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    Lecture 1

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    Lecture 1

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    9 views4 pages

    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    pp2288zz99
    Vhlk

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Electrical Machines

    1- D.C. Machines
    2- Transformers
    References
    1- Electrical technology: Hughes
    2- Electrical technology: Gupta
    3- Principles of electrical machines: V.K. Mehta
    4- Electrical machines and their applications: John
    Hindmarsh

    1
    D.C. Machines
    Introduction:
    Although a far greater percentage of the electrical machines in services are A.C.
    machines, the D.C. machines are of considerable industrial importance. The
    principle advantage of the D.C. machine, particularly the D.C. motor, is that it
    provides a fine control of speed such an advantage is not claimed by any A.C.
    motor. However, D.C. generators are not as common as they used to be, because
    direct current, when required, is mainly obtained from an A.C. supply by the
    use of rectifiers. Nevertheless, an understanding of D.C. generator is important
    because it represents a logical introduction to the behavior of D.C. motors.

    Construction of D.C. machines:


    The D.C. generators and D.C. motors have the same general construction. Any
    D.C. generator can be run as a D.C. motor and vise-versa. All D.C. machines
    have five principle components as shown in figure.1.

    Fig-1-

    2
    1- Field system; the function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field
    within which the armature rotates. It consists of a number of salient poles ( of course,
    even number) bolted to the inside of circular frame ( generally called yoke). The yoke
    is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the pole pieces are composed of
    laminations. Field coils are mounted on the pole and carry the D.C. exciting current.
    The field coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.
    The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through
    the pole pieces, the airgap, the armature and the frame as shown in Figure.2. Practical
    D.C. machines have air gap ranging from 0.5mm to 1.5mm.

    Fig-2-

    2- Armature core: the armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates
    between the field poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about o.4 to 0.6
    mm thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical core as shown in figure.3.

    Fig-3- Fig-4-

    3
    The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating film so that they do not
    come in electrical contact with each other as shown in figure.4. The purposes of
    laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss. The laminations are slotted to
    accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature winding and to give
    shorter air-gap for the flux to cross between the pole face and the armature "teeth".
    3- Armature winding: The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that
    are connected in a suitable manner. This is known as armature conductors or armature
    winding. The armature windings of a D.C. machine is closed-circuit winding.

    4- Commutator: A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the


    alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the
    brushes. The commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by
    mica sheets and mounted on the shaft of the machine, as shown in figure.5. The
    armature conductors are soldered to the commutator segments in a suitable manner to
    give rise to the armature winding.

    Fig-5-

    5- Brushes: The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the


    rotating commutator and stationary external circuit. The brushes are made of carbon
    and rest is adjusted by means of adjustable springs.

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