
AICRPDA – NICRA
Labour
Area Cost saving
(hr/ha)
Budhadani village, Kandhamal Power tiller Land preparation 2.5 25% 15%
district, Odisha (Phulbani)
Reaper Harvesting 2.0 60% 35%
Winnower Threshing 2.0 60% 40%
Water pump Irrigation 1.0 40% 30%
Sprayer Plant protection 1.5 60% 40%
Patameghpar (old village) & Cultivator Ploughing 37.0 - 1250
Dangarvada (New village), Reversible M.B. plough Primary and deep -
Jamnagar district, Gujarat (Rajkot) 23.0 950
tillage
Rotavator Tillage and -
42.5 1530
pulverization
Mobile chopper Chopping of cotton -
21.0 1500
stalk
Raura & Patuna villages, Raised bed planter Sowing 40.0 18 675
Rewa district,
Harrow Field preparation 77.0 26 975
Madhya Pradesh (Rewa)
Rotavator Field preparation 74.0 14 525
Seed drill Sowing 158.0 27 1010
Cultivator Land preparation 40.0 26 975
Warkhed village, Multipurpose thresher Threshing 26.8 11 1170
Akola district, Maharashtra Rotavator Land preparation
(Akola) 6.2 5 900
Khaner (old village) & Madana Seed cum fertilizer drill Sowing of crop 1.3 5 3000
(new village), Maize planter Sowing of crop 1.2 5 3000
Samba district, Maize sheller Shelling of cobs 2.5 50 3500
Jammu & Kashmir (Rakh Knapsack sprayer Weed management 2.5 21 7500
Dhiansar)
Naiwan, Achalpur & Bhawanipur Rotavator Field preparation 1.6 40% 6295
villages, Bund maker Field preparation 3.0 60%
Hoshiarpur district, Punjab
(Ballowal Saunkhri) Maize planter Sowing of maize 2.8 48%
Oilseed drill Sowing of oilseed 4.0 40%
crops
Wheat seed drill Sowing of wheat 16.0 54%
Kavalagi & Honnutagi villages, Bullock drawn Compartment 3.6 3 800
Vijayapura district, Karnataka compartment bund bunding
(Vijayapura) farmer
Tractor drawn Compartment 29.2 4 1000
compartment bund bunding
farmer
Power sprayer Plant protection 8.4 2 150
Cycle operated fertilizer Fertilizer 0.5 4 500
drill application
Tractor drawn seed cum Sowing and 4.4 8 1000
fertilizer drill fertilizer
application
Dharmathampatti village, Rotavator Land preparation 2.0 1 3000
Thoothukkudi district,
Tamil Nadu (Kovilpatti)
157
Labour
Area Cost saving
(hr/ha)
Tahkapal & Jhatarae villages, Cultivator Ploughing 5.0 15 4500
Bastar district, Chhattishgarh Seed cum fertilizer drill Sowing 3.0 8 2000
(Jagdalpur) Rotavator Land preparation 2.2 6 1800
Trolley Transport 2.4 5 1000
Tedha village, Mirzapur district Mould board plough Summer tillage 12.0 - 30%
Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi) Ridger seeder Sowing 10.0 - 50%
Multi crop seed drill Sowing 12.0 - 50%
Zero till drill Sowing 15.0 - -
Hand operated ridger Manual sowing 11.0 - -
under ridger furrow
Hand operated maize Shelling 55.0 - -
sheller
Dryland weeder Weeding 48.0 - -
Kadesarakalan village, Lalitpur Leveler Leveling 0.5 3 1200
district, Uttar Pradesh (Jhansi) Rotavator Ploughing 1.0 1 700
Bullock drawn seed drill Sowing 1.0 12 600
Sprayer Spraying 4.5 4 100
Wheel hoe Weeding 2.2 96 2000
Hanauta village (new), Lalitpur Leveler Leveling 0.4 3 800
district, Uttar Pradesh (Jhansi) Rotavator Ploughing 1.0 2 600
Bullock drawn seed drill Sowing 1.0 - -
Sprayer Spraying 2.5 2 50
Wheel hoe Weeding 1.6 9 1500
Field preparation with Rotavator Deep ploughing with MB Plough

Nagla Duleh khan village, Agra district, Uttar Pradesh
Ploughing with tractor drawn implement Drum seeding of rice

Tahkapal village, Bastar district, Chhattisgarh
158
AICRPDA – NICRA
3.1.3 Village Seed Bank and Naveen. Similarly, farmers produced seed
Participatory village level seed production of short of recent varieties of groundnut, sesame, wheat,
duration, drought and flood tolerant varieties of chickpea and fenugreek in Patameghpar and
different field crops was demonstrated in several Dangarvada villages, Jamnagar district; rice,
villages. Efforts were made to provide the sources blackgram, pigeonpea, sorghum and horsegram in
of alternative crop seed and varieties to address Tahakapal village, Bastar district; rice, rapeseed
the problem of seed unavailability. The farmers of and potato in Chamua village, Lakhimpur district;
Babhulgaon village, Parbhani district produced and and fingermillet, groundnut, pigeonpea, fieldbean
maintained seed of improved varieties of soybean and cowpea in Chickkaputtayana Palya village,
(3500 kg) and pigeonpea (900 kg). In Budhadani Bengaluru Rural district. The total seed of different
village, Phulbani district, farmers produced crops produced/maintained in AICRPDA-NICRA
seed of rice varieties Sahabhagi, Khandagiri villages was 21720 kg.
Seed availability in NICRA villages

NICRA village Crop Variety/hybrid Quantity (kg)
Chikkaputtayanapalya village, Fingermillet MR.1 1000
Bengaluru Rural (Bengaluru) GPU.28 80
GPU.48 50
Groundnut GKVK.5 300
Pigeonpea BRG.5 100
Fieldbean HA.4 50
Cowpea IT.38956.1 50
Chamua village, Lakhimpur Rice TTB.404 300
(Biswanath Chariali) Ranjit 500
Mahsuri 600
TTB.303.2.23 450
Swarna sub.1 200
Ranjit sub.1 100
Nania 150
Sokuwa 50
Bora 50
Joha 50
Rapeseed TS.38 700
TS.36 500
Potato Local 1000
Kufri Pokhraj 6000
Tahakapal village, Rice - 216
Bastar (Jagdalpur) Blackgram - 62
Pigeonpea - 25
Sorghum - 35
Fingermillet - 133
Kodomillet - 151
Horsegram - 31
Little millet - 49
Niger - 13
159
NICRA village Crop Variety/hybrid Quantity (kg)

Kalimati/Dholiya village Maize GM 2 340
Banaskantha (SK Nagar) Greengram GM 4 310
Blackgram GU 1 180
Cluster bean GG 2 130
Sorghum (fodder) CSV 21 2500
Gangu village, Banaskantha Maize GM 2 300
(SK Nagar) Greengram GM 4 270
Blackgram GU 1 150
Clusterbean GG 2 100
Sorghum (fodder) CSV 21 2000
Hardoiya village, Faizabad Pigeonpea NDA-2 80
(Faizabad) NDA-1 60
Maize Naveen 60
Chickpea PUSA-362 80
Udai 20
Lentil HUL-57 80
Mustard NDA-1 35
Varuna 25
Linseed Garima 30
Rice NDR-97 145
Kadesarakalan village, Lalitpur Wheat - 100
(Jhansi) Chickpea - 100
Blackgram - 300
Sesame - 150
Hanauta village (new), Lalitpur Wheat - 1000
(Jhansi) Blackgram - 200
Sesame - 50
Total 21720
Seeds production of indigenous rice varieties at Chamua village, Lakhimpur district, Assam
Fieldpea seed production Participatory seed production of rice

Tahkapal and Jhartarae villages, Bastar district, Chhattishgarh
160
AICRPDA – NICRA
3.1.4 Fodder Bank Bastar district farmers produced seed of Stylosanthes

To strengthen the availability of the green (56.0 kg), hybrid Napier bajra (9.0 kg), berseem (38.0
fodder in the NICRA villages of Naiwan and kg) and fodder sorghum (45.0 kg). At Chamua village
Achalpur, Hoshiarpur district seed of improved Lakhimpur district, in collaboration with AICRP on
variety of pearlmillet (FBC 16) was provided and Forage Crops, Jorhat Centre, AAU, three species
hybrid Napier cuttings were planted on the field of perennial fodder varieties viz. Hydrid Napier
bunds of the farmers. At Chikkamaranahalli village, (Variety: CO-2 and CO-4), Congo signal and Setaria
Bengaluru Rural district, farmers were supplied are being grown in the fodder bank. Cultivation of
with seeds of Stylosanthes hamata for sowing on mixed fodder (sorghum + pearlmillet + cowpea)
the bunds to establish perennial fodder source and was demonstrated in 5 ha in Khaner and Madana
to stabilize bunds. The fodder was used for feeding villages, Samba district. In Kadesara kala village,
small ruminants. Subsequently, fodder maize (South Lalitpur district, about 10 tons of hybrid napier slips
African Tall) was grown in an area of 4 ha in 20 were sold to farmers of different villages. Further
farmers’ fields for realizing better fodder supply to about 1.0 ton each of silage and urea treated straw
milch animals in the cluster. At Tahakpal village, was produced during the year.
Fodder cultivation by farmers at Chamua village, Lakhimpur district, Assam
3.2 Training/ Field days etc., organized

3.2.1 Trainings
AICRPDA Beneficiaries
Training programme Date
centre (No.)
One day pre-seasonal training on kharif crop production 72 18.06.2018
Agra Contingency crop/cultivars planning 45 12.07.2018
Climate resilient agriculture 52 18.02.2019
Management of surface runoff for ground water development 152 14.02.2019
Farm mechanization 08 05.03.2019
Akola
Weed management 12 16.03.2019
Rainwater conservation techniques 23 04.04.2019
Sub-soiling in drylands 20 03.07.2018
Ananthapuramu Improved management practices for dryland crops 25 03.07.2018
Importance of foliar spray of KNO3 to mitigate drought 20 25.09.2018
Krishak Kalyan Sivir 158 02.04.2018
Arjia
Kharif pre-seasonal training 26 26.06.2018
161
centre (No.)
Cultivation practices of kharif crops 50 21.06.2018
Ballowal Contingency crop management practices for kharif crops 40 26.09.2018

Saunkhri Training for farm women on ash gourd processing for Paitha making 14 29.11.2018
Soil health management 65 05.12.2018
Bengaluru Kharif planning meeting cum training 40 20.07.2018
Biswanath Scientific crop production for climate resilient agriculture 50 15.06.2018

Chariali Awareness on book keeping of women self help groups 100 15.06.2018
Scientific cultivation of kharif crops 345 04.07.2018
Chianki Kharif crops management 35 27.08.2018
Rabi crop production 325 09.11.2018
Agro-practices of kharif crops 24 20.06.2018
Weed management in kharif crops 38 23.07.2018
In-situ moisture conservation with wheel hand hoe 27 10.08.2018
Role of weather under dryland conditions 35 12.10.2018
Hisar Agro-practices of mustard and chickpea 29 16.10.2018
Intercultural operations in rabi crops 27 31.12.2018
Insect pest and disease management 22 08.02.2019
Precautions during harvesting of rabi crops and agro-techniques for higher
24 06.03.2019
yields of kharif crops
Summer ploughing, residues management, kharif crops production 25 11.05.2018
Nutrient management in crops 25 25.07.2018
Indore
Management of rabi crops 30 02.11.2018
Irrigation scheduling 15 02.11.2018
Cultivation of rice under rainfed situation 56 15.07.2018
Vegetable cultivation in baadi system 26 11.08.2018
Insect management in kharif crops 49 21.08.2018
Jagdalpur Disease management in field crops 56 22.09.2018
Field preparation for rabi crop production 35 06.10.2018
Vegetable crop production technology 50 23.11.2018
Post-harvest technology 52 17.12.2018
Foddar production for livelihood improvement in Bundelkhand region 32 21.04.2018
Jhansi Kharif pre-seasonal training 62 06.07.2018
NB hybrid production techniques 20 15.01.2018
Kovilpatti High density planting system of dryland cotton 25 12.09.2018
Kharif farmers rally 54 17.05.2018
Kharif crop management 54 22.06.2018
Parbhani Crop management 70 25.07.2018
Rabi farmers rally 54 17.09.2018
Rabi crop management 49 12.10.2018
Phulbani Poultry rearing 100 22.12.2018
162
AICRPDA – NICRA
centre (No.)
Crop contingency planning 67 08.06.2018
INM in kharif crops 46 25.06.2018
IPDM in kharif crops 38 26.06.2018
Rajkot In-situ and ex-situ rainwater management 77 24.07.2018
Critical growth stage of irrigation and MIS 46 24.09.2018
Importance of soil and water testing 140 25.09.2018
Planning for rabi crops 53 08.12.2018
Pre kharif training 14 03.05.2018
Rakh Dhiansar
Pre-rabi training and farmers’ scientist interaction meeting 30 13.11.2018
Rabi crops and cropping systems suitable for the region 35 22.09.2018
Rewa
Importance of plant protection in rabi crops 25 02.01.2019
Management of kharif crops 63 04.08.2018
Animal vaccination and animal health 250 23.08.2018
Solapur Soil health management 100 05.12.2018
Safflower cultivation 50 10.12.2018
Management of rabi crops 55 23.01.2019
Method of sowing of different crops 141 19.07.2018
SK Nagar Foliar and soil application of fertilizers in field crops 250 25.08.2018
Soil application of fertilizers in different crops 185 01.08.2018
Total 4485
Training on crop management at Patameghpar (old village) & Dangarvada (New village), Jamnagar district, Gujarat
Training on management of kharif crops Animal vaccination and health camp

Narotewadi & Banegoan villages, Solapur district, Maharashtra
163
3.2.2 Field Days

Intervention NICRA village Date
centre (No.)
Foliar spray of KNO3 to mitigate midseason
drought in groundnut and in-situ moisture
Ananthapuramu Vannedoddi 19.10.2018 30
conservation through conservation furrows in
castor
Community pasture land Tara Ka Khera 05.10.2018 54
Arjia
Maize + blackgram (2:2) intercropping system Tara ka Khera 26.10.2018 46
Contingency crop management practices for
Naiwan 26.09.2018 30
kharif crops
Ballowal
Toria as contingent crop Naiwan 05.12.2018 30
Saunkhri
Management of yellow rust in wheat and training
Naiwan 10.01.2019 41
of mushroom cultivation
Bengaluru Groundnut based cropping system Chikaputtayanapalya 10.09.2018 70
Field day on pearlmillet Balawas and Nalwa 11.09.2018 38
Hisar
Field day on mustard Balawas and Nalwa 18.03.2019 32
Jagdalpur Seed production Tahkapal 13.07.2018 35
Jhansi Rabi crop production Kadesara kala 18.02.2018 35
Babhulgaon and
BBF technology for soybean 27.06.2018 10
Ujalamba
High density cotton planting using inclined plate Babhulgaon and
29.06.2018 20
planter Ujalamba
Parbhani
Babhulgaon 10.07.2018
Crop stage advisory 54
Ujalamba 11.07.2018
Babhulgaon 02.08.2018
Foliar spray of KNO3 for dry spell management 54
Ujalaamba 06.08.2018
Bullock drawn and tractor drawn seed cum
Phulbani Budhadani 05.07.2018 50
fertilizer drill
IPDM in groundnut and cotton Patameghpar 26.06.2018 38
Rajkot
Moisture conservation practices Patameghpar 24.07.2018 77
Rakh Dhiansar Field day on maize Khaner 4.09.2018 30
Management kharif crops Banegaon 04/08/18 25
Solapur
Management of rabi crops Banegaon 25/10/2018 60
Total 859
Demonstration on bullock drawn seed cum fertilizer drill Demonstration on tractor drawn seed cum fertilizer drill
Budhadani village, Phulbani district, Odisha
164
AICRPDA – NICRA
Exposure visit of farmers to Exposure visit of farmers to Dryland Exposure visit of farmers to small
AICRPDA centre technology park millet processing unit
Jhartare & Tahkapal, Bastar district, Chattishgarh
3.3 Agro-Advisories
Centre Agro-advisories Frequency
Akola Weekly bulletin Weekly
Ananthapuramu Black board and SMS Twice in a week
Bengaluru Black board in NICRA village Twice in a week
Biswanath Chariali SMS through farmers portal, black board As required
Chianki Meeting in NICRA village As required
Faizabad Newspaper, Radio Daily
Hisar Weekly bulletins Weekly
Jagdalpur Meeting in NICRA village As required
Kovilpatti Weekly bulletins Weekly
Parbhani Weekly bulletins Weekly
Phulbani SMS As required
Rajkot SMS Twice in a week
Rakh Dhiansar Bi-weekly bulletin Bi-weekly
Rewa Meeting in NICRA village As required
SK Nagar Meeting in NICRA village As required
Varanasi SMS, Phone calls, Newspaper Twice in a week
Vijayapura Meeting in NICRA village Weekly
Agro-advisories through black board and SMS in Agro-advisory through SMS in Patameghpar village,
Chamua village, Lakhimpur district, Assam Jamnagar district, Gujarat
165
3.4 Soil Health Cards

Distribution of soil health cards in NICRA villages during 2018-19
Centre NICRA Village Soil health cards issued (No. of farmers)
Akola Warkhed and Kajleshwar 108
Anantapuramu Vannedoddi 49
Arjia Kochariya and Lapsiya 50
Bengaluru Chikkamaranahalli 25
Biswanath Chariali Chauma 15
Jagdalpur Tahkapal & Jhatarae 84
Kovilpatti Dharmathampatti 24
Parbhani Babhulgaon 50
Phulbani Budhadani 38
Rajkot Pata meghapar 28
Rakh Dhiansar Khaner and Madana 46
Patauna 11
Rewa
Rewa
Raura 30
SK Nagar Kalimati, Dholiya and Gangu 170
Total 728
3.5 Linkages developed

The AICRPDA centres have developed district level crop contingency plans, involving
linkages with ICAR institutes, Central government scientists and officials from KVKs and line
schemes/ State Government programmes for departments in respective states. Further, the
implementation of NICRA programmes, and with scientists from centres also participated in state
state line department, KVKs, ATMA, KSDA, level meetings organized in 2 states (Karnataka
and NGOs for capacity building of various and Tamil Nadu) for operationalization of district
stakeholders. During 2018-19, the scientists of agriculture contingency plans and contributed in
the centres were actively involved in updating the developing action plans.
166
AICRPDA – NICRA
4. Publications
a) Research papers zone of Karnataka. Indian Journal of Dryland

Agricultural Research & Development 33(1):
Amrutsagar VM, More NB, Pawar AB and Chary
32-36.
Ravindra G. 2018. Foliar nutrient management
module for minimizing drought impact and Ranade DH, Mujalde Santosh. and Swarup Indu.
moisture stress management in rabi sorghum. 2018. Modified traditional water harvesting
Contemporary Research Journal India 2(1): system for irrigation. Indian Journal of Dryland
289-293. Agricultural Research & Development 33(2):
86-88.
Balyan JK, Kothari Anil and Ramavtar. 2018.
Contingent crop planning for proactive b) Presentation in conferences/symposia etc
monsoon management under rainfed regions. Agrawal RK, Kantwa SR, Kumar Satendra, Kumar
International Journal of Current Microbiology Sunil, Singh JB and Das MM. 2018. Real-
and applied Sciences 7(11): 238-247. time contingency plan to cope with midseason
Jat ML, Balyan JK, Kumar Vivek, Rathi YS, Chary drought in rainfed sorghum under semi arid
GR and Ojha Sanket. 2018. Feasibility of rainfed conditions of Bundelkhand. In: XXI
farm pond and recycling system to enhance Biennial National Symposium of Indian society
productivity of rabi crop sunder semiarid of Agronomy, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan
region. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation during 24-26 October 2018.
46(1): 1-8. Asewar BV and Pendke MS. 2019. Performance of
climate resilient technologies on farmers’ fields
Pendke MS, Asewar BV, Samindre MS,
to cope with climate variability in Marathwada
Ravindrachary G and Narsimlu Boini. 2019.
region of Maharashtra. In: 13th International
Water budgeting of babhulgaon watershed
conference on Development of Drylands:
under deficit rainfall years. Indian Journal
Converting Dryland areas from Gray into
of Dryland Agricultural Research and
Green, ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur during 11-14
Development 33(2): 43-49.
February 2019.
Pradhan Adikant, Nag SK, Sao A and Mukherjee
Hirpara DS, Vora VD, Sorathiya JS and Kanzaria
SC. 2018. Distribution of weekly rainfall and
KK. 2019. Groundnut based cropping system
probability analysis for crop planning in bastar
under rainfed conditions of North Saurashtra
region of Chhattisgarh. Journal of Experimental
agro climatic zone. In: 13th International
Agriculture International 25(2): 1-7.
conference on development of drylands:
Ramachandrappa BK, Thimmegowda MN, Converting dryland areas from grey to green,
Krishnamurthy R, SrikanthBabu PN, Savitha Jodhpur during 11-14 February 2019.
MS, Srinivasarao Ch, Gopinath KA and Mudalagiriyappa, Vasanthi BG, Savitha MS,
Ravindra Chary G. 2018. Usefulness and impact Puneetha KM, Devaraja K and Jayashree
of agromet advisory services in eastern dry HT. 2018. Cropping system for improving
167
productivity and coping weather aberration for raising productivity and farm income in
in Baichenahalli village, Tumakuru district. Eastern Dryzone of Karnataka. In: National
In: National Seminar on Climate Resilient Symposium on Integrated Farming Systems
technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, for 3Es, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Bengaluru during 23-24 December 2018.
Agriculture, Annamalai University, during 24-
c) Book Chapters/Bulletins/Reports
25 January 2019.
Pendke MS, Asewar BV and Waskar DP. 2018. Patil SB, Surakod VS, Shirahatti MS, Rajakumar
Borewell recharge technology for doubling GR, Momin UM, Patil HS. and Gaddanakeri
farmer’s income under climate change MA. 2019. Contingency crop planning for the
condition. In: XVII VasantraoNaik Memorial semi-arid zone. AICRP for Dryland Agriculture,
National Seminar on Potential, Prospects and RARS, Vijayapura.
Strategies for Doubling Farmers Income, Dr. Sharma SK, Chaudhary K, Kumar A. and Rani S.
PDKV, Akola during 15-16 December 2018. 2019. Haryana ke barani kshetro mae rabi
Pendke MS, Asewar BV and Waskar DP. 2018. phaslo kee upaj badane hetu unnat sasya
Farm pond-A climate resilient technology kriyaye. DLA Unit, Dept. of Agronomy, CCS
for enhancing water productivity in assured HAU, Hisar.
rainfall zone of Marathwada region. In: XVII
Singh AP, Kumar Anil, Sharma BC and Panotra
VasantraoNaik Memorial National Seminar on
Narinder. 2018. NICRAs and their role in
Potential, Prospects and Strategies for Doubling
climate change. In. Climate Change and Hill
Farmers Income, Dr. PDKV, Akola during 15-
Agriculture. Directorate of Research, SKUAST-
16 December 2018.
Jammu. pp. 133-137.
Sharma SK and Verma PK 2018. Assessment
Surakod VS, Kalaghatagi SB, Patil SB and Kolhar
of on farm participatory technology under
BC. 2018. Contingency crop plan for aberrant
dryland conditions. In: 9th National Extension
weather conditions. Publication centre,
Education Congress on Climate Smart
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Agricultural Technologies: Innovations and
Interventions, CAEPHT, Ranipool, Sikkim c) Popular articles
during 15-17 November 2018.
Choudhary RS, Choudhary Rosan, Mehla MK and
Thimmegowda MN, Mudalagiriyappa, Puneetha Balyan JK. 2018. Chare Ka Surakshit Bhandran
KM, ShreeHarshaKumar SS and Vasanthi BG. kyo evam kaise kre. Krishak Aradhana,
2018. Assessing suitable agri-horti system for Gwaliyar (February): 5.
enhancing farm income and resilience. In:
National Symposium on Integrated Farming Keerthi Pattam, Sharma SK and Devi Sudesh
Systems for 3Es, University of Agricultural 2018. Soil moisture conservation techniques.
Sciences, Bengaluru during 23-24 December Agrobios Newsletter 17 (7): 42.
2018,
Panwar LL, Chhata LK and Balyan JK. 2018. Barani
Vasanthi BG, Thimmegowda MN, Mudalagiriyappa, Kheti : Niyojan avam Faslopadan. Visva Krishi
Savitha MS and ShreeHarshaKumar SS. 2018. Sanchar (Monthly), Kota, Rajasthan (June):
Potential of fodder-food double cropping 13-14.
168
AICRPDA – NICRA
Ranade DH, Mujalde Santosh, and Swarup Indu Solaimalai A, Baskar K, Anandharaj N, Sanjivkumar
2018. Pattidar sinchai hetu jal prabandhan V, Manoharan S, Thaveedu S, Murugan E and
avam jal bachat pranali. Kheti (Novemeber): Ravindra Chary G. 2019. Cultivation of fodder
30-33. cumbu. Pachaiboomi (March): 26-27.
Ranade DH, Mujalde Santosh, Girothia OP, Swarup Vora VD, Ghadia MH and Sutaria GS. 2018. Kharif
Indu and Bhagat DV. 2018. Samanvit krishi Pakoma Purti Khataro. Krushi Karm (June)
pranali se sambhav hai bharpur kamai. Kheti 28(7): 14-16.
(June): 29-31.
Vora VD, Ghadia MH and Sutaria GS. 2018.
Ranade DH. 2018. Jal sangrhan tatlab ke nirman Nitrogen-Aek Agatyanu Poshak Tatv. Krushi
se bhrpur utpadan – ek safal gatha. Jal Chetna Karm (June) 28(7): 22-24.
7(2): 56-58.
Vora VD, Sutaria GS and Akbari KN. 2018. Khara
Ranade DH. and Jadav ML. 2019. Navin va sasti Panithi Kheti. Krushi Jagaran (April) 5(4): 28-
sinchai padhatiyan. Kheti (February): 17-19. 31.
Ranade DH, Mujalde Santosh, and Swarup Indu Vora VD, Vekaria PD and Saradva DA. 2018. Jiruna
2018. Modified traditional water harvesting pakma thata fugjanya rogo ane tenu niyanran.
system for irrigation. Indian farming 68(12): Krushi Karm (December) 30(8): 8-9.
24-27.
Vora VD, Vekaria PD and Sutaria GS. 2018.
Sharma SK, Keerthi Pattam and Singh Samunder. Khetima Krushi Havaman Agahini Agatyata.
2018. Barani kshetron mae jal saranksharan Krushi Karm (June) 28(7): 5-7.
kee upyogita. Haryana Kheti (May): 11-12.
Vora VD, Vekaria PD, Ghadia MH and Sutaria GS.
Sharma, SK. and Chaudhary K. 2018. Sushak 2018. Kapasna Pakma Mealybug Niyantranna
kshetron mae kaise lae sawani phaslo kee adhik Sankalit Pagala. Krushi Karm (June) 28 (7):
paidawar. Haryana Kheti (June): 8-9. 17-18.
169
170
AICRPDA – NICRA
5. PROJECT TEAM OF AICRPDA-NICRA
ICAR-CRIDA
G. Ravindra Chary Acting Director, ICAR-CRIDA (w.e.f. 03.01.2019) (O) 040-24530177; Fax:040-24531802
Mobile: 09494232600
K. Sammi Reddy Acting Director, ICAR-CRIDA (up to 02.01.2019) E-mail: [email protected]
Project Coordination Unit, AICRPDA

G. Ravindra Chary PI, AICRPDA-NICRA Tele Fax: 040- 24530828; Mobile: 09494232600
& Project Coordinator (Dryland Research) E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
K.A. Gopinath Principal Scientist (Agronomy) Mobile: 09177506238
E-mail: [email protected]
Boini Narsimlu Senior Scientist (Soil & Water Cons. Engg.) Mobile: 09441600152
D. Anantha V. Rao Chief Technical Officer (Agronomy) Mobile: 09291203346
Rasul Abdul Research Associate Mobile: 09949661943
AICRPDA-NICRA Centres
Centre PI Co-PIs/Associates Address
Dry Semi Arid Zone
Arjia A.K. Kothari J.K. Balyan, Agronomist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
R.P. Meena, Agronomist Dryland Farming Res. Station, Arjia,
(w.e.f. 01.08.2018) Post Box No. 62, Bhilwara 311 001, Rajasthan
L.L. Panwar, Plant Breeder Fax: 01482-264073; (O): 01482-264073;
(up to 01.08.2018) (R): 01482-225810; Mobile: 09460580056
[email protected]
Ananthapuramu R. Veeraraghavaiah M. Vijaya Sankar Babu, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
(w.e.f 02.4.2018) Soil Scientist DCMS Building, Kamalanagar, Agrl. Res. Station,
C. Radha Kumari, Agronomist Anantapur - 515 001
A. Mallishwar Reddy, Andhra Pradesh
Agronomist Fax: 08554-237273; (O): 08554-200303/201655;
N. Kishore, Agril.Engineer Mobile: 9989625222;
(w.e.f. 22.05.2018) E-mail: [email protected]
Agra S.K. Chauhan - AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
RBS College, Bichpuri,
Agra - 283 105 Uttar Pradesh
Fax: 0562-2636449; (O): 0562-2636449
(R): 0562-6540634; Mobile: 9456818054
e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
171

Hisar S.K. Sharma Kautilya Chaudhary, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Soil Scientist CCS Haryana Agril. University
Mukesh Kumar, Hisar 125 004, Haryana
Agril Engineer Fax: 01662- 234613/234952/284335
(O): 01662-289263; Mobile: 09466479990
E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
Kovilpatti K. Baskar V. Sanjiva Kumar, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Soil Scientist Agrl. Research Station
N. Anand Raj, Agril Engineer Kovilpatti - 628 501, Tamil Nadu
S. Manoharan, Agronomist Fax: 04632-221133/234955
(O): 04632-220533; Mobile: 9486041694
[email protected]
Rajkot D.S. Hirpara M.S. Gajeria, Agronomist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
(w.e.f 01.07.2018) V.D. Vora, Agronomist Junagadh Agrl. University, AH & Post Targhadia
,Rajkot 360 003, Gujarat
G.S. Sutaria Fax: 0281-2784722; (O): 0281-2784260/2784722;,
(up to 30.06.2018) Mobile: 09427497250
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
SK Nagar B.S. Deora N.I. Patel, Soil Scientist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
C.K. Patel, Agronomist, CWMPR&RE, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada
B.S. Parmar, Agril Engineer Agrl. University
(w.e.f. 25.04.2018) Sardar Krishinagar-385 506, Gujarat
Fax: 02748-278397 ; (O): 02748-278471
Mobile: +91 9558807259; 9426380259
[email protected]
Solapur Vijay Amrutasagar N.B. More, Soil Scientist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
R.M. Gethe, Agronomist Krishak Bhavan, Near Dayanand College,
G. Shinde, Agril Engineer PB.No.207, Solapur- 413 002, Maharashtra
Fax: 0217-2373209/2373047; (O): 0217-2373209
(R ): 0217-2376988; Mobile: 09421558867
[email protected]
Vijayapura M.S. Shirahatti V.S. Surakod, Agronomist AICRP for Dry land Agriculture
S.B. Patil, Agronomist Regional Agricultural Research Station
Raj Kumar, Soil Scinetist UAS Campus, P.B. No.18,
Umarfarooque Momi, Agril Bijapur - 586 101, Karnataka
Engineer Tel : 08352-230545 (O)
Fax : 08352-230545/08352-230534
Mobile: 9480312473
[email protected]
Moist Semi Arid Zone
Akola M.S. Khakare A.B. Turkhede, Agronomist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
(w.e.f. 14.12.2018) V.V. Gabhane, Soil Scientist Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth
R.S. Patode, Agril. Engineer Akola 444 104, Maharashtra
M.B. Nagdeve (up M.M. Ganvir, Agronomist Fax: : 0724-2258569; (O) 0724-2258115
to 13.12.2019) (R) 0724-2427486; Mobile: 09423429979
e-mail: [email protected]
172
AICRPDA – NICRA

Bengaluru Mudalagiriyappa M.N. Thimmegowda, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Agronomist University of Agrl. Sciences
K. Devraj, Agril.Engineer GKVK Campus
B.G. Vasanthi, Soil Scientist Bengaluru- 560 065, Karnataka
M. Chandrappa, Agronomist Fax : 080-23620795/23330153-348,
(O) : 080-23330277
Mobile: +91 9632067656
[email protected]
Indore D.H. Ranade Bharat Singh, Soil Scientist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
B.S. Bhagat, Agronomist College of Agriculture
M.L. Jadav, Agril Engineer Indore 452 001, Madhya Pradesh
R.S.S. Tomar, Agronomist Fax: 0731- 2710510
(R ) 0731-2719510/2496989
Mobile: 09826605965
Parbhani B.V. Asewar M.S. Pendke, Agril. Engineer AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
G.R. Hanwate, Soil Scientist Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
(w.e.f. 01.06.2018) MAU, Parbhani 431 402 (Maharashtra)
A.K. Gore, Agronomist Fax: 02452-220121
(up to 15.06.2018) (O) 02452-225843
G.K. Gaikwad, Soil Scientist mobile 09423709993
(up to 31.05.2018) E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
Jhansi Rajiv Kumar J.B. Singh, Agrometeriologist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture,
Agrawal S.R. Kantwa, Agronomist ICAR-IGFRI, Near Pahuj Dam,
Gwalior Road,
Jhansi- 284 003, Uttar Pradesh
Tel: 0510-2730666; Fax: 0510-2730833
Mobile: 9415179141
Email: [email protected]; rajivagrw@yahoo.
co.in
Rakh A.P. Singh Vikas Abrol, Soil Scientist Dryland Agri. Res. Sub Station
Dhiansar Hemanth Dhadich, Rakh Dhiansar, Bari Brahmana,
Agril. Engineer Jammu 181 133
Fax: 01923-220821
(R): 0191-2459193
Mobile: 09419119434
[email protected]
Dry Sub-humid Zone
Ballowal Manmohanjit Singh Vivek Sharma, Soil Scientist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Saunkhri Anil Khokhar, Agronomist ZRS for Kandi Area,
Abrol Yousuf, Agrl. Engineer Ballowal-Saunkhri
Parminder Singh Sandhu, P.O. TAKARLA, (Via) Balachaur,
Agronomist Dist. Hoshiarpur144 521 Punjab
Fax: 01885-241601
(O): 01885-241607
Mobile: 09888014851
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
173

Chianki Akhilesh Sah - AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Zonal Research Station, Chianki Medininagar,
Palamu 822 133, Jharkhand
Fax: 06562-235201; (O) 06562-235201
(R) 06562-290882; Mobile: 9546712322
E-mail: [email protected]; akilesh.
[email protected]
Faizabad Neeraj Kumar H.C. Singh, Agril. Engineer AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Rajesh Kumar, Agronomist Department of Agronomy, N.D. University of
Agri. & Tech., Kumarganj
Faizabad 224 229, Uttar Pradesh
Fax: 05270-262480/262917/262393
(O): 05270-262071; Mobile: 9415515216
Rewa D.P. Dubey S.M. Kurmavanshi, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Agronomist College of Agriculture,
N.K. Khamparia, Soil Physicist Rewa - 486 001, Madhya Pradesh
Fax: 07662-220628; (R): 07662-220607;
Mobile: 08982940220
E-mail: [email protected]; dpdubey.
[email protected]
Varanasi A.K. Nema J.P. Singh, Agronomist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Nirmal De, Soil Scientist Institute of Agrl. Sciences, BHU
Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh
Fax: 0542-2368174, 0542-2368993
(O): 0542-6702407; Mobile: 09415269860
[email protected]
Moist Sub-humid Zone
Jagdalpur A.K. Pradhan T.P. Chandrakar, Soil Scientist AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
A.K. Srivastava, Agril Bastar, Shahseed Gundadhur
Engineer (up to 09.2018) College of Agriculture & Research Station
Ashish Kumar Kerketta, Agril. Kumhrawand, Jagdalpur 494 005, Chhattisgarh
Engineer (w.e.f. 09.2018) Fax: 07782-229046/229360/ 222951
(O): 07782-229150/229360;
Mobile: 09424270194
Phulbani Dilip Kumar Bastia S.K. Behera, Agril. Engineer AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
OUAT, Dist: Kandhamal (Orissa),
Old TAR Building, Madikunda Chhack,
Phulbani- 762 001, Odisha
Fax: 06842-253750; Mobile : 09437049015
[email protected]
Per-humid Zone
Biswanath Pallab Kumar Prashant Neog, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture
Chariali Sarma Agrometeorologist BN. College of Agriculture, AAU,
Palakshi Borah, Soil Scientist Biswanath Chariali – 784176,
A. Sonwal, Agril Engineer Sonitpur, Assam
(w.e.f. 20.06.2018) Tel: 03751-222130; Fax: 03751-222130
D. Sarma, Agronomist Mobile: 09435486996
(up to 20.06.2018) E-mail: [email protected];
Rekhashree Kalita, Agronomist [email protected]
(w.e.f. 25.10.2018)
174
AICRPDA – NICRA
Acronyms
AAU Assam Agricultural University HW Hand Weeding

AICRPAM All India Coordinated Research Project ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural
for Agrometeorology Research
AICRPDA All India Coordinated Research Project IFS Integrated Farming System
for Dryland Agriculture IGAU Indira Gandhi Agricultural University
ANGRAU Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural IGFRI Indian Grassland and Fodder
University Research Institute
ARS Agriculture Research Station IISWC Indian Institute of Soil and Water
AU Agriculture University Conservation
BAU Bihar Agricultural University INM Integrated Nutrient Management
BBF Broad Bed & Furrow IP Improved Practice
B:C ratio Benefit:Cost Ratio JAU Junagadh Agricultural University
BHU Banaras Hindu University JNKVV Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa
CAU Central Agricultural University Vidyalaya
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute kg Kilogram
CCSHAU Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana LDC Long Duration Cultivar
Agricultural University LER Land Equivalent Ratio
CD Critical Difference LMU Land Management Units
CEY Chickpea Equivalent Yield MCEY Main Crop Equivalent Yield
CEY Cotton Equivalent Yield MDC Medium Duration Cultivar
CEY Castor Equivalent Yield MGEY Maize Grain Equivalent Yield
CHC Custom Hiring Center MJ Mega Joule
CHMC Custom Hiring Management mm Millimeter
Committee MPKV Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dryland MPUAT Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture Agriculture and Technology
DAS Days After Sowing NDUAT Narendra Dev University of
DFRS Dryland Farming Research Station Agriculture and Technology
Dr. PDKV Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi NICRA National Innovations in Climate
Vidyapeeth Resilient Agriculture
FEY Fingermillet Equivalent Yield NRM Natural Resource Management
OC Organic Carbon
FP Farmers’ Practice OUAT Orissa University of Agriculture &
FYM Farmyard Manure Technology
GEY Groundnut Equivalent Yield PAU Punjab Agricultural University
GRF Gunegal Research Farm PEY Pearlmillet Equivalent Yield
ha Hectare PI Panicle Initiation
175
PPFM Pink Pigmented Facultative SMW Standard Meteorological Week

Methylotrophs SW South-West
PST Paddy Straw SWC Soil & Water Conservation
RBSC Raja Balwant Singh College SWM South- West Monsoon
RDF Recommended Dose of Fertilizer TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
RDN Recommended Dose of Nitrogen UAS_B University of Agricultural Sciences,
RFS Ridge Furrow System Bengaluru
Rs. Rupees UAS_D University of Agricultural Sciences,
RTCP Real Time Contingency Planning Dharwad
RVSKVV Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi UAS_R University of Agricultural Sciences,
Vishwa Vidyalaya Raichur
RWC Relative Water Content VC Vermicompost
RWUE Rainwater Use Efficiency VCRMC Village climate risk management
SDAU Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada committee
Agricultural University VNMKV Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi
SDC Short Duration Cultivar Vidyapeeth
SI Supplemental Irrigation WHH Wheel hand hoe
SK Nagar Sardarkrushi Nagar WUE Water Use Efficiency
SKUAS&T Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Science & Technology
176
AICRPDA – NICRA
Notes
177
Notes
178

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AICRPDA – NICRA

रा ट्रीय जलवायु समु थान कृिष म नवप्रवतर्न

Managing Weather Aberrations

अिखल भारतीय समि वत बारानी कृिष अनस

Compiled and Edited by

Technical Assistance & Manuscript Processing

Back Cover: Intercultivation in groundnut in Patameghpar village, Jamnagar district; Supplemental

Managing weather risks, particularly delayed onset of south-west

(G. Ravindra Chary)

2) खेत पर शु आती मौसमी सूखा

वैकि पक भूिम उपयोग क टम हायिरंग कद्र संसाधनहीन गरीब िकसान को कम

चारा बक प्रिशक्षण/ क्षेत्रीय दौरा/ क्षेत्रीय िदवस

At Ujalamba village (Parbhani district, At Budhadani village (Kandhamal district,

At Chikkamaranahalli village (Bengaluru Rural NICRA-Strategic research

Village seed bank Soil health cards

Table 1: AICRPDA Network Centres - Agro-ecological setting

During the ﬁrst phase (2011-17) of the

Table 2: Details of AICRPDA-NICRA villages

Table 3: Details of onset of monsoon in AICRPDA-NICRA villages (2018)

Warkhed (Akola) Western Vidarbha Zone in Maharashtra 10-June 6-June -

Warkhed (Akola) Nagla Dulhe Khan (Agra)

Vannedoddi (Anantapuramu) Warkhed (Akola)

preparedness to cope with weather aberrations with

and ex-situ) and efﬁcient use, drought tolerant crops/

Tahkapal (Bastar) Tahkapal (Bastar)

Muthukrishnapuram… Muthukrishnapuram (Toothukkudi)

Babhulgaon (Parbhani) Babhulgaon (Parbhani)

Budhadani (Kandhamal) Budhadani(Kandhamal)

and other activities are presented in the following

1.1 Dry Semi-Arid Zone (500-750 mm) Normal 2018

a. Agro-ecological setting 200

of Aravalli range and east Rajasthan uplands) 100

hot dry semiarid eco-sub region (AESR 4.2) and 50

Southern zone in Rajasthan. Normal annual rainfall 0

is 658 mm. Annual potential evapo-transpiration is Month

b. On-station experiments Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)

Table 5: Yield and economics of maize as inﬂuenced by foliar spray

Maize with foliar spray of NPK soluble (18:18:18) @

c. On-farm demonstrations and 512.9 mm with seasonal rainfall of 603 mm

was during 26 SMW. The dry spells during crop 300

season were experienced for the past 15 years. They 250

pattern which resulted to change in climate from dry

Preparedness Similarly, at village Kochariya (Bhilwara), in-

Table 8: Yield and economics of maize as inﬂuenced by in-situ moisture conservation

Table 9: Yield and economic of sorghum as inﬂuenced by in-situ moisture conservation

Table 10: Yield and economics of maize varieties

Table 11: Yield and economics of sorghum varieties

Table 12: Yield and economics of groundnut varieties

Table 13: Yield and economic of blackgram varieties

Nutrient management practice of no Zn application (2287 kg/ ha).

Table 18: Performance of horti-pastoral system

1.1.2 ANANTAPURAMU was received in kharif season which was 77.1 mm

Crop seasonal rainfall during 2018-19 274.9 & 4.4,

Table 20: Performance of groundnut (K-6) as inﬂuenced by foliar sprays

mm than normal rainfall of 618.0 mm. Out of the 80

normal of 430.0 mm and in rabi 50.4 mm rainfall 0

and during summer, there was no rainfall as against

Dry spells during crop growing season (2018-19)

Real time contingency practices (RTCP) implemented

Rainfed, Groundnut Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5%