Warm-up

1. In your school, what are the

school rules? Do you think
1. Bathroom breaks during class are limited to three times a
that they are reasonable and week.
necessary?
2. Female students must not dye their hair.
2. Do you think that school rules
are necessary for the 3. Any student arriving more than five minutes late will be
institutions to get better given cleaning duties.
results?
4. Male students are strictly forbidden from having facial hair.

3. Look at the school rules on 5. Shorts may not be worn between 15th Sep and 15th May.
the right. Which do you think
are reasonable? Which do 6. No groups larger than five anywhere on school grounds.
you think are unreasonable?
Why?
 MODALS
Table of Content

MODALS PART 1 MODALS PART 2 - DEDUCTION

1. STRONG OBLIGATION 1. LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS (Present)

2. LACK OF OBLIGATION 2. LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS (Progressive)
3. WEAK OBLIGATION 3. LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS (Past)
4. PROHIBITION 4. LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS (Progressive)
5. PERMISSION 5. REGRET & CRITICISM
MODALS: PART 1
 Read the sentences below, and try to match the grammar structures with the explanations.

a. Strong obligation
d 1. I am not sure. In my school, students were not obliged to attend
lessons.
b. Weak obligation

a 2. I don’t think students are obliged to go to lessons or to study certain

subjects.
c. Prohibition

b 3. Well, in many cases people took subjects and exams earlier than they
were supposed to. d. Lack of obligation

c 4. We were not allowed to have dirty shoes. e. Permission

 Read the sentences below, and try to match the grammar structures with the explanations.

a. Strong obligation

b 5. That is clearly unreasonable. The punishment ought to fit the

crime. b. Weak obligation

a 6. You quickly learned what you needed to do. c. Prohibition

e 7. You went to a very open and relaxed school where students d. Lack of obligation
were allowed to do whatever they wanted.

e. Permission
1. STRONG OBLIGATION

• HAVE TO (HAVE • MUST • NEED TO • BE OBLIGED TO • BE REQUIRED TO

GOT TO)

We use have to, must, need to, be obliged to and be required to to talk about things that
ARE NECESSARY.

Examples:

• SCUBA refers to the equipment that divers must wear.

• All the students had to wear red and white costumes for the ceremony last week.
• You, as parents, are required to fill in this form to come in.
• I will have to get a visa if I want to visit Spain.
2. LACK OF OBLIGATION

• DON’T HAVE TO • DON’T NEED TO • BE NOT OBLIGED TO • BE NOT REQUIRED TO

We use don’t have to, don’t need to, be not obliged to and be not required to to talk about
things that AREN’T NECESSARY.

Examples:

• We don’t have to get up early tomorrow.

• All the students are not obliged to be in class before 8 a.m.
• You are not legally required to self-isolate as a contact if you are fully vaccinated or aged under 18.
3. WEAK OBLIGATION

• SHOULD • OUGHT TO • HAD BETTER • BE SUPPOSED TO

We use should, ought to, had better, be supposed to to talk about things that ARE
RECOMMENDED.

Examples:

• You are supposed to choose a candidate for the competition.

• I was supposed to book the restaurant for tonight, but I forgot.

• You had better take a painkiller if you have a headache.

 Notes On «Should & Had Better»

Should / Ought to + the base form = to give advice. Should is more common.
-You should pack some warm clothes.
-Everyone ought to watch the video about the procedures.

Had better + the base form = strong advice or a warning.

-You had better stop shouting, or the passengers will get angry.
-We’d better take a taxi, or we will miss the bus.
 Notes On «Should & Had Better»

In negative statements, use should not or had better not. To ask for an opinion,
use should.
-You shouldn’t put your laptop in your bag. !!! «H
refer ad» in h
t a
-You’d better not be late. prese o the pas d better
nt o r t. do
futur It refers t es not
-Should we take umbrellas, too? (asking an opinion) e. o the

To give advice in the progressive, use:

should (not) be + verb –ing (You shouldn’t be texting your friends.)
ought to be + verb –ing (You ought to be sleeping.)
had better (not) be + verb –ing (You’d better be taking notes.)
 Notes On «Be Supposed To»

Be Supposed to is used for obligation because of expectations, rules, laws, or other people’s
requests.
- I am supposed to report to the police every week.
- We are supposed to be at the boarding gate at 3.00 pm.

Was/Were Supposed to = the action or event was expected, but it didn’t happen.

- The movie was supposed to earn a lot of money at the box office, but it didn't.
- The party was supposed to be a surprise.
- I was supposed to drive my friend to the station, but my car broke down.
4. PROHIBITION

• MUSTN’T • CAN’T • BE NOT ALLOWED TO

We use mustn’t, can’t, and be not allowed to to talk about things that ARE NOT
PERMITTED.

Examples:

• You cannot drive in Canada without a valid driver’s license.

• You mustn't use your phone in class.
• People are not allowed to smoke here.
5. PERMISSION

• CAN • LET • BE ALLOWED TO

We use can, let, and be allowed to to talk about things that ARE PERMITTED.

Examples:

• You can use my car if you like.

• I am going to let my son study abroad next year.
• I was allowed to stay out late when I was a teeanger.
 Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. We __________ be there in 20 minutes, or we’ll miss the plane.

a) have to b) were supposed to
2. You ___________have a certificate for basic diving; there are trainers that will help you dive.
a) have to b) don’t have to
3. We __________be late, or the boss will get furious.
a) mustn’t b) don’t have to
4. The plane _______________arrive on time, but due to the bad weather coditions, a delay was
inevitable.
a) was supposed to b) had to
 Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

5. A: Shall we have a drink? B: No, thanks, I __________ go now.

a) don’t have to b) have to
6. We ____________spend the night in hospital because my son had a stomachache.
a) are supposed to b) had to
7. We ___________ keep quiet, everybody is studying.
a) must b) had to
8. ______________hand in the assignment tomorrow?
a)Are we supposed to b) Did we have to
 Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

9. You ____________ use your calculator on your math's exam. It is forbidden."

a) are not allowed to b) don’t have to

10. You __________ go as soon as you have finished your exam.

a) were supposed to b) can
 KAHOOT! (OPTIONAL)

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MODALS: PART 2
 L IST EN: L is ten to a c o nver s a t io n a bo ut a mys ter io us wea t h er even t .
C o m p lete t he inc o r rec t in fo r m a t io n in t h e s enten c es b elow. ( C lic k fo r a u d io )

1) Many people said that they saw lizards fall from the sky. frogs

2) Some biologists have tried to explain frog rain. climate scientists

3) A snowstorm is a possible reason for the frog rain. waterspout

4) Strong winds can transport frogs short distances. long

5) Scientist agree about the causes of frog rainfall. disagree

 L IST EN: L i s te n agai n an d co m p le te t h e s e n te n ce s . T h e n , g ro u p t h e m
i n to th e b ox b e low. ( C li ck fo r au d i o )

1. That ___________ be true! can’t be

2. That _________ they take reports seriously, right? must mean

3. Well, according to some scientists, it ______________waterspouts. could be

4. That ______________ the right explanation. may not be

5. The cause _____________ a powerful flow of air. might be

Very Certain Not Very Certain

1. Logical Conclusions (Present)
• MUST • MAY • MIGHT • COULD • CANNOT

We use must, may, might, could and can't to express how sure we are about something
happening in the present or future.

Examples:

• They must be rich because they have an incredible house and four cars.
• Peter could be at the library. He said he was going to go one of these days.
 Notes on Logical Conclusions (present)

Must = when we feel sure about something because there is some kind of evidence.
- You have been working all day. You must be very tired.

 Cannot = when we feel sure something is not true.

- Sarah can't be hardworking because she gets really bad marks.
- You have been sleeping all day. You can't be tired.

 May/ Might/Could= when we are not sure about something, but we think it is possible.
- Peter could be at the library. He said he was going to go one of these days.
- They may win the match. They are quite good.
2. Logical Conclusions: Progressive (present&future)
• MUST + BE + VERB + - • MAY (NOT)/ MIGHT (NOT)/ COULD • CANNOT/COULD NOT + BE +
ING + BE + VERB + -ING VERB + -ING

We use must/may (not)/might(not)/could(not)/cannot be verb-ing to make LOGICAL

CONCLUSIONS IN PROGRESS.

Examples:

• I am not sure, but Jay might be talking to the professor in the lab.

• Ben can’t be driving to work. His car is in the driveway.

 Notes on Logical Conclusions: Progressive

 To talk about something that is very likely in the present or in the future, use:
→ must + be + verb + -ing.
- The team must be feeling great. They just won the championship.
- Alan must be graduating next month. He has finished his coursework.

 When 50% or less certain that an action is in progress, use:

→ may (not)/might (not) + be + verb + -ing.
- They aren’t here yet and it’s getting late. They might not be coming.
- Could Tom be studying now?
 Notes on Logical Conclusions: Progressive

 To express certainty that an action is not taking place, use:

→ can’t/couldn’t + be + verb + -ing.
- Ben can’t be driving to work. His car is in the driveway.

 Also, to talk about possible future plans, we can use:

→ may/might/could + be + verb + -ing.

- I may be moving in six months. I’m waiting to hear about the job I applied for.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences with modals of possibility.

1. It is possible that next summer will be hotter than usual.

_________________________________________________
Next summer may be hotter than usual.
2. There is a 50% chance that it will snow tomorrow.
_________________________________________________
It might snow tomorrow.
3. I really don’t think that animal is a frog. It has a tail!
_________________________________________________
It can’t be a frog.
4. The bee isn’t moving. Most probably it is dead.
_________________________________________________
It must be dead.
5. I believe scientific research takes a lot of time.
_________________________________________________
Scientific research must take a lot of time.
3. Logical Conclusions: Past

R E A D : Re a d t h e tex t a n d c i rc l e Tr u e o r Fa l s e.

1. Archeologists found a village made of clay. T / F

2. Experts believe that the emperor was worried

about his safety after he died. T / F

3. Each figure weighs about the same as an average

man. T / F

4. The figures were completely made by molds. T /

F

5. Archeologists have completed their work at the

site of Qin’s tomb. T / F
 DISCOVER: L o ok at t h e s e n te n ce s t ake n fro m t h e tex t . D e ci d e wh i ch o f t h e m
are ce r t ai n an d wh i ch o n e s are n o t ve r y ce r t ai n .

C1. Qin must have wanted the clay army to protect him in the afterlife.

C2. Creating the soldiers must have been extremely challenging.

NC3. The craftsmen could have produced this collection.

NC4. They might have wanted the figures to look like people in the Emperor’s service.

NC5. Workers may have used molds.

3. Logical Conclusions: Past

• MUST HAVE V3 • MAY/MIGHT/COULD HAVE V3 • MUST NOT/COULD NOT/ CANNOT

HAVE V3

We use must/may/might/could/mustn’t/ couldn’t/can’t have v3 to make LOGICAL

CONCLUSIONS IN THE PAST.

Examples:
• Tom must have been very happy when he was told about his promotion.
• Sarah can’t have liked the show. She hates musicals.
 Notes on Logical Conclusions: Past

Must Have V3= when we are quite sure about something.

- You must have been very pleased when you received the results of your exams.

Might (not) Have/ May (not) Have/ Could Have V3= when we are not sure about
something, but we think it was possible.
- He was supposed to be here an hour ago, but he could have been stuck in a traffic jam.
- He may have said he was coming, but I can’t really remember. I wasn’t listening.
 Notes on Logical Conclusions: Past

 Can’t/ Couldn’t/Mustn’t Have V3= things that we are sure did not happen in the
past.
- You can’t have seen him this morning. He was with me all the time.

Could Have V3 is also used to express something that was possible, but didn’t
happen.
- Ben could have dropped the class, but he decided not to.
4. Logical Conclusions: Progressive (Past)

• MUST + HAVE + BEEN + • MAY/MIGHT/COULD + HAVE + • CANNOT/COULD NOT/MUST

V-ING BEEN + V-ING NOT/MAY NOT/MIGHT NOT +
HAVE + BEEN + V-ING

• We use must (not), may(not), might (not), could (not), cannot have been verb -ing to
make LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS IN PROGRESS.

Examples:

• Bruce must not have been taking calls. I kept getting his voicemail.

• We could have been experiencing a small earthquake. I felt the ground move.
 Notes on Logical Conclusions: Progressive

Could/May(Not)/ Might (Not) = Not Certain about Past Events

- We could have been experiencing a small earthquake. I felt the ground move.
- Stress at work might have been contributing to his health problems.

Couldn’t/Must (Not) = Certain about Past Events

- Ece couldn’t have been lying. She always tells the truth.
- Cem must not have been taking calls. I kept getting his voicemail.
Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences using possibility modals.

1. It is possible that someone destroyed the famous painting in the museum.

___________________________________________
Someone might have destroyed the famous painting.
2. It is almost certain that the thieves wanted to steal the famous painting.
____________________________________________
The thieves must have wanted to steal the famous painting.
3. It was impossible that the painting had been damaged beforehand.
____________________________________________________
The painting can’t have been damaged beforehand.
4. It was almost certain that the policemen were looking for them everywhere.
_________________________________________
The policemen must have been looking for them everywhere.
5. It was impossible that the thieves were driving a car.
____________________________________________________
The thieves can’t have been driving a car.
 More on Modals

5. Regret & Criticism

Should have + past participle = to express regret about something that happened
or did not happen in the past.
Should (not) have + past participle = also used to talk about mistakes or to
criticize someone for something they did or did not do in the past.

Examples:

-We should have researched hotels before we left.

-I shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night. Now I’m tired.
-You should have told me about the cost. I can’t afford to go.
- Ece shouldn’t have made a reservation without asking me.
Let’s Practice More  (optional)
Question 1:
My dictionary isn’t in its usual place. Someone ___________ it.

A. should be borrowed
B. can borrow
C. had to borrow
D. must have borrowed
E. ought to borrow
Question 1:
My dictionary isn’t in its usual place. Someone ___________ it.

A. should be borrowed
B. can borrow
C. had to borrow
D. must have borrowed
E. ought to borrow
Question 2:
I___________travel by coach to İstanbul last week because the airline pilots were on strike.

A. Ought to
B. Must
C. Had to
D. Am supposed to
E. Should
Question 2:
I___________travel by coach to İstanbul last week because the airline pilots were on strike.

A. Ought to
B. Must
C. Had to
D. Am supposed to
E. Should
Question 3:
You___________your doctor before you started dieting.

A. Might consult
B. Can consult
C. Have to consult
D. Should have consulted
E. Have consulted
Question 3:
You___________you doctor before you started dieting.

A. Might consult
B. Can consult
C. Have to consult
D. Should have consulted
E. Have consulted
Question 4:
Sally worked all the weekend to finish the Project in time, but actually she ___________so.

A. Couldn’t have done

B. Shouldn’t do
C. Doesn’t have to do
D. May not do
E. Didn’t have to do
Question 4:
Sally worked all the weekend to finish the Project in time, but actually she ___________so.

A. Couldn’t have done

B. Shouldn’t do
C. Doesn’t have to do
D. May not do
E. Didn’t have to do
Question 5:
I put too much salt in my potato soup. It was so salty that I ___________it away.

A. Was able to throw

B. Had to throw
C. Should throw
D. Must have thrown
E. Can throw
Question 5:
I put too much salt in my potato soup. It was so salty that I ___________it away.

A. Was able to throw

B. Had to throw
C. Should throw
D. Must have thrown
E. Can throw
Question 6:
The sheep have escaped from the field. Someone ___________the gate open.

A. Must have left

B. Could leave
C. Should have left
D. Was able to leave
E. Is supposed to leave
Question 6:
The sheep have escaped from the field. Someone ___________the gate open.

A. Must have left

B. Could leave
C. Should have left
D. Was able to leave
E. Is supposed to leave
Question 7:
The Smiths ___________their daughter for a vaccination against measles, but they didn’t and
now she is still ill with the disease.

A. Must have taken

B. Should have taken
C. Ought to take
D. Had to take
E. Had better take
Question 7:
The Smiths ___________their daughter for a vaccination against measles, but they didn’t and
now she is still ill with the disease.

A. Must have taken

B. Should have taken
C. Ought to take
D. Had to take
E. Had better take
Question 8:
A: The bottom of the drawer of my desk has fallen out.
B: It is your own fault. You___________it.

A. Shouldn’t have overloaded

B. Can’t have overloaded
C. Might not overload
D. Could overload
E. Were able to overload
Question 8:
A: The bottom of the drawer of my desk has fallen out.
B: It is your own fault. You___________it.

A. Shouldn’t have overloaded

B. Can’t have overloaded
C. Might not overload
D. Could overload
E. Were able to overload
Question 9:
The climbers were so happy when they___________to the summit despite all the bad weather
conditions.

A. Should get
B. Might get
C. Were able to get
D. Have to get
E. Could have got
Question 9:
The climbers were so happy when they___________to the summit despite all the bad weather
conditions.

A. Should get
B. Might get
C. Were able to get
D. Have to get
E. Could have got
Question 10:
You___________the children a trip to Disneyland. They won’t forget, you know, and we can’t
afford to take them at the moment.

A. Don’t promise
B. May not have promised
C. Shouldn’t have promised
D. Can’t have promised
E. Won’t have promised
Question 10:
You___________the children a trip to Disneyland. They won’t forget, you know, and we can’t
afford to take them at the moment.

A. Don’t promise
B. May not have promised
C. Shouldn’t have promised
D. Can’t have promised
E. Won’t have promised