UNIT IV

MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT
THE HUMAN MOVEMENT
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is a body system composed of bones and cartilage

and performs critical functions of the body:
1. Protects
• • the skull protects the brain
• • the vertebral column protects the spinal cord
• • the rib cage protects the heart and lungs
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Supports
• • the skeleton gives shape to our body
• • it holds our vital organs in place
• • it enables us to achieve good posture
3. Move
• • the skeleton attachment for the muscles
• • the skeleton is jointed, which allows a wider range of movement
• • different joints allow different movement
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

4. Produces blood
• • Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the
ribs, humerus, vertebrae, and femur.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

The 206 bones that composed of an adult skeleton divided into five (5)
categories based on their shapes.
1. Long Bones
• • Cylindrical shape, longer than it is width
• • Found in the arms and legs as well as in the fingers and toes
• • Use for main movements of our body
• • Work as levers
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

2. Short Bones
• • cube-like shape
• • approximately equal in length, width and thickness
• • Carpals of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankles are the only short
bones in the human skeleton
• • Use in fine movements of our body
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
3. Flat Bones
• • Typically thin and also often curved
• • Use to protect organs in the body
• • Serves as point of attachment for muscles
e.g. cranial bones (skull), scapulae (shoulder blades), sternum
(breastbone)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

4. Irregular Bones
• • They often have a fairly complex shape
• • Vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other
category • e.g. the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column,
protect the spinal cord.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

5. Sesamoid Bone
• • Small and round, embedded in tendons
• • protects tendons from compressive forces
How Do We Move?

• A joint, also called an articulation, is a location where two or more bones meet.

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOINTS: structurally and functionally.

• Structural classifications of joints take into account whether the adjacent bones
are strongly anchored to each other by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or
whether the adjacent bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled space
called a joint cavity.
• Functional classifications
- describe the degree of movement available between the bones,
ranging from immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely moveable joints.
• Immovable joints
- A type of joint between bones in which there is no joint cavity, and with very
little or no movement is possible under normal conditions.
• Slightly Movable Joints
- two or more bones are held together so tightly that only limited movement is
permitted.
• Free movable joints
- These joints shave comparatively large movement performances. the joints that
solely help in the movement of the structure or organ in which they are present.
Joints and Sports

• • When we make skilled sporting movements, our different joints work

smoothly together. In order to work well, they must be capable of a full
range of movement. To give stability to the joint, the muscles and
ligaments surrounding each joint must be strong enough.
• • Sports may cause severe stress on our joints. We must warm up
thoroughly before the activity and we should cool down afterwards.
• • Joints can be injured as a result of impact, internal forces or a
mixture of both. Common examples include sprained ankle, torn knee
ligaments and dislocated shoulder.
Plane of the Body

• • The sagittal plane, or longitudinal plane, is an anatomical plane which

divides the body into right and left parts.
• • The coronal plane is a vertical plane which also passes through the
body longitudinally. It divides the body into a front (anterior) section
and back (posterior) section
• • The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It divides the body into an
upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section. Transverse
planes are also known as transaxial planes or axial planes.
Kinds of Joint Movements

1. Flexion (bending) - occurs when the angle between the bones decreases
2. Lateral flexion - Movement of a body part to the side, bending the body
sideways
3. Horizontal flexion - occurs when the arm is returned from the above
position out to the side.
4. Dorsiflex - when the ankle is flexed, causing the top of the foot to draw
closer to the tibia.
5. Plantar flexion - opposite movement at the ankle 6. Extension
(straightening) - movement in the opposite direction of flexion
Kinds of Joint Movements

6. Extension (straightening) - movement in the opposite direction of flexion

7. Horizontal extension - is the movement of the arms away from the
midline of the body in the transverse plane
8. Hyperextension - to extend so that the angle between bones of a joint is
greater than normal
9. Abduction - occurs when a body part is moved away from the midline of
the body or other body part.
10. Adduction - the opposite of abduction and occurs with movement
towards the midline of the body or body part.
Kinds of Joint Movements

11. Rotation - occurs when the bone turns about its long axis within the
joint.
12. Pronation - rotation of the hand and forearm downwards, resulting
in a palm-down position
13. Supination - rotation of the hand and forearm upwards, resulting in a
palm-up position
14. Inversion - is rotating the foot turning the sole inward
15. Eversion - rotation of the foot turning the sole outward
Kinds of Joint Movements

16. Circumduction - occurs when a circle is drawn by a body part, and the
bone makes the shape of a cone as it moves around.
17. Elevation - occurs when a body part is moved upwards. For example,
shrugging the shoulders
18. Depression - occurs when a body part is moved downwards
19. Protraction - is a movement of the shoulder girdle towards the midline of
the body, resulting in the broadening of the shoulder
20. Retraction - is a movement of the shoulder girdle away from the midline
of the body, resulting in the narrowing of the shoulders.
Skeletal System And Sports

• The entire skeletal system contributes to sports performance. Bones

protect body organs that can be damaged, due to the contact and force
involved in most sports. The function of the skeleton in sports is also to
provide rigidity and structure to the body, as well as providing strength
to the body.
• Movement is necessary in sports, as well as in everyday life. The
contribution of the skeletal system to sport includes the allowance of
movement in many different directions..
Skeletal System And Sports

• Bones also provide leverage which is important in sports, and they also
act as a structure for muscles. Joints aid movement as well as contribute
to the sport, as joints allow the formation and range of flexibility
between bones.
• Mostly, sports and exercise done at a young age help prevent
osteoporosis (a condition where bones become less dense and weak)
later in life. This condition puts people at greater risk of breaking bones,
as weak bones become more susceptible to injury.
THE MUSCULAR SYTEM

• All our movements happen as a result of the shortening (contracting) and lengthening
(extending) of muscles.
• Our muscles can:
1) Enable us to move our body parts
2) Give us our own individual shape
3) Protect and keep in place our abdominal organs
4) Enable us to maintain a good posture
5) Help in the circulation of our blood
6) Generate body heat when they contract.
*There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the body- 150 in the head and neck.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MUSCLE
TISSUE?

*MUSCLE is the tissue that allows us for active movement of our body or
materials within our body.
• SKELETAL MUSCLES
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MUSCLE
TISSUE?

• SMOOTH MUSCLES
• CARDIAC MUSCLE
WHAT ARE THE MAIN PARTS OF OUR
MUSCLES?

Deltoid Gluteals
Triceps Biceps
Hamstrings Abdominals
Trapezius Pectorals
Latissimus dorsi Quadriceps
Major muscles group of the human body

Front view Back view

• Deltoid • Trapezius
• Pectorals • Triceps
• Latissimus dorsi
• Biceps
• Fingers extensors
• Rectus abdominus
• Gluteus maximus
• Finger flexors • Hamstrings
• Obliques • Gastrocnemus
• Quadriceps • Soleus
WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR MUSCULAR
SYSTEM AS WE EXERCISE?

1. There is an increased flow of blood to the working muscles.

2. Muscles take up more oxygen from the blood.
3. The muscles contract more often and more quickly.
4. More of the muscle fibers contract.
5. There is a rise in temperature in the muscles.
6. Our stores of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) in the muscle are used up.
7. Waste product such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up in the muscles.
8. These waste products may lead to tiredness and muscle cram (muscle fatigue).
9. Our stores of muscle glucose are used up.
10.Overuse of muscles can lead to soreness and strains.
ROLES OF MUSCLES

• AGONIST (PRIMARY MOVER)

• ANTAGONIST
ROLES OF THE MUSCLES

• STABILIZER
• NUETRALIZER
How do our muscles work?

• Three main types of muscular contraction:

1. ISOTONIC AND CONCENTRIC
2. ISOTONIC ESSENTRIC
3. ISOMETRIC