Socio-economic

Sanitation Development

Education
Water
Supply

PRI Health

Presentation on
Good practices in drinking water, sanitation
and human rights

UN High Commission for Human Rights,

Geneva 20-21 January 2011
Rajasekhar Dharmaji
Government of India
2
Water Supply -
Sector Overview

3
 National Rural Drinking Water Programme
(NRDWP)
• National Goal
– To provide every rural person with
safe water for drinking, cooking and
other domestic basic needs on a
sustainable basis. This basic
requirement should meet certain
minimum water quality standards
and be readily and conveniently
accessible at all times and in all
situations
Target to cover all uncovered, quality
affected and other habitations and
households, schools with safe and
adequate drinking water supply
 COMPONENTS OF
NATIONAL RURAL DRINKING WATER
PROGRAMME
(NRDWP)
• COVERAGE for providing safe and adequate
drinking water supply to unserved, partially served
and slipped back habitations. – 45%
• Provide potable drinking water to water QUALITY
affected habitations. – 20%
• SUSTAINABILITY to encourage States to achieve
drinking water security at the local level – 20%
• OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (O&M) for
expenditure on running, repair and replacement costs
of drinking water supply projects – 10% and
• SUPPORT activities – 5%.
• Allocation for DESERT DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (DDP) areas to tackle the extreme
conditions of low rainfall and poor water availability
• Earmarked funds to Mitigate drinking water problems
in rural areas in the wake of NATURAL
CALAMITIES,
 Good Practices in Rural
Drinking Water
• Policy intervention
• Water supply augmentation
• Water quality improvement
• Improved service delivery – Bulk and Retail
• Community mobilization
• Community empowerment through VWSC
• Women Self Help Groups
• Convergence with related programmes
• Close tie up with Technical and Professional Institutions
• Interactions with NGOs, CBOs
6
 Rural drinking water – Policy interventions
• Centrally sponsored National Rural drinking water programme
• Service level flexibility to States
• Focus on % population coverage instead of habitation
coverage
• 25% funds earmarked for SC population
• 10% funds earmarked for ST population
• 20% funds (100% central share) earmarked for sustainability
of drinking water sources involving community mobilization
• Top priority for tackling water quality problems
• 10% incentive funds for PRIs for taking up ownership of
assets and O&M
• 3-tier Institutional mechanism in implementation (SWSM,
DWSM, VWSC). BRCs introduced to bridge gaps between
VWSC and DWSM
7
Rural drinking water – Policy interventions-2
• Conjunctive use of ground water,
surface water and rainwater
• Decentralized approach
• Programme focus on potability,
sustainability, convenience,
equity and consumer preference
as guiding principles while
planning for a community based
water supply system
• Transparency through Online
IMIS including generation of
Utilization Certificates showing
statement of expenditure ( Farmers monitoring ground
www.ddws.gov.in) water in Andhra Pradesh
 Block Resource Centers
(2-4 persons depending upon population)
 Rising expectations
moving up the ladder
Emphasis on
• Individual metered household

connections
• Water quality
• Improved level of service 24 x 7 supply

Household
Stand posts Connection
Individual &
Tube wells, Multiple
Hand pumps
Wells, Protected
Springs
Unprotected Source,
shallow hand pumps,
canals
10
 Budget/ Releases under ARWSP/
NRDWP (in million US $)

Year Allocation Releases

2005-06 902.20 910.67
2006-07 1,155.55 1,011.62
2007-08 1,444.44 1,431.48
2008-09 1,622.22 1,617.51
2009-10 1,777.77 1,775.49
2010-11* 2,000.00 1,577.78*
Total 8,902.22
* Till 31.12.2010
 Village Water Security Plan
Core Principle :
Work from Micro
Whole to Part Watershed
and never from
Part to Whole
Assess • Irrigation
Sectoral • Drinking water
Water quality
testing demands • Industry
• Other uses
Sanitary surveillance • Ground water
Generate
data on water • Surface water
• HGM maps • Rainwater
• SOI toposheets availability
• Bhuvan/ Google data
• GEMS of CGWB Plan to •Monitor water
• Soil & land use maps remove water levels (AP Farmers
•Geo- deficiency model)
physical Village-wise • Monitor water
investigations quality
(FTKs and Labs)
TOWARDS DRINKING WATER SECURITY
IN INDIA

LESSONS FROM THE FIELD

 Gangadevipalli village, Andhra Pradesh
Non-discrimination & Community Participation
• Pre-project status
– Small village
– Predominantly small and marginal farmers
– High fluoride in groundwater
– Only one open well with safe water but far away
– Women used to get up at 3 am in order to fetch water. Time taken is
about 3 hours
– Open defecation
• Post project status
– 100% filtered water to the entire village
– 100% open defecation free village (Nirmal Gram Puraskar)
– 100% abolition of child labour with all children attending
school.
– 100% Liquor-free village
– 100% house tax collection
– 100% literacy
– 100% family planning
– 100% small savings
– 100% electricity connections
 Gangadevipalli village, Andhra Pradesh -
• 2Deflouridation Plant maintained by Village water and
sanitation committee since 2004 to till today with successfully.
• Capacity of the plant 1000ltr/hr - donated by “TATA
PROJECTS”.
• Supply of the safe water to 240 House holds with Rs.1.00 charge
for 20 lit. cans.
• Monthly revenue Rs.7,200/-
• Electricity bill average Rs.2000/- for month (Category of GP
Tariff).
• Maintenance charges technician cum operator Rs.3000/- per
month.
• Rs.2200/- for savings utilizing for repairs and replacement of
membranes as per committee resolutions in every month (for year
Rs.26,400.00)

• Success Indicators
– Formation of VWSC under the GP
– Motivation by Voluntary association for building OHSR.
– People’s motivation led to collect Rs 65,000 for construction of water
tank
– Defluoridation plant installed
– 100% people participation. No disconnect between rich and poor.
– Collective decision making
– Self regulation to conserve water – If tap is connected directly to
garden, the household’s water connection is cut and restored only after
a fine of Rs 100 is paid
– Motivation of people especially the women led to construction of toilets
in every household and put to use.
 Metering Household Connections
Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka
Non-discrimination and Accountability
Pre project status : Unequal distribution of drinking water,
misuse of water by advantage group, constant complaints
about inadequate supply of drinking water, non payment of
water tariff due to poor services.

Post project status: Rational distribution of drinking water,

Complete redressal of poor services More than ninety percent
recovery of water supply tariff is in the district .

Indicators of success: Volumetric based tariff and

computerized billing/ collection based on consumption,
Professional attitude of VWSC’s by hiring Engineers &
Doctors, Willingness of bearing the cost of metering for

distribution of water, In case of the SCs and STs, the GPs

have met the expenditures towards the meter and

connection from the GP funds meant for SC/ST under
various programs. Empowerment of the villagers to take
 PPP Model for tackling water quality problems in Andhra
Pradesh
Community participation and Non-discrimination
• Roof water harvesting methods promoted by both
GoAP and some NGOs.
• Household deflouridation & other technologies
methods promoted by some NGOs as well as GoAP
• Funds are provided by different agencies like NGOs,
Communities, Philanthropist, MLA and MP lads for
setting up of water treatment plants.
• It always insisted that the communities/ GP are
shared part of the capital cost in addition to
provide space and raw water for treatment
• Participation of Global partnership for Output based
Assistance (GPOBA): GPOBA (World Bank)
provided an assistance of 1 million USD for Naandi
Foundation to set up water treatment plants to
improve access to safe water for the poor
• Distribution and Tariff: Through Jerry canes of
10-20 liters at fixed point The water tariff is INRs.
2-3 for a 20 liter can if supplied at the treatment
plant. If the water supplied at the door steps
additional charge of Re 1-2 are charged per can
towards the transportation cost depending on the
distance.
• Some of the local unemployed youths earn money in
transportation of water cans to supply at door steps
 Tripura Adivasi (Tribal) Mahila Samity
Community Participation and Sustainability
• Tripura Adivasi Mahila Samity took the effort for the
construction of rain water harvesting Tanks in two villages,
Sipaipara and Sri Hari Bari, under Mohanpur block of West
Tripura district, inhabited by the Debbarma Community.
Both the villages are poor and severely affected by the
water scarcity. The houses here had thatched roofs. To
improve the quality of life, the Samity provide roofs of
galvanized iron sheets for the houses of the poor
people. Both the villages have scattered settlement with
2-4 houses in each cluster. The Samity identified 24
beneficiaries from Sipaipara and 16 from Sri Hari Bari
village, planning was done in such a way that one
house from each cluster was identified for
construction of rain water harvesting tank and the
benefits of the rain water harvesting tank would be shared
by the entire village. After the construction of the tanks the
Samity also gave the tips on maintenance to all the
beneficiaries.
 Dual Pump Based Scheme for
House to House Tap Connection in Remote and Small Habitations
(A Government of Maharashtra intervention)
Non-discrimination

5000 Liters
HDPE Tank

House to House Tap Connection.

Artificial Recharge by Roof Top Rain Harvesting

Single phase Submersible pump with Hand pump

Highlights/features of the initiative :

• This technology is rendered to village panchayats

through community participation. 66 such schemes
have been completed during 2007-08.
• 200 such schemes are in progress this year
(2009-2010).
• These 266 schemes are having a common stand post
and village panchayats are willing to complete the
distribution system and house to house tap
connections in due course of time.
• This year sanction is accorded to another 2700
schemes during the cabinet meetings of Konkan and
Nashik regions. As on today 800 schemes are
completed and remaining are in progress.
6
 Community Mobilization for Environmental Sustainability
Alwar District, Rajasthan
Pre Project status:
• Water scarcity for all purposes.
• Post implementation status:
 Availability of water for villagers not only for
drinking purpose but for agriculture
and other purposes as well.
 Revival of five rivers Bhagani-Teldehe, Arvari,
jahajwali, Sarsa and Ruparel.
 Replicated in other water scarce areas in
Rajasthan
 Checked soil erosion, ensures water supply
even for successive drought years.
Indicators of success:
 Intensive community mobilization
generating people’s movement
 Excellent initiative from NGO “ Tarun Bharat Sangh” to
manage water from community themselves.
 Construction of small water harvesting structures called “Johads”
Low cost of Construction of water harvesting structures
(check dams) where 75 % structures cost less than USD 1,000.
 Pilot Oorani at Pattikadu, Tamil Nadu
Community participation and Non-discrimination
Pics. right:
Oorani a habitat for
various species

Pic. left:
People drawing water
from the Oorani

Dipl. Geol./Dipl. Ing. D. Walther

CIM-Expert, Centre for Environmental
Studies, Anna Universiy
 Effective Communication Mode for water
quality through PPP in Kerala
Community Participation and Mobilization
• Stakeholders :: Government of Kerala, Malayala
Manorama and Unicef
• The objective was to capitalize on the
awareness already created and induce a
behavioral change.
• The theme of the message was ‘Pure Water,
Pure Environment’ giving the concerns on water
quality a holistic environmental approach.
• A 20-day long road show ran across both
urban and rural centers across all 14 districts in .
Kerala Each day, three schools and one public
place were selected as the venues for the road
show to visit.
• Activities: An Eicher van was fabricated to look
like typical house in Kerala. The activities
included folk song, magic show, spot games
for the students, water quality testing lab and
resource person interaction, distribution of water
quality testing kits to schools,
 Public Complaint Redressal System,
Punjab
•
Accountability (Call
Created Shikayat Nivaran Kenra (SVK) meaning
1800-180-2468)
Complaint Redressal System and is outsourced at an
annual cost of Rs. 9 lakhs to an IT institute.
• A service standard was prepared to redress various
types of complaints
• Registered complaints are forwarded to concerned
field officers through SMS and E-mail for immediate
redressal. The information regarding the status of
various complaints registered at SNK is monitored by
departmental officials.
• A distinctive number is issued to every registered
complaint and the same is also informed to the
complainant during registration;
• In case complaint is not rectified within stipulated
period, the same is forwarded to next level senior
officer for his intervention after every 48 hours. i.e.
Superintending & Chief Engineer as per hierarchy
• Complainant is informed by the operator deployed at
complaint centre regarding attendance of their
complaint & same is not closed till the consumer is
satisfied.
• The consumers can also check the status of their
complaints through unique complaint number
provided to them.
 AN INDEPENDENT SOCIETY TO
MANAGE WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
CHINCHALI VILLAGE, DISTRICT BELGAUM, KARNATAKA STATE
ACCOUNTABILITY

• Pre project status : Water scarcity

Operation & Maintenance problem in existing
and
water supply scheme.
• Challenges:
Gram Panchayat (GP) was unable to recover
the water tariff to control the illegal
connections.
The VWSC didn’t have any legal powers to
issue notices to defaulter and to disconnect
the connection.
• Post implementation Status: Water Supply
system has been well maintained for more
than last 9 years.
• Indicators of success:
 Clear role & responsibilities of GP
VWSC
and
 O&M was transferred to
VWSC.
responsibility
 VWSC was registered as an independent
society under Karnataka society act and
given certain legal powers.
 ASHWAS – Citizens’ survey
Location: Karnataka (Rural); Partners-­
‐ Arghyam & 15 partner NGOs
Accountability
 Citizens’ domestic WATSAN survey as a tool to ensure
quality in public expenditure-­‐
transparency & accountability issues, independent
data source, tool for citizen audits
 Dissemination – customized report back to each GP
 Questionnaires at household, Gram Panchayat and
village levels
 28 districts, 172 gram panchayats and 17,200
households (average 100
households)
 1 year exercise; rigorous training to surveyors
 Field survey team -­‐ 300 people for 40 days. 1-­‐2 women
in each team
 Water quality tests of sources, photographs, maps
 Impacts: Stimulated discussion about condition of
WATSAN in Karnataka at many
levels ; other states interested in doing such a survey-­‐
a process document is underway
 24/7 WATER SUPPLY WITH CLUSTER STORAGE
Khintala Village, Gujarat - Impact on Livelihood
• Pre project status: Severe water supply problems in all 378 households
due to unavailability of any local ground water aquifer.
• Challenges:
To provide drinking water to all the villagers where groundwater was
not available within reach.
To convince the people to take up the scheme and to get the people
to contribute 10 % towards the capital cost.
Post implementation Status:
 Water became available to all at all the time.
 Both Women and men were able to save about 3.8 hours and some of
the saved time was used for enhancing their income.
 Drop rate of school-children were also reduced .
• Indicators of success:
 Water supply scheme was designed on “Cluster
Storage” basis and the
area was divided into many clusters.
 Standardized distribution and storage system for each cluster.
 Villagers formed Pani Samiti (equivalent to Village
Water & Sanitation Committee) to manage the water
supply scheme.
 Excellent support from Water and Sanitation
Management Organization (WASMO), Government of Gujarat
 People’s movement in Kanyakumari , TN
Community participation & Sustainability
• Due to eeager flow of water in the
channel, the villagers face lot of
difficulty, especially during summer.
• Then the villagers came out with the
idea of constructing a series of
check-dams which will not only ensure
availability of water throughout the year,
but also recharge the wells along side
the channel.
• The proposal was readily accepted and
the Collector gave sanction under
small savings incentive scheme for the
construction two check-dams, to begin
with, which have been completed and
put to use of the community.
• Seeing the utility of the check-dams,
the other villagers along the channel
are now pressing for similar Water
Harvesting Structures and the
district administration has decided
to sanction two more such check-
dams.
 24/7 WATER SUPPLY – Jepar village, Gujarat
Impact and Sustainability

Pre project status : Before Village adopted 24x7 water

supply system in 2009, the water availability was
limited to about 2 hours/day and the average
consumption of water was around 400 litres per day per
household.
Post project status: Consumption of water per
household got reduced from 400 litres/day to 250 litres/
day. Consumption of electricity also reduced from
13.15 units to 8.76 units.
Indicators of success:
 Embraced decentralized community managed
water supply system in 2006.
 People abondoned the practice of storing
water unnecessarily.
 Dual source i. e. (a well and Narmada pipe
water supply system) to supplement each other.
 Tap connection to all 160 household.
 Innovations at Malkapur, Maharashtra
Environmental Sustainability
• The water supply system in Malkapur town is the first initiative
in India where whole of the town is operating on 24 x 7 basis.
• Improvement in delivery time and services.
• Safe Quality of Water.
• Decrease in water borne illnesses in children. zero
level.
• Reduction in wastage of water. 30%.
• Shifting control of the distribution system from Valve man
to the Consumer.
• The meter reading and billing are simplified. AMR type
water meters installed can be read remotely by driving through
the streets using hand held device & radio frequency.
• Saving in Electricity: The energy saved is equivalent
to reduction in 450 tons of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
• Reduction in operation cost. Raw water pumps of water
treatment plant operates using GSM technology.
 Building technical capacities at the
grassroots for sustainability
Location-Kachchh district, Gujarat; Partners- Arghyam & Arid
Communities and Technologies (ACT)
• About 85 % rural water supply-­‐GW
dependent
• Lack of capacity at the grassroots’-­geology,
‐
source sustainability & security
• Parab (barefoot engineers)— technical
support for Pani Samitis
• Local youth trained (using local
language &
terminology) on basic geo-­
‐ hydrology & water
resource engineering
• Geo-­hydrology:
‐ Geological mapping & Achievements so far:
formations, well inventory, watershed Training Cost: INR 22,500 per
mapping, water balancing person (incl lodging and
• Engineering: design calculation, boarding)
survey, estimates, cost benefit 64 local youth trained; water
• Training duration: Over 4 months: 10 -­‐12 security plans for more than
days
120 villages
per month; prepare their village plans as
WASMO sought services of 20
homework
Parabs
UP : Mirzapur Model, Force Lift Hand Pump in schools
Creating positive impact on health of school children

Force lift hand pump

H a n d washing facility -­MDM

‐
Total Sanitation Campaign
(Rural Sanitation)
 Total Sanitation Campaign
• A centrally sponsored programme which is “community
led”, “demand driven” and people centred”
• Objectives include
– Open defecation free environment through use of individual
house hold toilets
– School sanitation and hygiene education
– Anganwadi sanitation with baby friendly toilets
– Community sanitary complex for landless people and floating
population
– Rural sanitary marts and production centres as outlets for
access to sanitation appartunances. A revolving fund to
create livelihood to WSHG/CBO
– Solid and Liquid waste management for environmental
protection as well as to convert “waste” into
“wealth”
– Ecosan toilets for closing the pollution loop – Basically a urine
diversion compost toilet
– Nirmal Gram Puraskar award as incentive for good behaviour of
achieving a clean village without open defecation
practices
 Nirmal Gram Puraskar
(Incentive award)
• 100% open defecation free
• Proper disposal of child faeces
• 100% school and anganwadi sanitation
• Proper solid and liquid waste management
• Rs 0.5-5 lakh for GP, Rs 10-20 lakh for Block
and Rs 30-50 lakh for district, depending
upon population
• Award annually given by His/Her “Excellency”
the President of India
• More than 22,000 awards given away
since 2005.
 West Bengal – Non Discrimination
and Helping the Poor

Rural Sanitary
Marts set up by
S H G s for alternate
delivery mechanism

36
 Non-discrimination for Sanitation & Water
Location-Orissa; Partners- Arghyam & Gram Vikas
• About 8% of population in Orissa has access to
proper sanitation- Indian national average 63%
• Flagship ‘MANTRA’ by Gram Vikas-movement &
action network for the transformation of rural areas-
core values are inclusion, social and gender equity,
sustainability and cost sharing
• Focus on demand led sanitation- interventions
contingent upon agreement & participation of all the
families in each working village
• Emphasis on quality on toilet construction, not on
the cost minimization Arghyam & Gram Vikas partnership-
Support for sanitation infrastructure- 15
• Sustainable local livelihoods for village masons villages, focus on poor and
• Household water supply connections- linking water marginalised communities
supply to sanitation Beneficiary households -1065 families
• Hygiene education-linking environmental sanitation Target population-5325
& hygiene, focus on women & children Project duration- 3 years, Total cost-
• Under the ambit of MANTRA, so far 48107 families INR 3,43,34,066
in 787 villages have been totally covered by About 40% of the cost to be mobilized
WATSAN infrastructure through community and Govt
 Maharashtra
Non-discimination and Community
participation
Involvement of religious leaders, saints and women
Sant Gadge Baba awards

Mobile Awareness

Women Addressing a Rally

38
 Local expertise
in design and
construction
 Structures achieved. cost
effective
are conforming to
standards.
 Not a driven
approach but a
contractor process
driven approach.

Project is led by
an organization for
propagating cost effective
technologies in rural areas-
Nirmiti-Kendra
 Haryana : Innovative IEC Model
Community Participation
 Awareness creation is KEY .
 Capacity Building & Training of stake-

holders is TURNING POINT.

 District level Program Manager : A

CHAMPION.
 Missionary zeal : MISSION
MODE.
 Dissemination of Message: EXPERIENCE

SHARING.


Dedicated Team of MOTIVATORS and

VOLUNTEERS.


Collective COMMUNITY Action: A Peoples’

Movement

 Community led sanitation
Location-­Tiruchirapalli,
‐ Tamil Nadu; Partners-­
‐ Arghyam, Gramalaya,
WaterAid India & Water.org
• Community led total sanitation approach-
demand driven
• Credit linkages for toilet construction from
banks, MFIs & SHGs
• Training, exposure visits, PRI meetings,
door-to-door campaigns
• Leveraged “ripple effects” in nearby
villages
• Trained masons built 18,200 household
latrines with a total loan amount of Rs.5.40
crores
• Helped 56 GPs to achieve “ODF” status
under
ArghamTSC
& Gramalaya partnership:
158 villages, 63,750 people in Tiruchirapalli
Multiple funding sources
Bank linkages (68%), SHG Savings (15%),
Govt. Subsidy (7.3%), individual
contribution (9.2%)
Average cost per toilet = INR 4,119
Chhattisgarh - Accountability

Having a toilet at home included in the eligibility

criteria for contesti ng local body electi ons
42
 Tamilnadu : Solid & Liquid Waste
Management
• Setti ng up systems of waste
management in rural areas
• Collecti on of household

garbage

Environmental Sustainability and

Revenue generation
43
 UP : Solid & Liquid Waste Management
Environmental Sustainability
• Capacity Building of DPRO/ DPCs on SLWM
• Action plan template developed for GPs
• Training of Masons
• Different technological options
• Vermi Compost
• Covered Drainage
• Convergence of funds with 12th Finance Commission/ MNREGA/
BRGF/TSC/Panchayat funds
• Engagement of Safai Karmacharis for 108848 villages
 Environmental Sustainability, positive impact on health and
revenue generation
From Pongal (Harvest Festi val) 15th Jan
2008
 Those who use the toilets will be paid Ten
paise per visit to ECC T on the basis of monthly
card issued to user.

The payment will be made to all

cardholders who will be using the ECCT

Don’t flush the toilet !

No water, no smell !!
Save Water, Save
Health !!!

Sweet rice cooked in the Community

toilet complex on harvest festival
45
 Lessons learnt
From Urban Water
Supply
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission-the largest urban
project in India
The JNNURM has two facets.
Grants for infrastructure creation.
 These grants are tied to a set of reforms to be
undertaken at the state level and also the ULB level.
The reforms focus on : bringing more professional approach to
managing services, consumer accountability, pro-poor
approaches.
Over the last 2-3 years, several states have adopted :
information disclosure laws and community participation laws,
double accounting systems to bring more transparency and
accountability.
 Non-discrimination and helping the poor
This has led to several new innovations coming up in Urban
India. Some of them are:

-Drinking water supplied 24x7 in pilot wards in several cities

like: Hubli/ Dharwad, Gulbarga (in karnataka), Nagpur (in
Maharashtra) . Several other cities are in different phases of
moving towards 24x7. Its significant to note that these pilots
also cover localities with poor segments and poor are
benefiting from continuous water supply at their doorstep.

-Cross-subsides for house connection for poor: In the past

the poor seldom had house connections. Now cities are
moving towards providing drinking water at door steps of
the poor. Ex; Vijayawada, Navi Mumbai etc.
 Community-centric urban water governance
mechanisms
Location-Cuttack, Orissa; Partners- Arghyam, HDI & NFI

• Pilot experiments on developing

institutional mechanisms for water Institutional set-­‐up
governance- urban & peri-urban areas
Ward-­level
‐
• Empowerment of community to manage committees

local WATSAN
• Sustainable water supply systems- RWH
based ground water/aquifer recharge
• Ecosystem protection- prevention of GW Corporators Cluster-­level
‐
committees
pollution
• Local & decentralised solutions- blend of Stakeholders

social & technical approach

Planned interventions: HDI supported by
Arghyam &NFI
2 pilot wards, ward 34 (urban) & ward 52
(peri-urban), population served- 35,000
1 community-based RWH structure in
ward-34
1 wastewater pumping system
 India – Urban trends in drinking water by wealth quintiles
Accessibility to all sections of the people

Poorest 20% Second Middle Fourth Richest

100 100 100 100 100 4 20% 2
20% 4 7 20% 420% 3
3
5 11 7
20 16
23 27
80 80 80 80 80
40
39
54

60 60 60 60 60 60
78

89
72 82
40 40 40 40 40
73 70

54 57

20 42 20 20 20
20
29
17
8
0 0 0 0 0
1995 1995 2008 1995 2008 1995 2008 1995 2008
2008
Unimproved sources
Other improved sources
Piped on premises

Source: NFHS (DHS) 1993, 1999, 2006

Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, May 2010
Urban Sanitation
 National Urban Sanitation Policy – 2007
Non-­discimination
‐
Vision: “All Indian cities and towns become totally
sanitized, healthy and livable, ensure and sustain
public health and environmental outcomes for all
their citizens.”
Goals:
The policy encourages cities to
develop ‘Citywide Sanitation Plans’
(CSPs) to tackle the needs of all
segments in a most
 Targeting behavior change;
 Achieving open defecation free cities;
Total Sanitation: Safe disposal of 100%
human and liquid waste;
 Develop State sanitation strategies
 Standardization for Sustainability
At the national level the MoUD has introduced
Service Level benchmarking to enable utilities
to understand their performance levels and
compare with other utilities. A key indicator here is
the water quality, services to the poor and
efficiency of operations.

MoUD is actively encouraging State governments

to institutionalize the benchmarking system and
use the information for service improvement
planning (as against infrastructure planning) and
also tie in state grants against performance on
key indicators.
Service Level Benchmarking Indicators:

Water Sanitation

Coverage of water supply connections Coverage of toilets (indicates extent of

open defecation also)

Per capita supply of water Coverage of waste water networks

Extent of metering of connections Collection efficiency of waste water

Efficiency in redressal of customer Extent of re-use and recycling of waste

complaints water

Quality of water supplied Efficiency in redressal of customer

complaints

Cost recovery in water supply Quality of wastewater treatment

Extent of non-revenue water Cost recovery in wastewater

management
 Community participation
From “community toilets” to “community managed
toilets”
Location-Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu; Partners-Arghyam & Gramalaya

AWASH Ward level Zonal level City level

federation federation federation

• Formation of SHGs & AWASH (Association for Water and Sanitation,

Hygiene)-­
‐ members included both men & women, participation of the CBOs,
elected representatives and city corporation
• Formation and trg. of AWASH federations, city level monthly meetings

• Capacity building - exposure visit, training and

frequent meetings
• Toilet constructed by city corporation, managed by Achievements so far:
women’s groups Formation of 128 AWASH
• federations
AWASH savings a/c - interest for O & M expenses
328 individual toilets,23
• AWASH became a monitoring & advocacy body, community toilets, 237
mediator for conflict resolution household water
• Sustainable and replicable model for creating connections
and Cost per individual
managing public infrastructure tolilet=INR 10,000
 Using Soil bio-technology to treat sewage
Location-Bangalore, Karnataka; Partners- Arghyam, ACCEPT Society &
Vision EarthCare
Environmental Sustainability

• Indigenous wastewater
technology
developed at IIT Mumbai – uses soil
formation chemistry and bacterial
action to clean wastewater. Finished
plant is highly aesthetic , looks like a
garden
• Reduces COD, BOD, N, P
substantially - meets standards for
different types of reuse
• Several installations across the SBT plant - at a glance
country from 10KLD – 3MLD already 3 stage 15 KLD gravity-flow bio
• Treated wastewater fit for agricultural reactor, area 8.1m x 9.05 m,
& inferior domestic use Cost- Rs 15,00,000/-
• Advantages - minimal power &
maintenance, less mechanical Reduction efficiency- Total
equipment. Good solution for Suspended Solids (85%-97%),
conditions of interrupted power Chemical Oxygen Demand
supply, lack of trained manpower, (92%-97%), Biological Oxygen
water scarcity. Demand (90%-97%)
• Suitable for- small towns, housing &
office complexes, institutes, hotels
 Sanitation Rating of cities‐ -­Accountability
The “Nirmal Shahar Puraskar” Reward Scheme

Biennial rating & reward for achieving sanitation outcomes

Why a rating of cities?

 Mobilize cities on a competitive basis to
rapidly promote and achieve milestones
 Recognize excellent performance
 Monitor and measure progress of achieving
national policy goals
 Advocacy tool for awareness
 Prioritize total sanitation
 Unique Color coding of Cities

City Color Codes: Categories

Category Description
Red: Needs immediate remedial action
Less than 33 points
Black: Needs considerable improvement
34 – 66 points
Blue: Recovering
67 - 90 points
Green: Healthy and clean city
91 - 100 points
 Changed perspective:
Outcomes of Rating and Policy

 Best performers to be awarded the “Clean city award” by the

President of India
 Excellent response from press and public on rating of cities.
 Union Minister writes detailed report to each provincial
Minister
urging to take action
 States initiating state level rating and incentive system
 Central Government allocates $20 million to draft city sanitation
strategy shifting focus from infrastructure
 City Sanitation strategy process intensified: 120 cities developing
CSP with support from six donor agencies
 Awareness campaign launched with Bollywood actor, Aamir Khan
as Ambassador
It’s all…..
ATTITUDE
That adds upto
100 !