Lecture 5 Static

DYNAMIC AND STATIC FORMS OF WORK
• Two kinds of muscular efforts

• Dynamic (motion) effort
• Static (posture) effort
Dynamic effort is characterized by an alternation of contraction

and extension, tension and relaxation; muscle length changes
often rhythmically
Static effort, in contrast, is characterized by a prolonged state of

contraction of the muscles, which usually maintain a postural
stance.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DYNAMIC AND
STATIC MUSCULAR EFFORT
• During a strong static effort the blood vessels are compressed by the
internal pressure of the muscle tissue so that blood no longer flows
through the muscle.
• During dynamic effort on the other hand, as when walking, the
muscle act as a pump in the blood system: compression squeezes
blood out of the muscle and the subsequent relaxation releases a
fresh flow of blood into it.
• By this means the blood supply can increase; in fact, the muscle may
receive upto 20 times more blood than when it is resting.
• A muscle performing dynamic work is therefore flushed with blood
and retains the energy rich sugar and oxygen contained in it.
EXAMPLES OF STATIC EFFORT
• Our bodies must often perform static effort during everyday
life.
• When we keep standing, a whole series of muscle groups in
the legs, hips, back and neck are tensed.
• It is thanks to these static efforts that we can hold our bodies
in any desired attitude.
• If, however, we keep standing, our strained muscles start
hurting.
• When we sit down, the static effort in the legs is relieved and
the total muscular strain of the body is reduced.
• When we lie down, nearly all static muscular effort is avoided.
STATIC LOAD AND BODILY PAINS
WORK POSTURE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES
AFFECTING
Standing in one place Feet and legs, possibly varicose veins
Sitting erect without back support Extensor muscles of back
Seat too high Knee; Calf of leg, foot
Seat too low Shoulders and neck
Trunk curved forward when sitting or standing Lumber region, deterioration of intervertebral
discs
Arms outstretched, sideways, forwards or Shoulders and upper arms
upwards
Head excessively inclined backwards or Neck, deterioration of intervertebral discs
forwards
Unnatural grasp of hand grip or tools Forearm, possibly inflammation of tendons
Manufacturing Ergonomics---- Risk and Control
• In many cases, ergonomics analysis looks at how the

physical design of a particular workstation may affect
human performance.
• In the area of biomechanics, ergonomic analysis often
deals with three distinct types of work or activities.
1. Work involving manual handling of objects
2. Work involving assembly and/ or disassembly
3. Work involving machine operations
Manufacturing Ergonomics---- Risk and Control
• Human body can be thought of as sophisticated
mechanical system.
• The bones provide a framework to support the various
loads on the body
• The muscles provide the power to move the frame
about the joints through muscle contraction
• Tendons attach bones to muscle and convert the
muscle contraction to mechanical energy
• As muscle contracts, the tendons pull the bone around
the axis of the joint like a pulley
Risks
The three main generic occupational risk factors
associated with ergonomic stress are
• Force
• Frequency and
• Stressful posture
Independently each factor can lead to ergonomic stress,

if it exceeds to human capability limits
Risks
• Force can be defined as the amount of work that a muscles,
tendons, joints and adjacent tissues must do in order to
perform a particular action. The force exerted often depends
on variety of factors, including posture, weight and friction
• Frequency often referred to as a repetitiveness, is a measure
of time required in specific posture. Depending on the
amount of force or the type of posture, repetitiveness can be
harmful, if repeated many times or if held for sustained
period of time.
• Stressful postures, when sustained or used repeatedly can
be harmful to the musculoskeletal structure, especially when
force is exerted

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DYNAMIC AND STATIC FORMS OF WORK

• Two kinds of muscular efforts

Dynamic effort is characterized by an alternation of contraction

Static effort, in contrast, is characterized by a prolonged state of

• In many cases, ergonomics analysis looks at how the

Independently each factor can lead to ergonomic stress,

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