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    Consonants

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    Consonants

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    8 views13 pages

    Consonants

    Uploaded by

    daniel.machado3428

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    The English

    Consonants
    What is a consonant?
    It’s a sound in the production of which the air stream from the lungs is either completely blocked, partially
    blocked or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction. With some consonants
    the air stream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to escape through the nose.
    Consonants are mainly described in articulatory terms. A fairly complete articulatory description should
    include the following information:

    a) vocal cord activity,


    b) force of articulation or exhalation,
    c) position of velum or soft palate,
    d) noise component,
    e) place of articulation and
    f) manner of articulation.
    VOCAL CORD ACTIVITY

    Determines whether consonant sounds are voiced or voiceless. Voiced


    consonants are produced with the vocal cords in light contact, vibrating,
    and voiceless ones with vocal cords wide apart, so that breath goes
    through. We can actually feel the vibrations of voice by either placing
    our fingers on our throat, or by covering our ears with our hands while
    producing voiced sounds.
    FORCE OF ARTICULATION OR
    EXHALAXION
    Vibration of the vocal folds may not, however, be the only
    difference between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds. The
    latter are generally produced with more breath force and
    muscular effort than voiced consonant sounds. Consonants
    produced with greater force are called fortis and those produced
    with less force are called lenis.
    POSITION OF VELUM OR SOFT
    PALATE
    The position of the velum causes consonant sounds to be
    mainly oral (when it is raised) or nasal (when it is lowered).
    NOISE COMPONENT

    It is sometimes useful to classify categories of sounds according to their noise


    component. Those in whose production the constriction impeding the airflow
    through the vocal tract is sufficient to cause noise are known as obstruents.
    This category comprises plosives, fricatives and affricates.
    Sonorants are those voiced sounds in which there is no noise component i.e.
    nasals, approximants and vowels.
    PLACE OF ARTICULATION
    Is the point of contact, where an
    obstruction or narrowing occurs in the
    vocal tract between an active, moving
    articulator (typically one part of the
    tongue) and a passive articulator
    (typically one part of the roof of the
    mouth).
    These speech organs modify the
    airstream that is pushed up by the
    lungs, and as a result this process
    produces different sounds. The place
    where the airstream is obstructed is
    significant for the exact production of
    sounds.
    —Places of articulation

    BILABIAL. The two lips are the primary articulators, e.g. /p,b,m/.
    LABIO-DENTAL. The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth, e.g. /f, v/.
    DENTAL. The tongue tip and rims articulate with the upper teeth, e.g. /θ, ð/
    ALVEOLAR. /ælˈviːələ/ The blade, or tip and blade, of the tongue articulates with the alveolar
    ridge, e.g. /t, d, l, n, s, z/.
    POST-ALVEOLAR. The tip and rims of the tongue articulate with the rear part of the alveolar
    ridge, e.g. /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/
    PALATAL. The front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate. /j/
    VELAR. The back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate, e.g. (k, g, ŋ /
    GLOTTAL. An obstruction or a narrowing causing friction but not vibration, between the
    vocal cords, e.g. /h/
    LABIO-VELAR. The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate while rounding the
    lips. /w/
    MANNER OF ARTICULATION

    The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as


    it flows from the lungs and out the nose and mouth.
    —Manners of articulation
    PLOSIVE (STOP). A complete closure at some point in the vocal tract, behind which the air pressure
    builds up and can be released with plosion, e.g. /p, d/
    FRICATIVE. Two organs approximate to such an extent that the air stream passes through them with
    friction, e.g. /f, s/.
    AFFRICATE. This type of sound is formed by a succession of a plosive and a fricative. There is a
    complete closure at some point in the mouth, behind which the air pressure builds up; the separation of
    the articulators is performed slowly, with the result that friction is produced, e.g. /tʃ, dʒ/
    NASAL. A complete closure at some point in the mouth, the soft palate is lowered so that the air escapes
    through the nose, e.g. /m/.
    APPROXIMANTS and SEMIVOWELS. These sounds are produced with an approximation of the
    articulators which is too open to cause any friction:
    ⮚ Liquids / r / Post-alveolar Approximant and / l / Alveolar Lateral. A partial closure is
    made at some point in the mouth so the air stream is allowed to escape on one or both sides of the
    contact.
    ⮚ / j / Palatal Semivowel.
    ⮚ / w / Labio – Velar Semivowel.
    Symbol Voice Force of exhalation Position of velum Noise component Place of articulation Manner of
    articulation

    /p/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent bilabial plosive

    /b/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent bilabial plosive

    /t/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent alveolar plosive

    /d/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent alveolar plosive

    /k/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent velar plosive

    /g/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent velar plosive

    /s/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent alveolar fricative

    /z/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent alveolar fricative

    /ʃ/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent post-alveolar fricative

    /ʒ/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent post-alveolar fricative

    /f/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent labio-dental fricative

    /v/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent labio-dental fricative


    /tʃ/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent post-alveolar affricate

    /dʒ/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent post-alveolar affricate

    /θ/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent dental fricative

    /ð/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent dental fricative

    /m/ voiced lenis nasal obstruent bilabial nasal

    /n/ voiced lenis nasal obstruent alveolar nasal

    /ŋ/ voiced lenis nasal obstruent velar nasal

    /h/ voiceless fortis raised-oral obstruent glottal fricative

    /l/ voiced lenis raised-oral sonorant alveolar lateral approximant

    /j/ voiced lenis raised-oral sonorant palatal approximant

    /w/ voiced lenis raised-oral sonorant labio-velar approximant

    /r/ voiced lenis raised-oral obstruent post-alveolar approximant


    How to name a consonant?

    e.g. voiced alveolar plosive

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