Beee Module 3

Unit III ELECTRICAL MACHINES
10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 1

Module-III-Electrical Machines – Topics
Construction, working principle and applications of

 DC machines
 Transformers
 Single phase Induction motors
 Tree phase Induction motors
 Special machines
 Stepper motor
 Servo motor
 BLDC motor

DC Machines Classification- Module-III-Electrical Machines
Generators
Motors
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Fleming’s Right-hand Thumb Rule
If you wrap your fingers around
the coil in the direction of the
current, your thumb points north.

Fleming's Right-Hand Rule - Generator
E.M.F
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current

Fleming’s Left-hand Rule - Motor

Lenz ‘s law
There is an induced current in a closed conducting

loop if and only if the magnetic flux through the
loop is changing. The direction of the induced
current is such that the induced magnetic field
always opposes the change in the flux.

DC Machine
CONSTRUCTION

DC Machine Construction
Parts in DC Machine
 1) Yoke
 2) Pole core and pole shoe
 3) Field winding
 4) Armature
 5) Armature winding
 6) Commutator
 7) Brushes & Bearings
DC Machines
1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :
Function :
• It serves as outer most cover of DC machine to protect the machine from harmful
atmospheric conditions.
• It provides mechanical support to the poles.
• It provides low reluctance path to magnetic flux.
Choice of material:
• It is made up of cast steel or silicon steel which provides low reluctance and good mechanical
strength.
Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE DC Machines
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2. POLE CORE & POLE SHOE :
Function :
• Pole core carries field winding which is necessary to produce flux.
• Pole shoe enlarges the area of armature core to come across the flux to get more
induced e.m.f
Choice of material :
• It is made up of magnetic materials like cast iron or cast steel.
DC Machines
2) Pole core & Pole shoe:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles DC motor yoke with field
and spreads out flux winding & poles visible
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
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DC Machines 13
3. FIELD WINDING :
Function :
• It carries current which is necessary to produce flux.
• It is made up of conducting material like copper.
DC motor yoke with field winding & poles visible
DC Machines
4.ARMATURE CORE :
Function :
• Armature core which is in the cylindrical shape mounted on
the shaft provides a place for armature conductors.
• It is made up of magnetic materials like cast iron or cast
steel.
DC Machines
5.ARMATURE WINDING:
• Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is
induced
• winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
• windings are insulated each other
FUNCTION :
• Armature winding which is nothing, but the interconnection
of armature conductors provides generated e.m.f.
• It carries current in case of DC motors.
Armature Winding is classified into two types:
 Lap winding

• Wave winding
It is made up of conducting material like copper. DC Machines
Armature winding
Lap Winding:
 are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel.
 This parallel connection allows current capacity of each winding to be
added and provides a higher operating current.
No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles
10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE DC Machines 17
Armature winding
Wave winding :
are used in machines designed for high voltage and low

current
their windings connected in series
When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of
each winding adds, but the current capacity remains the
same
are used is in the small generator.
No of parallel path, A=2,

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6. COMMUTATOR :
FUNCTION :
• It converts developed alternating emf into
uni-directional emf . i.e AC to DC.

• It is made up of conducting material like copper
Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each
other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
DC Machines
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7.BRUSHES & BEARINGS:
Function of brush :
• It collects the current from the commutator and make it
available to the external circuit.
• Brushes are normally made up of soft material like carbon.
Function of bearings :
• Ball bearings are used for the function of rolling in DC
machines
• for free rotation
DC Machines
PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION OF
DC GENERATOR

DC Generator Principle: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
A Generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy.
Principle: “ Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic
field in such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic
lines of flux, voltage is generated in the conductor”

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Rule - Fleming's Right-Hand Rule
To determine the direction of EMF in a given situation, the Fleming’s
Right-Hand Rule is used.
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field. E.M.F
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
DC Machines
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field
2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electromagnet (practical)
• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
The coil is linked to the outside circuit by two carbon brushes which
rub against two copper slip-rings fixed to the ends of the coil
The soft iron core is used to strengthen the magnetic field
10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE DC Machines 24
Principle of Operation of Generator
Simple loop generator
DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines
Commutator Action-Simple loop generator
with split ring
DC Machines
Classification of DC Machines
The classification of DC machines is according
DC to the ways of excitation of their fields.
Machines
Self Excited
Separately
Excited
Shunt Series Compound
Short
Long Shunt
Shunt
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Symbolic representation of parts of machine
brush
DC Machines
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SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
• In separately excited dc machines, the field winding is supplied from a
separate power source. The field winding is electrically separated from
the armature circuit.
The flux produced by the poles
depends upon the field current with
the unsaturated region of magnetic
material of the poles. i.e. flux is
directly proportional to the field
current.
DC Machines
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SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
• Self-excited DC Generator in which the current to the field winding is
supplied by the generator itself.
• In self-excited DC generator, the field coils may be connected in
parallel with the armature in the series, or it may be connected partly in
series and partly in parallel with the armature windings.
DC Machines
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DC SHUNT GENERATOR
 Field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.

 Shunt winding is made with a large number of turns and the resistance is kept very
high
 The full voltage is applied across the field winding.
 Field winding takes current which is less than 5% of the rated armature current.
DC Machines
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DC SERIES GENERATOR
 Field winding is connected in series with the armature winding.

 Series winding is designed with few turns of thick wire and the resistance is kept
very low.
 Field winding carries whole load current (armature current).
DC Machines
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DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
Short Shunt Long Shunt

field winding is connected in parallel with field winding is connected in parallel with the
only the armature winding combination of series field winding and
armature winding
DC Machines
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Applications of DC Generators
• Because of their ability of giving wide range of voltage output, they are generally used
for testing purpose in the laboratories.
• They are used for general lighting.
• They are used to charge battery because they can be made to give constant output
voltage.
• They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators.
• They are also used for small power supply.
• This types of generators are used as boosters to compensate the voltage drop in the
feeder in various types of distribution systems such as railway service.
• Used for small distance operation, such as power supply for hotels, offices, homes
and lodges. DC Machines
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DC MOTOR

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Working Principle of DC Motor
• A motor is an electrical machine which converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• The principle of working of a DC motor is that

"whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.
DC Machines
ECE1001-BEEE
• The very basic construction of a DC motor contains a current
carrying armature, connected to the supply end through commutator
segments and brushes. The armature is placed in between north pole
and south pole of a permanent or an electromagnet
• When direct current is applied in the armature, a mechanical force
acts on it due to the electromagnetic effect of the magnet on armature
conductors.
• If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field
perpendicularly, then the conductor experiences a force in the
direction mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and
the current carrying conductor.
DC Machines
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experience a mechanical
force.
 Direction is given by Flemings left
hand rule
( F- B; S-I; T- M)
 Magnitude is F=B.I.L
Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single

Explanation
conductor coil and a commutator with only two segments,

If is field current supplied to the field winding to establish the main field
between the poles N and S.
Ia is armature current via the carbon brushes. This current produces
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magnetic fields around the armature conductors DC Machines
DC Machines
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Application of DC Motors
• • Crane
Lathe machine
• • Rolling mills
Drilling machine
• • conveyors
Grinders
• • Elevators
Blowers
• • Rolling mills
Compressors
• • Punches
Electric traction
• • Shears
Hoists and lifts
DC Machines
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Lathe,blower,compressor,drilling machine
DC Machines
TRANSFORMER

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TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is static (or stationary) electro-magnetic passive electrical
device that works on the principle of Faraday’s law of induction by
converting electrical energy from one value to another.
• Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and

current levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount
of electrical power being transferred from one winding to another via the
magnetic circuit.
Transformers

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TRANSFORMER FEATURES
• It is a constant frequency device.
• It is a constant power device.
• It is a constant flux device.
• It is not an energy conversion device.
• Windings are electrically isolated and magnetically coupled.
Transformers

• When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary winding
with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer.
• When it is used to “decrease” the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to
the primary it is called a Step-down transformer.
• As the transformer is basically a linear device, a ratio now exists between the
number of turns of the primary coil divided by the number of turns of the
secondary coil. This ratio, called the ratio of transformation, more commonly
known as a transformers “turns ratio”, (TR).
Transformers

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•The main principle of operation of a
transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits which is linked by
a common magnetic flux.
•A basic transformer consists of two

coils that are electrically separate and
inductive but are magnetically linked
through a path of reluctance.
Transformers
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• A single-phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of
wire, one called the “Primary Winding”, and another called the “Secondary
Winding”.
 These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead
wrapped together around a common closed magnetic iron circuit called the “core”.
 The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are
magnetically linked through the common core allowing electrical power to be
transferred from one coil to the other.
Transformers

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TRANSFORMER OPERATION
 Primary coil is supplied with a AC voltage.
 Current drawn produces a magnetic field
 Magnetic field transported to a secondary coil via a magnetic circuit
 Magnetic field induces a voltage in secondary coil
V+ V+
Transformers

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WORKING PRINCIPLE
• The working principle of transformer
depends upon Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. Actually,
mutual induction between two or more
winding is responsible for
transformation action in an electrical
transformer.
• According to these Faraday's laws,
"Rate of change of flux linkage with
respect to time is directly proportional
to the induced EMF in a conductor or
coil". Transformers
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Transformer Parts - Constructional Features
Core
Windings
Transformer Tank
Bushings
Transformers

TRANSFORMER CORE
• Generally, the name associated with the construction of a transformer
is dependent upon how the primary and secondary windings are
wound around the central laminated steel core.
• The two most common and basic designs of transformer construction
are
 Core type
 Shell type
Transformers

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CORE
• Material--- Silicon steel (4.5 % of silicon)
– Ferromagnetic material
– Low reluctance, high permeability to the flow of magnetic flux lines
– Low hysteresis loss
– If silicon quantity is more, it tends to brittleness of steel .
• CRGO(cold rolled grain orientated) steel
• Laminations --- reduce eddy current loss
Transformers

Transformer Windings
• The two coils should have mutual inductance and a laminated steel
core.
• The two coils are insulated from each other and from the steel core.
• The device will also need some suitable container for the assembled
core and windings, a medium with which the core and its windings
from its container can be insulated.
Transformers

• The type of wire used as the main current carrying conductor in a
transformer winding is either copper or aluminum.
• Small kVA power and voltage transformers used in low voltage electrical
and electronic circuits tend to use copper conductors as these have a
higher mechanical strength and smaller conductor size than equivalent
aluminum types.
Transformers

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Transformer Tank
• It gives mechanical protection to the windings
• It holds the insulating oil.
Transformers

• a bushing is an insulated device that allows an
electrical conductor to pass safely through an
(usually) earthed conducting barrier such as
the wall of a transformer
Transformers

Transformer oil
 The insulating oil provides better insulation, protects insulation from
moisture and transfers the heat produced in core and windings to the
atmosphere.
 Transformer oil is generally a mineral oil obtained by fractional
distillation of crude oil.
Transformers

Applications of Transformer
• used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric

power applications.
• used in voltmeter, ammeters, protective relay etc.
• used for step up low voltage in case of measurement.
• used for step down high voltage for safety.
• used in rectifier.
• used in voltage regulators, voltage stabilizers, power supplies
etc.
Transformers
Three Phase Induction Motors
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10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors
Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors
Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited
Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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INDUCTION MOTOR
The induction machine was invented by NIKOLA TESLA in 1888.
The three-phase AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine
that is designed to operate on a three-phase supply.
Advantages
It has simple and rugged construction.
It is relatively cheap.
It requires little maintenance.
It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
It has self starting torque.
Disadvantages
It is essentially a constant speed motor, and its speed cannot be changed easily.
Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt motor.
Constructional Features

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STATOR
• The stator consists of wound poles that carry the supply current that
induces a magnetic field in the conductor.
• The number of poles can vary between motor types, but the poles are
always in pairs(2,4,6…etc)
• The three coils form three windings distributed over several slots.
• These windings may be connected in star or delta and three
terminations are brought out.

Construction - Stator
• Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder.

• Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
• Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, forms an electromagnet
when connected directly to the power source.

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Winding Arrangements for Induction Motor

ROTOR
– a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit
(squirrel-cage)
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) » similar to the winding on the stator
• Two basic design types depending on the rotor design

– squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both ends by shorting rings.
– wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of
the three rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor circuit is
accessible.

Types of Rotor
 Squirrel cage type:

Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in the rotor slots and
shorted at both end-by-end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
 Wound rotor type or Slip Ring Rotor:
Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals can be connected to
external circuits through slip rings and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.

Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor


/ Short circuits all

rotor bars.
/rotor winding

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COGGING
Magnetic locking is due to equal number of stator teeth and rotor teeth
It can be overcome by making the number of rotor slots prime to the number of stator slots and skewing
Slip Ring Induction Motor
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Slip Ring Rotor
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Three Phase Induction Motors86
Slip Ring Rotor
Slip Ring Rotor
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Rotating Magnetic Field
• When we apply a three-phase supply to a three-phase distributed
winding of a rotating machine, a rotating magnetic field is produced
which rotates in synchronous speed.
• The magnetic flux produced by the
current in each phase can be represented
by the equations.
• This is a similar representation of current
in a three-phase system as the flux is
cophasial with the current.
Rotating Magnetic Field
• Where, φR, φY and φB are the instantaneous flux of corresponding Red, Yellow and
Blue phase winding, φm amplitude of the flux wave.
Hence the characteristics of rotating magnetic field are
• The resultant flux at any instant is

equal to 1.5 times the maximum
value of flux.
• The resultant flux rotates around

the stator at synchronous speed.
Synchronous Speed
• The synchronous speed is the speed of the revolution of the magnetic field in the
stator winding of the motor.
• It is the speed at which the electromotive force is produced by the alternating
machine.
• The Synchronous Speed(Ns) is given by the relation shown below.
P -- No of Poles
f -- Frequency
Three Phase Supply

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Three Phase Supply

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Three Phase Supply

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Three Phase Supply

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Three Phase Supply

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Three Phase Supply
Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the

rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip.
It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed
i.e.,
Frequency of Rotor Current
N = Relative speed between Rotating Magnetic field

and the Rotor winding
P = Number of poles
Working Principle of Induction Motor
 When the three-phase supply is given to
the stator, the rotating magnetic field
produced on it.
 A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed Ns=120f/p rpm
 Where f is the supply frequency and
 P is the no. of poles and Ns is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per
minute).
 The conductors of the rotor are stationary.
 This stationary conductor cut the rotating magnetic field of the stator, and
because of the electromagnetic induction, the EMF induces in the rotor.
 This EMF is known as the rotor induced EMF, and it is because of the
electromagnetic induction phenomenon.
 The conductors of the rotor are short-circuited .
 The relative motion between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor conductor
induces the current in the rotor conductors.
 As the current flows through the conductor, the flux induces on it. The direction
of rotor flux is the same as that of the rotor current.
 Now we have two fluxes one because of the rotor and
another because of the stator.
 These fluxes interact with each other.
 On one end of the conductor the fluxes cancel each
other, and on the other end, the density of the flux is
very high.
 Thus, the high-density flux tries to push the conductor
of the rotor towards the low-density flux region.
 This phenomenon induces the torque on the conductor,
and this torque is known as electromagnetic torque.
 The direction of electromagnetic torque and the rotating magnetic field is
the same.
 Thus, the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of the rotating
magnetic field.
 The speed of the rotor is always less than the rotating magnetic field or
synchronous speed.
 The rotor tries to run at the speed of the Stator, but it always slips away.
Thus, the motor never runs at the speed of the rotating magnetic field, and
this is the reason because of which the induction motor is also known as
the asynchronous motor.
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Applications of 3ɸ Induction motor
The induction motor is mostly used in industrial applications. The squirrel cage
induction motors are used in residential as well as industrial applications especially
where the speed control of motors is not needed such as:
• Pumps and submersible
• Pressing machine
• Lathe machine
• Grinding machine
• Conveyor
• Flour mills
• Compressor
• And other low mechanical power applications
Applications of 3ɸ Induction motor
The slip ring motors are used in heavy load applications where
the high initial torque is needed such as:
• Steel mills
• Lift
• Crane Machine
• Hoist
• Line shafts
• and other heavy mechanical workshops etc
Single Phase
Induction
Motors
APPLICATIONS
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Fans
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Water Pumps
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Compressors
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Washing Machines
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Dishwashers
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Hairdryers
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CONSTRUCTION
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Stator
 The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two
windings arranged perpendicularly
 One is the main and the other is the auxiliary winding or starting
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Rotor
 The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which has a laminated iron
core with slots
 Aluminum bars are moulded on the slots and short-circuited at

both ends with a ring
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OPERATING
PRINCIPLE
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Double Field Revolving Theory
 A single-phase alternating current supplies the main

winding that produces a pulsating magnetic field
 The pulsating field could be divided into two fields, which

are rotating in opposite directions
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Double Field Revolving Theory
 The interaction between the fields and the current induced in the rotor bars
generates opposing torque. So, the resultant torque is equal to zero
 Under these conditions, with only the main field energized the motor will not
start
 However, if an external torque moves the motor in any direction, the motor will
begin to rotate.
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Making 1ɸ Motor Self starting
 It is temporarily converted into two phase motor during starting
period by providing an auxiliary winding( starting winding) ,90
degrees electrically apart to the main winding, connected in parallel
to the single-phase supply.
 These two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the
motor self starting
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1. Split Phase Motor
 Auxiliary winding is made of thin wire to have high R/X ratio and
Main winding is made of thick wire to have less R/X ratio
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2. Capacitor Start IM
 Capacitor along with a centrifugal switch is connected in series
with the auxiliary winding, which is being used here as
starting winding
 Capacitor may be rated only for intermittent duty, the cost of

which decreases, as it is used only at the time of starting
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3. Capacitor start and Capacitor run IM
 Two Capacitors − for starting, and for running are used. The First
capacitor is rated for intermittent duty, being used only for starting.
 The Second one is to be rated for continuous duty, as it is used

for running. A Centrifugal switch is also needed here.
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4. Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
 Auxiliary winding and capacitor are not disconnected from the

motor after starting, thus construction is simplified by the omission
of switch
 Considerable improvement in P.f. and Efficiency. However, starting

torque must be sacrificed as the capacitance is a compromise b/w
starting and running characteristics
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5. Shaded pole IM
 The laminated pole has a slot cut across the laminations approximately.
One- third distance from edge. Around the small part of a pole is placed a short-circuited Copper coil
known as Shading ring
 When a.c. is passed through field winding, axis of pole shifts from unshaded part ‘a’ to shaded part ‘b’.
Hence the rotor starts rotating in the direction of this shift
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7. Stepper Motor
 It is one whose rotor rotates in steps i.e., by certain angles when stator
windings are energised sequentially by a train of pulses.

 Types
Variable Reluctance Motor
Permanent Magnet Hybrid Motor (PMH)
 Applications
Printers
X-y plotters
Display systems
Copying machines
Robots
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7. Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Step Angle , ß = 360o / m Nr
m = No. of Stator phases ; Nr = No. of Rotor poles
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Working Principle
• stepper motors have a stationary part (the stator) and a moving part (the rotor). On the
stator, there are teeth on which coils are wired, while the rotor is either a permanent
magnet or a variable reluctance iron core. Figure shows a drawing representing the
section of the motor is shown, where the rotor is a variable-reluctance iron core.
• The basic working principle of the stepper motor is the following: By energizing one or
more of the stator phases, a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the coil
and the rotor aligns with this field. By supplying different phases in sequence, the rotor
can be rotated by a specific amount to reach the desired final position. Figure shows a
representation of the working principle. At the beginning, coil A is energized, and the
rotor is aligned with the magnetic field it produces. When coil B is energized, the rotor
rotates clockwise by 30° to align with the new magnetic field. The same happens when
coil C is energized.
ECE1001-BEEE
ECE1001-BEEE
ECE1001-BEEE
ECE1001-BEEE
Applications of Stepper motor
• 3D printing equipment.
• Textile machines.
• Printing presses.
• Gaming machines.
• Medical imaging machinery.
• Small robotics.
• CNC milling machines.
• Welding equipment.
ECE1001-BEEE
SERVOMOTOR
• Also called control motors and have high torque capabilities.

• Used for precise speed and position control at high torques.
• A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for
precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
• It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position
feedback.
• It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated
module designed specifically for use with servomotors.
ECE1001-BEEE
The stator of ac servo motor consists of two
separate windings uniformly distributed and
separated at 90°, in space.
Out of the two windings, one is referred as main
or fixed winding while the other one is
called control winding.
A constant ac signal as input is provided to the
main winding of the stator.
However, as the name suggests, the control
winding is provided with the variable control
voltage.
This variable control voltage is obtained from the
servo amplifier.
ECE1001-BEEE
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Applications of servo motor
• used in robotics to activate movements, giving the arm to its precise

angle.
• used to start, move and stop conveyor belts carrying the product along
with many stages. For instance, product labeling, bottling and
packaging
• used in robotic vehicle to control the robot wheels, producing plenty
torque to move, start and stop the vehicle and control its speed.
• The servo motor is built into the camera to correct a lens of the camera
to improve out of focus images.
ECE1001-BEEE
Applications of servo motor
• used in solar tracking system to correct the angle of the panel so that
each solar panel stays to face the sun
• used in metal forming and cutting machines to provide specific motion

control for milling machines
• used in Textiles to control spinning and weaving machines, knitting
machines and looms
• used in automatic door openers to control the door in public places like
supermarkets, hospitals and theatres
ECE1001-BEEE
BLDC MOTOR
• BLDC Motor also known as Brushless DC Motor.

• BLDC motor is operated without brushes to overcome certain
difficulties.
• The basic difference between a brushed one and BLDC is operating
with and without brushes.
ECE1001-BEEE
BLDC MOTOR
• A normal machine operates with brushes used to either collect or send

current to the commutator.
• But due to the usage of brushes, sparking occurs at the brush location.
• As and when the rotor rotates it moves between brushes. At this time,
the brushes undergo sparking during the rotation of the shaft.
• Due to this efficiency decrease and life expectancy are also reduced. To
overcome these disadvantages, a BLDC is invented that performs a
very smooth operation apart from the normal one.
ECE1001-BEEE
Construction of BLDC MOTOR
• BLDC motor also consists of two
main parts a stator and a rotor.
• The rotor is the rotating part, and the
stator is the stationary part.
• The frame is used to hold the inner
peripherals and used to protect them
from the environment.
• The rotor is fixed with some
permanent magnets and stator has
some coils that act as an electromagnet.
• The number of poles depends upon the
operational requirement.
ECE1001-BEEE
Working Principle of BLDC MOTOR
• The BLDC operates on the same law as of a regular type.
• This type requires some coils to be energized in order to
make the rotor rotate.
• The coils placed in the stator slots are named as A, B,
and C.
• When the coil A is energized by a DC supply, it gets
excited and attracts the rotor permanent magnet.
• Similarly, when the coil B is energized rotor permanent
magnet is attracted this continues when the coil C is also
energized.
• After the coil C is energized, the coil A is again energized
but with negative polarity.
• This continues with the remaining coils as well with
negative polarity. This cycle continues alternately, and the
rotor continuously rotates.
ECE1001-BEEE
ECE1001-BEEE
Applications of BLDC motor
• small toys • hairdryers

• electronic cars or bikes.
• projectors
• drills machines,
• power supply
• AC • CCTV
• PC • DVR
• Servers • mixer grinders
• Trimmers • air cleaners
• ventilation fan
ECE1001-BEEE

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Unit III ELECTRICAL MACHINES

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 1

Construction, working principle and applications of

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 2

Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 5

• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 6

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 7

There is an induced current in a closed conducting

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 8

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 9

• It provides mechanical support to the poles.

• It provides low reluctance path to magnetic flux.

• Pole core carries field winding which is necessary to produce flux.

• It is made up of magnetic materials like cast iron or cast steel.

DC motor yoke with field winding & poles visible

armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current

Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles

The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel.

 This parallel connection allows current capacity of each winding to be

added and provides a higher operating current.

No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

are used in machines designed for high voltage and low

Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE DC Machines

uni-directional emf . i.e AC to DC.

• It collects the current from the commutator and make it

available to the external circuit.

• Brushes are normally made up of soft material like carbon.

• Ball bearings are used for the function of rolling in DC

• for free rotation

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 21

A Generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical

Principle: “ Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic

field in such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic

lines of flux, voltage is generated in the conductor”

Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE DC Machines

• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current

Shunt Series Compound

 Field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.

 Field winding is connected in series with the armature winding.

Short Shunt Long Shunt

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 39

• A motor is an electrical machine which converts

• The principle of working of a DC motor is that

Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single

conductor coil and a commutator with only two segments,

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 47

• Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 50

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 51

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 52

•A basic transformer consists of two

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 54

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:E 55

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 57

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 58

10 March 2024 Department of EECE Course Code and Course Title:EECE1001-BEEE 63