Socio-economic

Sanitation Development

Education
Water
Supply

PRI Health

Presentation on
Good practices in drinking water, sanitation and
human rights

UN High Commission for Human Rights, Geneva

20-21 January 2011
Rajasekhar Dharmaji
Government of India
2
Water Supply - Sector
Overview

3
 National Rural Drinking Water Programme
(NRDWP)

•  National Goal
–  To provide every rural person with
safe water for drinking, cooking and
other domestic basic needs on a
sustainable basis. This basic
requirement should meet certain
minimum water quality standards
and be readily and conveniently
accessible at all times and in all
situations
Target to cover all uncovered, quality
affected and other habitations and
households, schools with safe and
adequate drinking water supply
 COMPONENTS OF
NATIONAL RURAL DRINKING WATER
PROGRAMME (NRDWP)
•  COVERAGE for providing safe and adequate
drinking water supply to unserved, partially served
and slipped back habitations. – 45%
•  Provide potable drinking water to water QUALITY
affected habitations. – 20%
•  SUSTAINABILITY to encourage States to achieve
drinking water security at the local level – 20%
•  OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (O&M) for
expenditure on running, repair and replacement costs
of drinking water supply projects – 10% and
•  SUPPORT activities – 5%.
•  Allocation for DESERT DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (DDP) areas to tackle the extreme
conditions of low rainfall and poor water availability
•  Earmarked funds to Mitigate drinking water problems
in rural areas in the wake of NATURAL
CALAMITIES,
 Good Practices in Rural
Drinking Water
•  Policy intervention
•  Water supply augmentation
•  Water quality improvement
•  Improved service delivery – Bulk and Retail
•  Community mobilization
•  Community empowerment through VWSC
•  Women Self Help Groups
•  Convergence with related programmes
•  Close tie up with Technical and Professional Institutions
•  Interactions with NGOs, CBOs
6
 Rural drinking water – Policy interventions
•  Centrally sponsored National Rural drinking water programme
•  Service level flexibility to States
•  Focus on % population coverage instead of habitation
coverage
•  25% funds earmarked for SC population
•  10% funds earmarked for ST population
•  20% funds (100% central share) earmarked for sustainability
of drinking water sources involving community mobilization
•  Top priority for tackling water quality problems
•  10% incentive funds for PRIs for taking up ownership of
assets and O&M
•  3-tier Institutional mechanism in implementation (SWSM,
DWSM, VWSC). BRCs introduced to bridge gaps between
VWSC and DWSM
7
Rural drinking water – Policy interventions-2
•  Conjunctive use of ground water,
surface water and rainwater
•  Decentralized approach
•  Programme focus on potability,
sustainability, convenience,
equity and consumer preference
as guiding principles while
planning for a community based
water supply system
•  Transparency through Online
IMIS including generation of
Utilization Certificates showing
statement of expenditure Farmers monitoring ground
water in Andhra Pradesh
(www.ddws.gov.in)
 Block Resource Centers
(2-4 persons depending upon population)
 Rising expectations
moving up the ladder
Emphasis on
•  Individual metered household
connections
•  Water quality
•  Improved level of service 24 x 7 supply

Household
Connection
Stand posts
Individual &
Tube wells, Multiple
Hand pumps
Wells, Protected
Springs
Unprotected Source,
shallow hand pumps,
canals
10
 Budget/ Releases under ARWSP/
NRDWP (in million US $)

Year Allocation Releases

2005-06 902.20 910.67
2006-07 1,155.55 1,011.62
2007-08 1,444.44 1,431.48
2008-09 1,622.22 1,617.51
2009-10 1,777.77 1,775.49
2010-11* 2,000.00 1,577.78*
Total 8,902.22
* Till 31.12.2010
 Village Water Security Plan
Core Principle :
Work from Micro
Whole to Part Watershed
and never from
Part to Whole
Assess •  Irrigation
Water quality Sectoral •  Drinking water
testing demands •  Industry
•  Other uses
Sanitary surveillance •  Ground water
Generate
data on water •  Surface water
•  HGM maps •  Rainwater
availability
•  SOI toposheets
•  Bhuvan/ Google data
•  GEMS of CGWB Plan to •  Monitor water levels
•  Soil & land use maps remove water (AP Farmers model)
•  Geo-physical deficiency •  Monitor water quality
investigations Village-wise (FTKs and Labs)
TOWARDS DRINKING WATER SECURITY
IN INDIA

LESSONS FROM THE FIELD

 Gangadevipalli village, Andhra Pradesh
Non-discrimination & Community Participation
•  Pre-project status
–  Small village
–  Predominantly small and marginal farmers
–  High fluoride in groundwater
–  Only one open well with safe water but far away
–  Women used to get up at 3 am in order to fetch water. Time taken is
about 3 hours
–  Open defecation
•  Post project status
–  100% filtered water to the entire village
–  100% open defecation free village (Nirmal Gram Puraskar)
–  100% abolition of child labour with all children attending
school.
–  100% Liquor-free village
–  100% house tax collection
–  100% literacy
–  100% family planning
–  100% small savings
–  100% electricity connections
 Gangadevipalli village, Andhra Pradesh - 2
•  Deflouridation Plant maintained by Village water and sanitation
committee since 2004 to till today with successfully.
•  Capacity of the plant 1000ltr/hr - donated by “TATA PROJECTS”.
•  Supply of the safe water to 240 House holds with Rs.1.00 charge
for 20 lit. cans.
•  Monthly revenue Rs.7,200/-
•  Electricity bill average Rs.2000/- for month (Category of GP
Tariff).
•  Maintenance charges technician cum operator Rs.3000/- per
month.
•  Rs.2200/- for savings utilizing for repairs and replacement of
membranes as per committee resolutions in every month (for year
Rs.26,400.00)

•  Success Indicators
–  Formation of VWSC under the GP
–  Motivation by Voluntary association for building OHSR.
–  People’s motivation led to collect Rs 65,000 for construction of water
tank
–  Defluoridation plant installed
–  100% people participation. No disconnect between rich and poor.
–  Collective decision making
–  Self regulation to conserve water – If tap is connected directly to
garden, the household’s water connection is cut and restored only after
a fine of Rs 100 is paid
–  Motivation of people especially the women led to construction of toilets
in every household and put to use.
 Metering Household Connections
Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka
Non-discrimination and Accountability
Pre project status : Unequal distribution of drinking water, misuse
of water by advantage group, constant complaints about
inadequate supply of drinking water, non payment of water tariff
due to poor services.

Post project status: Rational distribution of drinking water,

Complete redressal of poor services More than ninety percent
recovery of water supply tariff is in the district .

Indicators of success: Volumetric based tariff and computerized

billing/ collection based on consumption, Professional attitude of
VWSC’s by hiring Engineers & Doctors, Willingness of bearing

the cost of metering for distribution of water, In case of the SCs

and STs, the GPs have met the expenditures towards the
meter and connection from the GP funds meant for SC/ST
under various programs. Empowerment of the villagers to take
charge of technical and financial responsibilities.
 PPP Model for tackling water quality problems in Andhra
Pradesh
Community participation and Non-discrimination
•  Roof water harvesting methods promoted by both
GoAP and some NGOs.
•  Household deflouridation & other technologies
methods promoted by some NGOs as well as GoAP
•  Funds are provided by different agencies like NGOs,
Communities, Philanthropist, MLA and MP lads for
setting up of water treatment plants.
•  It always insisted that the communities/ GP are
shared part of the capital cost in addition to
provide space and raw water for treatment
•  Participation of Global partnership for Output based
Assistance (GPOBA): GPOBA (World Bank)
provided an assistance of 1 million USD for Naandi
Foundation to set up water treatment plants to
improve access to safe water for the poor
•  Distribution and Tariff: Through Jerry canes of
10-20 liters at fixed point The water tariff is INRs.
2-3 for a 20 liter can if supplied at the treatment
plant. If the water supplied at the door steps
additional charge of Re 1-2 are charged per can
towards the transportation cost depending on the
distance.
•  Some of the local unemployed youths earn money in
transportation of water cans to supply at door steps
 Tripura Adivasi (Tribal) Mahila Samity
Community Participation and Sustainability
•  Tripura Adivasi Mahila Samity took the effort for the
construction of rain water harvesting Tanks in two villages,
Sipaipara and Sri Hari Bari, under Mohanpur block of West
Tripura district, inhabited by the Debbarma Community.
Both the villages are poor and severely affected by the
water scarcity. The houses here had thatched roofs. To
improve the quality of life, the Samity provide roofs of
galvanized iron sheets for the houses of the poor
people. Both the villages have scattered settlement with
2-4 houses in each cluster. The Samity identified 24
beneficiaries from Sipaipara and 16 from Sri Hari Bari
village, planning was done in such a way that one
house from each cluster was identified for
construction of rain water harvesting tank and the
benefits of the rain water harvesting tank would be shared
by the entire village. After the construction of the tanks the
Samity also gave the tips on maintenance to all the
beneficiaries.
 Dual Pump Based Scheme for
House to House Tap Connection in Remote and Small Habitations
(A Government of Maharashtra intervention)
Non-discrimination

5000 Liters
HDPE Tank

House to House Tap Connection.

Artificial Recharge by Roof Top Rain Harvesting

Single phase Submersible pump with Hand pump

Highlights/features of the initiative :

•  This technology is rendered to village panchayats

through community participation. 66 such schemes
have been completed during 2007-08.
•  200 such schemes are in progress this year
(2009-2010).
•  These 266 schemes are having a common stand post
and village panchayats are willing to complete the
distribution system and house to house tap
connections in due course of time.
•  This year sanction is accorded to another 2700
schemes during the cabinet meetings of Konkan and
Nashik regions. As on today 800 schemes are
completed and remaining are in progress.
6
 Community Mobilization for Environmental Sustainability
Alwar District, Rajasthan
Pre Project status:
•  Water scarcity for all purposes.
•  Post implementation status:
  Availability of water for villagers not only for
drinking purpose but for agriculture and other
purposes as well.
  Revival of five rivers Bhagani-Teldehe, Arvari,
jahajwali, Sarsa and Ruparel.
  Replicated in other water scarce areas in
Rajasthan
  Checked soil erosion, ensures water supply
even for successive drought years.
Indicators of success:
 Intensive community mobilization generating people’s movement
 Excellent initiative from NGO “ Tarun Bharat Sangh” to manage water
from community themselves.
  Construction of small water harvesting structures called “Johads”
  Low cost of Construction of water harvesting structures (check
dams) where 75 % structures cost less than USD 1,000.
 Pilot Oorani at Pattikadu, Tamil Nadu
Community participation and Non-discrimination
Pics. right:
Oorani a habitat for
various species

Pic. left:
People drawing water
from the Oorani

Dipl. Geol./Dipl. Ing. D. Walther

CIM-Expert, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna Universiy
 Effective Communication Mode for water quality
through PPP in Kerala
Community Participation and Mobilization
•  Stakeholders :: Government of Kerala, Malayala
Manorama and Unicef
•  The objective was to capitalize on the
awareness already created and induce a
behavioral change.
•  The theme of the message was ‘Pure Water,
Pure Environment’ giving the concerns on water
quality a holistic environmental approach.
•  A 20-day long road show ran across both urban
and rural centers across all 14 districts in Kerala.
Each day, three schools and one public place
were selected as the venues for the road show
to visit.
•  Activities: An Eicher van was fabricated to look
like typical house in Kerala. The activities
included folk song, magic show, spot games for
the students, water quality testing lab and
resource person interaction, distribution of water
quality testing kits to schools,
 Public Complaint Redressal System, Punjab
Accountability (Call 1800-180-2468)
•  Created Shikayat Nivaran Kenra (SVK) meaning
Complaint Redressal System and is outsourced at an
annual cost of Rs. 9 lakhs to an IT institute.
•  A service standard was prepared to redress various
types of complaints
•  Registered complaints are forwarded to concerned
field officers through SMS and E-mail for immediate
redressal. The information regarding the status of
various complaints registered at SNK is monitored by
departmental officials.
•  A distinctive number is issued to every registered
complaint and the same is also informed to the
complainant during registration;
•  In case complaint is not rectified within stipulated
period, the same is forwarded to next level senior
officer for his intervention after every 48 hours. i.e.
Superintending & Chief Engineer as per hierarchy
•  Complainant is informed by the operator deployed at
complaint centre regarding attendance of their
complaint & same is not closed till the consumer is
satisfied.
•  The consumers can also check the status of their
complaints through unique complaint number
provided to them.
 AN INDEPENDENT SOCIETY TO
MANAGE WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
CHINCHALI VILLAGE, DISTRICT BELGAUM, KARNATAKA STATE
ACCOUNTABILITY

•  Pre project status : Water scarcity and

Operation & Maintenance problem in existing
water supply scheme.
•  Challenges:
Gram Panchayat (GP) was unable to recover
the water tariff to control the illegal
connections.
The VWSC didn’t have any legal powers to
issue notices to defaulter and to disconnect
the connection.
•  Post implementation Status: Water Supply
system has been well maintained for more
than last 9 years.
•  Indicators of success:
  Clear role & responsibilities of GP and
VWSC
  O&M responsibility was transferred to
VWSC.
  VWSC was registered as an independent
society under Karnataka society act and
given certain legal powers.
 ASHWAS – Citizens’ survey
Loca%on:  Karnataka  (Rural);  Partners-­‐  Arghyam  &  15  partner  NGOs  
Accountability  
  Citizens’  domestic  WATSAN  survey  as  a  tool  to  ensure  
quality  in  public  expenditure-­‐  transparency  &  
accountability  issues,  independent  data  source,  tool  for  
citizen  audits  
  Dissemination  –  customized  report  back  to  each  GP  
  Questionnaires  at  household,  Gram  Panchayat  and  
village  levels  
  28  districts,  172  gram  panchayats  and  17,200  
households    (average  100  households)  
  1  year  exercise;  rigorous  training  to  surveyors  
  Field  survey  team  -­‐  300  people  for  40  days.  1-­‐2  women  
in  each  team  
  Water  quality  tests  of  sources,  photographs,  maps  
  Impacts:  Stimulated  discussion  about  condition  of  
WATSAN  in  Karnataka  at  many  levels  ;  other  states  
interested  in  doing  such  a  survey-­‐  a  process  document  
is  underway  
 24/7 WATER SUPPLY WITH CLUSTER STORAGE
Khintala Village, Gujarat - Impact on Livelihood
•  Pre project status: Severe water supply problems in all 378 households
due to unavailability of any local ground water aquifer.
•  Challenges:
To provide drinking water to all the villagers where groundwater was
not available within reach.
To convince the people to take up the scheme and to get the people
to contribute 10 % towards the capital cost.
Post implementation Status:
  Water became available to all at all the time.
  Both Women and men were able to save about 3.8 hours and some of
the saved time was used for enhancing their income.
  Drop rate of school-children were also reduced .
•  Indicators of success:
  Water supply scheme was designed on “Cluster Storage” basis
and the area was divided into many clusters.
  Standardized distribution and storage system for each cluster.
  Villagers formed Pani Samiti (equivalent to Village Water &
Sanitation Committee) to manage the water supply scheme.
  Excellent support from Water and Sanitation Management
Organization (WASMO), Government of Gujarat
 People’s movement in Kanyakumari , TN
Community participation & Sustainability
•  Due to eeager flow of water in the
channel, the villagers face lot of
difficulty, especially during summer.
•  Then the villagers came out with the
idea of constructing a series of
check-dams which will not only ensure
availability of water throughout the year,
but also recharge the wells along side
the channel.
•  The proposal was readily accepted and
the Collector gave sanction under
small savings incentive scheme for the
construction two check-dams, to begin
with, which have been completed and
put to use of the community.
•  Seeing the utility of the check-dams,
the other villagers along the channel
are now pressing for similar Water
Harvesting Structures and the
district administration has decided
to sanction two more such check-
dams.
 24/7 WATER SUPPLY – Jepar village, Gujarat
Impact and Sustainability

Pre project status : Before Village adopted 24x7 water

supply system in 2009, the water availability was
limited to about 2 hours/day and the average
consumption of water was around 400 litres per day per
household.
Post project status: Consumption of water per
household got reduced from 400 litres/day to 250 litres/
day. Consumption of electricity also reduced from
13.15 units to 8.76 units.
Indicators of success:
 Embraced decentralized community managed water
supply system in 2006.
 People abondoned the practice of storing water
unnecessarily.
 Dual source i. e. (a well and Narmada pipe water
supply system) to supplement each other.
 Tap connection to all 160 household.
 Innovations at Malkapur, Maharashtra
Environmental Sustainability
•  The water supply system in Malkapur town is the first initiative
in India where whole of the town is operating on 24 x 7 basis.
•  Improvement in delivery time and services.
•  Safe Quality of Water.
•  Decrease in water borne illnesses in children. zero level.
•  Reduction in wastage of water. 30%.
•  Shifting control of the distribution system from Valve man
to the Consumer.
•  The meter reading and billing are simplified. AMR type
water meters installed can be read remotely by driving through
the streets using hand held device & radio frequency.
•  Saving in Electricity: The energy saved is equivalent to
reduction in 450 tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
•  Reduction in operation cost. Raw water pumps of water
treatment plant operates using GSM technology.
•  Reduction in UFW - 8-12%
 Building technical capacities at the
grassroots for sustainability
Location-Kachchh district, Gujarat; Partners- Arghyam & Arid
Communities and Technologies (ACT)
•  About  85  %  rural  water  supply-­‐GW  
dependent  
•  Lack  of  capacity  at  the  grassroots’-­‐geology,  
source  sustainability  &  security  
•  Parab  (barefoot  engineers)—  technical  
support  for  Pani  Sami*s  
•  Local  youth  trained  (using  local  language  &  
terminology)  on  basic  geo-­‐  hydrology  &  water  
resource  engineering    
•  Geo-­‐hydrology:  Geological  mapping  &    
forma%ons,  well  inventory,  watershed   Achievements so far:
mapping,  water  balancing   Training Cost: INR 22,500 per
•   Engineering:  design  calcula%on,  survey,             person (incl lodging and
es%mates,  cost  benefit   boarding)
•  Training  dura%on:  Over  4  months:  10  -­‐12  days   64 local youth trained; water
per  month;  prepare  their  village  plans  as   security plans for more than
homework   120 villages
WASMO sought services of 20
Parabs
UP : Mirzapur Model, Force Lift Hand Pump in schools
Creating positive impact on health of school children

Force  lift  hand  pump  

Hand  washing  facility  -­‐MDM  

Total Sanitation Campaign
(Rural Sanitation)
 Total Sanitation Campaign
•  A centrally sponsored programme which is “community
led”, “demand driven” and people centred”
•  Objectives include
–  Open defecation free environment through use of individual
house hold toilets
–  School sanitation and hygiene education
–  Anganwadi sanitation with baby friendly toilets
–  Community sanitary complex for landless people and floating
population
–  Rural sanitary marts and production centres as outlets for
access to sanitation appartunances. A revolving fund to create
livelihood to WSHG/CBO
–  Solid and Liquid waste management for environmental
protection as well as to convert “waste” into “wealth”
–  Ecosan toilets for closing the pollution loop – Basically a urine
diversion compost toilet
–  Nirmal Gram Puraskar award as incentive for good behaviour of
achieving a clean village without open defecation practices
 Nirmal Gram Puraskar
(Incentive award)
•  100% open defecation free
•  Proper disposal of child faeces
•  100% school and anganwadi sanitation
•  Proper solid and liquid waste management
•  Rs 0.5-5 lakh for GP, Rs 10-20 lakh for Block
and Rs 30-50 lakh for district, depending upon
population
•  Award annually given by His/Her “Excellency”
the President of India
•  More than 22,000 awards given away since
2005.
  West Bengal – Non Discrimination
and Helping the Poor

Rural   Sanitary  
Marts   set   up   by  
SHGs   for   alternate  
delivery  mechanism    

36
 Non-discrimination for Sanitation & Water
Location-Orissa; Partners- Arghyam & Gram Vikas

•  About 8% of population in Orissa has access to

proper sanitation- Indian national average 63%
•  Flagship ‘MANTRA’ by Gram Vikas-movement &
action network for the transformation of rural areas-
core values are inclusion, social and gender equity,
sustainability and cost sharing
•  Focus on demand led sanitation- interventions
contingent upon agreement & participation of all the
families in each working village
•  Emphasis on quality on toilet construction, not on
0-­‐2  
Arghyam & Gram Vikas partnership-
the cost minimization
years     for sanitation infrastructure- 15
Support
•  Sustainable local livelihoods for village masons villages, focus on poor and
•  Household water supply connections- linking water marginalised communities
supply to sanitation Beneficiary households -1065 families
•  Hygiene education-linking environmental sanitation Target population-5325
& hygiene, focus on women & children Project duration- 3 years, Total cost-
•  Under the ambit of MANTRA, so far 48107 families INR 3,43,34,066
in 787 villages have been totally covered by About 40% of the cost to be mobilized
WATSAN infrastructure through community and Govt
 Maharashtra
Non-discimination and Community
participation
Involvement  of  religious  leaders,  saints  and  women  
Sant  Gadge  Baba  awards  

Mobile  Awareness  

Women  Addressing  a  Rally  

38
 Local expertise in design
and construction achieved.
 Structures are cost
effective conforming to
standards.
 Not a contractor driven
approach but a process
driven approach.

 Project is led by an
organization for propagating
cost effective technologies in
rural areas-Nirmiti-Kendra
  Haryana : Innovative IEC Model
Community Participation  
 Awareness creation is KEY .
 Capacity Building & Training of stake-
holders is TURNING POINT.
 District level Program Manager : A
CHAMPION.
 Missionary zeal : MISSION MODE.
 Dissemination of Message: EXPERIENCE
SHARING.

 Dedicated Team of MOTIVATORS and

VOLUNTEERS.
 Collective COMMUNITY Action: A Peoples’
Movement
 CONVERGENCE : Officials / Non- Officials /
Public
 EXPOSURE VISITS.
40
 Community led sanitation
Loca%on-­‐Tiruchirapalli,  Tamil  Nadu;  Partners-­‐  Arghyam,  Gramalaya,    
                             WaterAid  India  &  Water.org  
•  Community led total sanitation approach-
demand driven
•  Credit linkages for toilet construction from
banks, MFIs & SHGs
•  Training, exposure visits, PRI meetings,
door-to-door campaigns
•  Leveraged “ripple effects” in nearby villages
•  Trained masons built 18,200 household
latrines with a total loan amount of Rs.5.40
crores
•  Helped 56 GPs to achieve “ODF” status
under TSC
Argham & Gramalaya partnership:
158 villages, 63,750 people in Tiruchirapalli
Multiple funding sources
Bank linkages (68%), SHG Savings (15%),
Govt. Subsidy (7.3%), individual
contribution (9.2%)
Average cost per toilet = INR 4,119
Chhattisgarh - Accountability

Having  a  toilet  at  home  included  in  the  eligibility  

criteria  for  contesting  local  body  elections    
42
 Tamilnadu : Solid & Liquid Waste
Management
• Setting   up   systems   of   waste  
management  in  rural  areas  
• Collection  of  household  
garbage  

Environmental Sustainability and

Revenue generation
43
 UP : Solid & Liquid Waste Management
Environmental Sustainability
•  Capacity  Building  of  DPRO/  DPCs  on  SLWM  
•  Ac%on  plan  template  developed  for  GPs  
•  Training  of  Masons  
•  Different  technological  op%ons  
•  Vermi  Compost  
•  Covered  Drainage  
•  Convergence  of  funds  with  12th  Finance  Commission/  MNREGA/  
BRGF/TSC/Panchayat  funds  
•  Engagement  of  Safai  Karmacharis  for  108848  villages  
 Environmental Sustainability, positive impact on health and
revenue generation
From  Pongal  (Harvest  Festival)  15th  Jan  
2008    
   Those  who  use  the  toilets  will  be  paid    Ten  
paise  per  visit  to  ECCT  on  the  basis  of  monthly  
card  issued  to  user.  

     The  payment  will  be  made  to  all  

cardholders  who  will  be  using  the  ECCT  

Don’t  flush  the  toilet  !  

No  water,  no  smell  !!  
Save  Water,  Save  Health  !!!  

Sweet  rice  cooked  in  the  Community  

 toilet  complex  on  harvest  festival  
45
 Lessons learnt
From Urban Water Supply
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission-the largest urban
project in India
The JNNURM has two facets.
 Grants for infrastructure creation.
 These grants are tied to a set of reforms to be undertaken at
the state level and also the ULB level.
The reforms focus on : bringing more professional approach to
managing services, consumer accountability, pro-poor
approaches.
Over the last 2-3 years, several states have adopted :
information disclosure laws and community participation laws,
double accounting systems to bring more transparency and
accountability.
 Non-discrimination and helping the poor
This has led to several new innovations coming up in Urban
India. Some of them are:

-Drinking water supplied 24x7 in pilot wards in several cities

like: Hubli/ Dharwad, Gulbarga (in karnataka), Nagpur (in
Maharashtra) . Several other cities are in different phases of
moving towards 24x7. Its significant to note that these pilots
also cover localities with poor segments and poor are
benefiting from continuous water supply at their doorstep.

-Cross-subsides for house connection for poor: In the past

the poor seldom had house connections. Now cities are
moving towards providing drinking water at door steps of
the poor. Ex; Vijayawada, Navi Mumbai etc.
 Community-centric urban water governance
mechanisms
Location-Cuttack, Orissa; Partners- Arghyam, HDI & NFI

•  Pilot experiments on developing

institutional mechanisms for water Ins%tu%onal  set-­‐up  
governance- urban & peri-urban areas
   Ward-­‐level  
•  Empowerment of community to manage commi_ees

local WATSAN
•  Sustainable water supply systems- RWH
based ground water/aquifer recharge 0-­‐2  
•  Ecosystem protection- prevention of GW years        Corporators    Cluster-­‐level  
commi_ees
pollution
•  Local & decentralised solutions- blend of    Stakeholders

social & technical approach

Planned interventions:    HDI  supported  by  
Arghyam  &NFI  
2 pilot wards, ward 34 (urban) & ward 52
(peri-urban), population served- 35,000
1 community-based RWH structure in
ward-34
1 wastewater pumping system
 India – Urban trends in drinking water by wealth quintiles
Accessibility to all sections of the people

Poorest 20% Second Middle Fourth Richest

100 100 100 100
100 20% 4 7 20%
3 420% 3 4 20% 2
5 11 7
20 16
23 27
80 80 80 80 80
40
39
54

60 60 60 60 60 60
78

89
72 82
40 40 40 40 40
73 70
54 57

20 42 20 20 20
20
29
17
8
0 0 0 0 0
1995 2008 1995 2008 1995 2008 1995 2008 1995 2008
Unimproved sources
Other improved sources
Piped on premises

Source: NFHS (DHS) 1993, 1999, 2006

Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, May 2010
Urban Sanitation
 Na%onal  Urban  Sanita%on  Policy  –  2007  
Non-­‐discimina%on  
Vision:  “All  Indian  ci%es  and  towns  become  totally  
sani%zed,  healthy  and  livable,  ensure  and  sustain  
public  health  and  environmental  outcomes  for  all  
their  ci%zens.”  
Goals:    
 The policy encourages cities to develop
‘Citywide Sanitation Plans’ (CSPs) to
tackle the needs of all segments in a most  
 Targe%ng  behavior  change;  
 Achieving  open  defeca%on  free  ci%es;  
 Total  Sanita%on:  Safe  disposal  of  100%  human  
and  liquid  waste;  
 Develop  State  sanita%on  strategies      
 Standardization for Sustainability
At the national level the MoUD has introduced
Service Level benchmarking to enable utilities to
understand their performance levels and compare
with other utilities. A key indicator here is the water
quality, services to the poor and efficiency of
operations.

MoUD is actively encouraging State governments

to institutionalize the benchmarking system and
use the information for service improvement
planning (as against infrastructure planning) and
also tie in state grants against performance on key
indicators.
Service Level Benchmarking Indicators:

Water Sanitation

Coverage of water supply connections Coverage of toilets (indicates extent of

open defecation also)

Per capita supply of water Coverage of waste water networks

Extent of metering of connections Collection efficiency of waste water

Efficiency in redressal of customer Extent of re-use and recycling of waste

complaints water

Quality of water supplied Efficiency in redressal of customer

complaints

Cost recovery in water supply Quality of wastewater treatment

Extent of non-revenue water Cost recovery in wastewater

management
 Community participation
From “community toilets” to “community managed
toilets”
Location-Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu; Partners-Arghyam & Gramalaya

AWASH Ward  level   Zonal  level   City  level  

federa%on federa%on federa%on

•               Forma%on  of  SHGs  &  AWASH  (Associa%on  for  Water  and  Sanita%on,  
 Hygiene)-­‐  members  included  both  men  &  women,  par%cipa%on  of  the  CBOs,  
 elected  representa%ves  and  city  corpora%on  
•               Forma%on  and  trg.    of  AWASH  federa%ons,  city  level  monthly  mee%ngs  

•  Capacity building - exposure visit, training and

frequent meetings
•  Toilet constructed by city corporation, managed by Achievements so far:
women’s groups Formation of 128 AWASH
federations
•  AWASH savings a/c - interest for O & M expenses
328 individual toilets,23
•  AWASH became a monitoring & advocacy body, community toilets, 237
mediator for conflict resolution household water
•  Sustainable and replicable model for creating and connections
managing public infrastructure Cost per individual
tolilet=INR 10,000
 Using Soil bio-technology to treat sewage
Location-Bangalore, Karnataka; Partners- Arghyam, ACCEPT Society &
Vision EarthCare
Environmental Sustainability

•  Indigenous wastewater technology

developed at IIT Mumbai – uses soil
formation chemistry and bacterial
action to clean wastewater. Finished
plant is highly aesthetic , looks like a
garden
•  Reduces COD, BOD, N, P
substantially - meets standards for
different types of reuse
•  Several installations across the
country from 10KLD – 3MLD already SBT plant - at a glance
•  Treated wastewater fit for agricultural 3 stage 15 KLD gravity-flow bio
& inferior domestic use reactor, area 8.1m x 9.05 m, Cost-
•  Advantages - minimal power & Rs 15,00,000/-
maintenance, less mechanical Reduction efficiency- Total
equipment. Good solution for
conditions of interrupted power Suspended Solids (85%-97%),
supply, lack of trained manpower, Chemical Oxygen Demand
water scarcity. (92%-97%), Biological Oxygen
•  Suitable for- small towns, housing & Demand (90%-97%)
office complexes, institutes, hotels
 Sanita.on  Ra.ng  of  ci.es  -­‐  Accountability  
 The  “Nirmal  Shahar  Puraskar”  Reward  Scheme

Biennial  ra%ng  &  reward  for  achieving  sanita%on  outcomes  

Why  a  ra.ng  of  ci.es?  

  Mobilize  ci%es  on  a  compe%%ve  basis  to  
rapidly  promote  and  achieve  milestones  
  Recognize  excellent  performance  
  Monitor  and  measure  progress  of  achieving  
na%onal  policy  goals  
  Advocacy  tool  for  awareness    
  Priori%ze  total  sanita%on  
 Unique  Color  coding  of  Ci%es  

City Color Codes: Categories  

Category   Description  
Red: Needs immediate remedial action  
Less than 33 points  
Black: Needs considerable improvement  
34 – 66 points  
Blue: Recovering  
67 - 90 points  
Green: Healthy and clean city  
91 - 100 points  
 Changed  perspec%ve:    
Outcomes  of  Ra%ng  and  Policy  

  Best  performers  to  be  awarded  the  “Clean  city  award”  by  the  
President  of  India  
  Excellent  response  from  press  and  public  on  ra%ng  of  ci%es.  
  Union  Minister  writes  detailed  report  to  each  provincial  Minister  
urging  to  take  ac%on  
  States  ini%a%ng  state  level  ra%ng  and  incen%ve  system  
  Central  Government  allocates  $20  million  to  draE  city  sanita.on  
strategy  shijing  focus  from  infrastructure  
  City  Sanita.on  strategy  process  intensified:  120  ci%es  developing  
CSP  with  support  from  six  donor  agencies  
  Awareness  campaign  launched  with  Bollywood  actor,  Aamir  Khan  
as  Ambassador  
It’s all…..
ATTITUDE
That adds upto 100 !