Mitosis - Discussion

Lord, we offer to you our class today.
We
pray that through your Divine Guidance, we
would learn how to listen attentively to the
inputs of our teacher. May we appreciate
her effort in imparting her knowledge to
us.
AMEN
General Biology 1
Mitosis and
Meiosis
Prepared by:
Miriam D. Dizon
Learning Objectives:
1.Define cell division

2.Differentiate mitosis and meiosis
3.Draw the stages of mitosis and meiosis
4.Appreciate the importance of cell division:
mitosis and meiosis
What is cell division?
The process of producing another cell from

pre-existing cells is called the Cell Division. It involves
the distribution of identical DNA to new daughter
cells. Primarily, the function of cell division is for
reproduction, growth, and repair. Cell Division is
classified into two types: Mitosis and Meiosis.
Cell Division — process by which
a cell divides into 2 new cells
•Why do cells need to divide?

1.Living things grow by producing
more cells, NOT because each
cell increases in size
2.Repair of damaged tissue
3.If cell gets too big, it cannot get
enough nutrients into the cell
and wastes out of the cell
• The original cell is called the parent cell; 2 new cells are
called daughter cells
• Before cell division occurs , the cell replicates (copies) all
of its DNA, so each daughter cell gets complete set of
genetic information from parent cell
• Each daughter cell is exactly like the parent cell – same
kind and number of chromosomes as the original cell
2
Daughter
Cells
Parent Cell
•Many organisms, especially unicellular
organisms, reproduce by means of cell division –
called asexual reproduction – Ex: bacteria
DNA
•DNA is located in the nucleus and controls all cell activities
including cell division
•Long and thread-like DNA in a non-dividing cell is called
chromatin
•Doubled, coiled, short DNA in a dividing cell is called
chromosome
Consists of 2 parts: chromatid and centromere
o 2 identical “sister”
chromatids attached at
an area in the middle
called a centromere
o When cells divide,

“sister” chromatids
separate and 1 goes to
each new cell
•Chromatin to chromosomes illustration:
Chromatin
Coils up into
Duplicates
chromosomes
itself
Why does DNA need to change

More efficient division
from chromatin to chromosome?
Chromosome number
•Every organism has its own specific number of
chromosomes
Examples: Human = 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Dog = 78 chromosomes or 39 pairs
Goldfish = 94 chromosomes or 47 pairs
Lettuce = 18 chromosomes or 9 pairs
• All somatic (body) cells in an organism have the same
kind and number of chromosomes
Examples: Human = 46 chromosomes

Human skin cell = 46 chromosomes
Human heart cell = 46 chromosomes
Human muscle cell = 46 chromosomes
Fruit fly = 8 chromosomes

Fruit fly skin cell = 8 chromosomes
Fruit fly heart cell = 8 chromosomes
Fruit fly muscle cell = 8 chromosomes
Cell Cycle -- series of events cells go through as
they grow and divide
•Cell grows, prepares for division, then divides to
form 2 daughter cells – each of which then begins
the cycle again
Interphase—period of cell growth and development
•DNA replication (copying) occurs during Interphase
•During Interphase the cell also grows, carries out
normal cell activities, replicates all other organelles
•The cell spends most of its life cycle in Interphase
Mitosis – division of the nucleus into 2 nuclei, each
with the same number of chromosomes
•Mitosis occurs in all the somatic (body) cells
So each new daughter cell
Why does mitosis occur? has nucleus with a complete
set of chromosomes
•4 phases of nuclear division (mitosis), directed
by the cell’s DNA (PMAT)
Prophase Metaphase—(Middle)
Anaphase—(Apart)
Anaphase—(Apart) Telophase—(Two)
Prophase
∙ Chromosomes coil
up
∙ Nuclear envelope
disappears
∙ Spindle fibers form
Metaphase—(Middle)
∙ Chromosomes line up
in middle of cell
∙ Spindle fibers connect
to chromosomes
Anaphase—(Apart)
∙ Chromosome
copies divide
∙ Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes to
opposite poles
Telophase—(Two)
∙ Chromosomes uncoil
∙ Nuclear envelopes
form
∙ 2 new nuclei are
formed
∙ Spindle fibers
disappear
Cytokinesis — the division of the rest of the cell
(cytoplasm and organelles) after the nucleus
divides
In animal cells the cytoplasm
pinches in
In plant cells a cell plate forms
•After mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell returns to

Interphase to continue to grow and perform
regular cell activities
When cytokinesis finishes, we end up with two new cells, each with a
complete set of chromosomes identical to those of the mother cell. The
daughter cells can now begin their own cellular “lives,” and – depending
on what they decide to be when they grow up – may undergo mitosis
themselves, repeating the cycle.
Summary: Cell Cycle
Interphase Mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis
•When cells become old or damaged, they die and

are replaced with new cells
Cell Division Control
•DNA controls all cell
activities including cell
division
•Some cells lose their ability
to control their rate of cell
division – the DNA of these
cells has become damaged
or changed (mutated)
•These super-dividing cells
form masses called tumors
•Benign tumors are not cancerous – these cells do
not spread to other parts of the body
•Malignant tumors are cancerous – these cells
break loose and can invade and destroy healthy
tissue in other parts of the body (called
metastasis)
•Cancer is not just one
disease, but many
diseases – over 100
different types of
cancers
Chromosome
Phase Important Events
Appearance & Location
DNA replication, cell grows
Interphase DNA copies itself; chromatin
and replicates organelles
Nuclear envelope
Prophase Chromosomes coil up disappears, spindle fibers
form
Chromosomes line up in Spindle fibers connect to
Metaphase the middle chromosomes
Chromosome copies divide Spindle fibers pull

Anaphase and move apart chromosome copies apart
to opposite poles
Nuclear envelopes reform,
Chromosomes uncoil back
Telophase 2 new nuclei are formed,
into chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
Division of the rest of the
Cytokinesis Chromatin cell: cytoplasm and
organelles

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Lord, we offer to you our class today.

1.Define cell division

The process of producing another cell from

•Why do cells need to divide?

o When cells divide,

Why does DNA need to change

Examples: Human = 46 chromosomes

Fruit fly = 8 chromosomes

In plant cells a cell plate forms

•After mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell returns to

Interphase Mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis

•When cells become old or damaged, they die and

Chromosome copies divide Spindle fibers pull

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