Topic 15 - Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Topic 15 - Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Topic 15 - Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Zygote; Adult;
One cell Trillions of cells
Fetus;
Millions of cells
Multicellular Cell Division
• Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms undergo cell
division in order to maintain and repair the body
• S Phase:
– DNA replication (synthesis)
– Cell enters with 1 chromatid of each type
– Cell leaves with 2 identical chromatids of each type
• G2 Phase:
– Between DNA replication and onset of mitosis
– Cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division
Eukaryotic DNA during Interphase
• Eukaryotic DNA is
combined/packaged with
proteins to form a DNA-protein
complex call chromatin
• Relaxed chromatin is too thin
to be viewed by a microscope
• Chromatin needs to be
replicated in S phase and then
condensed into chromosomes
for mitosis
Chromosomes
• When a cell prepares to divide at the beginning of
mitosis the chromatin begins to condense and coil
into individual chromosomes. Sister Chromatin
Centromere
One Chromosome Kinetochore
One Chromatin
Chromosome Structure
• DNA replication results in a two copies of chromatin
called sister chromatids, which are genetically identical.
• 2 sister chromatids condense and combine to form
chromosomes.
sister chromatids sister chromatids
chromatin
condenses
and connect
together
chromosomes
sister chromatids
sister chromatids
Chromosome Structure
• The sister chromatids
are connected at a region
called the centromere.
• Kinetochores outside of
the centromere:
– Mark the site where the
microtubules attach to
pull the chromatids apart
during cell division.
Chromosome Number
• Different organisms have different numbers of
chromosomes:
• The # of chromosomes
does not relate to
complexity of the
organism.
• Believe it or not humans
don’t have the most
chromosomes!
Diploid and Haploid
BUT
Almostmature egginand
every cell spermbeing
a human cellshas two
copies of each
(gametes) chromosome.
have only one copy of each
chromosome.One setWhy??
from each parent
This
Thisisiscalled
called
HAPLOID
Diploid
or
Or1n 2n
Haploid vs Diploid
• A haploid cell or haploid organism has one set of
chromosomes (1n).
– Examples: bacteria and reproductive cells (eggs/sperm).
23
23
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
• Sister chromatids
separate and are pulled
apart to opposite sides of
the cell.
Telophase
• Identical chromosomes have
reached the opposite poles of
the cell.
• The nuclear membrane
reforms and the
chromosomes begin to
unwind back to chromatin.
• Marks the beginning of
cytokinesis
Cytokinesis