EARTHQUAKES

Standard 8-3.8
AND FAULTS
E A R T H
ETHLKHART
F A U L T
ATFUKLAT
E A R T H Q U A K E

EAQLUHARTKESY
Assessing Prior
Knowledge and Relativity
What have you heard about
earthquakes lately?
Why should we study
earthquakes?
WHAT CAUSES
Essential Question
EARTHQUAKES AND WHERE
DO THEY HAPPEN
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
EARTHQUAKE
 WHAT IS AN
EARTHQUAKE?
The definition of an earthquake is…
vibrations that cause the breaking of
rocks.

These vibrations move in all directions

through the earth. They begin at a point
along a fault.
 Earthquakes
____Earthquakes_____ are vibrations produced
when rocks break along a ___fault_____. The term
earthquake describes the sudden slip on a fault
and includes the ground shaking and radiating
_____seismic waves___ that is caused by the slip.
___Volcanic Activity____, or other geologic
processes, may cause stress changes in the earth
that can also result in an earthquake.
 how do faults form?

The earth’s crust is constantly

experiencing pressure from forces
within and around it. This pressure
builds up over time, and eventually
causes the crust to break. This
becomes a fault.

Let’s experience it…

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

The Earth is made of three layers:

1. the core, the innermost portion;
2. the mantle where there are molten materials
present; and
3 .the crust, which floats above the mantle, the
thinnest and the outermost portion.
The Earth’s crust consists mainly of brittle rock
layers. When enough energy inside the Earth below
the crust move the rock layers, it breaks the crust.
The energy inside the Earth move the rock layers by
stretching or tension, compressing and sliding past
each other .Since rock layers are brittle, it breaks the
Earth’s crust. This break in the crust is known as fault.
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, in
which along the break, significant
movement has taken place.
● Energy from inside the Earth makes the
ground move. At first, rocks are stuck
together due to friction. Eventually,
friction is overcome making the rocks
suddenly slip, generating an earthquake.
● Fault appears when layers of rocks have
been displaced or shifted forming cracks or
breaks in the grounds.
● Faults movements may cause deformation to
the rock layers and surface of the Earth’s crust.
● Fault types
a.Normal fault - one part of the broken crust will
move downward with respect to the other
b.Reverse fault – one block of the crust moves
upward with respect to the other
c.Strike-slip fault – there is sideward or lateral
movement of blocks of broken Earth’s crust
● Every time a fault slip, the Earth quakes.
 KINDS OF FAULTS
Faults are divided into three main groups:

Normal fault - when two plates are moving apart

and one side of the fracture moves below the
other; (caused by tension forces!)
Reverse fault - when two plates collide and one
side of the fracture moves on top of another;
(caused by compression forces!!)
Strike-slip - when two plates slide past each
other. (caused by shear forces!)
Three Types of Faults

Strike-Slip
Reverse

Normal
Performance Task 1: Stick ‘n’ slip
Objectives:
•explain how faults generate
earthquakes;
•and explain why not all movement
along faults produces earthquakes.
Materials Needed:
•two small boxes (fruit juice boxes are
ideal) masking tape
•rubber band
•paper clip
 PROCEDURE
1.Attach the rubber band to the paper
clip. Then attach the paper clip to one
end of one box.
 PROCEDURE
2. Place the boxes side by
side. Put a toy house on
the box with the rubber
band. Then tape (lightly?)
the two boxes together
as shown in Figure .Do
not stick the tape on the
boxes too much. The tape
is meant to come off.
 PROCEDURE
3. With your left hand, hold
the box without the rubber
band in place. With your
other hand, slowly pull on
the rubber band in the
direction shown in the
figure.
 WHAT IS AN
EARTHQUAKE?
Earthquake is the shaking of the
surface of the earth resulting from
the sudden release of energy in the
earth’s lithosphere. The energy will
eventually be released once the fault
overcomes the friction movement.
 WHERE DOES AN
EARTHQUAKE BEGIN?
An earthquake begins along a fault (a
crack in the earth’s surface) at a point
called the focus.

Directly above the focus is a point on

the earth’s surface called the epicenter.
 WHERE DOES AN
EARTHQUAKE BEGIN?
WHERE DOES AN EARTHQUAKE
BEGIN?

Epicenter Focus
 FOCUS
origin or center of the
earthquake that is located
underground.
It is also the spot where first
break occurs, it is also called
hypocenter.
 EPICENTER
a point on the surface
of the earth which is
directly above the
focus
.
Focus, Epicenter, and Fault
 WHY IS THE EPICENTER
IMPORTaNt?
Seismologists have stations all over the world
that continuously collect information about
earthquakes. This kind of information can help
scientists figure out where larger, more
destructive earthquakes may strike by mapping
out the location of smaller ‘quakes. They also
get a greater understanding of the changes the
earth’s crust makes as the earthquakes occur.

How do they do this???

 Parts of the Earthquake
The energy spreads outward in all directions as
vibrations called ____seismic waves_____.
The _focus____ of the earthquake is the point in
the crust, or mantle, where energy is released.
The _epicenter___ is the point on Earth’s surface
directly above the focus; energy that reaches the
surface is greatest at this point.
Focus – point inside the Earth where an
earthquake begins.
Epicenter – point on Earth’s surface above focus
Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake
 magnitude
the amount of
energy released by
an earthquake at the
focus
.
SEISMOGRAPH
 Richter magnitude scale

measures the seismic

energy released by the
earthquake.
 intensity
the strength of the
earthquake to the
observer. It is
determined by
observing the effects
of the earthquake in
different places.
 intensity
is the strength of the trembling made by
the earthquake at a place or on the surface.

Mercalli Scale- measures the intensity

of an earthquake or amount of damage
caused by it. It varies depending on
where you are from the epicenter.
 What kind of damage do they
do?
Earthquakes can also cause landslides,
sudden eruptions as in the case of a hot
lava flow from a volcano or giant waves
called tsunamis. Sometimes new land mass
are also formed. Such earthquakes are
attributed with the creation of the greatest
undersea mountain range and the longest
land mountain range.
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
 GUIDE QUESTIONS
1.. Where was the epicenter of the
earthquake?
2. How strong was the earthquake?
3.What could be the reason for the
occurrence of the earthquakes in
Cotabato?
4. What were the effects of the earthquake
on the affected places?
5. Since Mindanao has many faults, what
could we expect from this information?
ACTIVE FAULTS
one that has moved in the past
and is expected to move again.
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
It has generated earthquakes
before and is capable of causing
more in the future.
INACTIVE FAULTS
areas that can be identified
but which do not have
occurrence of earthquake.
7.7 magnitude earthquake in the Philippines
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
 WHAT IS AN
EARTHQUAKE?
When the fault ruptures with a sudden movement
energy is released that has built up over the
years. This energy is released in the form of
vibrations called 'seismic waves'… earthquakes!

It is actually when these seismic waves reach the

surface of the earth that most of the destruction
occurs, which we associate with earthquakes.
 WHAT CAUSES
EARTHQUAKES?
to describe both sudden slip on a
fault, and the resulting ground
shaking and radiated seismic energy
caused by the slip
•Caused by volcanic or magmatic
activity,
•Caused by other sudden stress
changes in the earth.
What Causes an Earthquake?
Cause of Earthquakes
 Aftershocks and Foreshocks
• An aftershock is a small
earthquake that follows the main
earthquake.
• A foreshock is a small earthquake
that often precedes a major
earthquake.
 PERFROMANCE TASK #3
Create an infographic
about earthquake safety
preparedness guide.
(before, during and after)
 SEISMIC WAVES
SEISMIC WAVES- are the waves of energy
that travel either along or near the Earth’s
surface. This energy that travels through the
Earth is recorded by seismographs. These
waves can cause the ground to move
forward, backward, up, down, and even to
ripple. Seismic Waves are generated at the
same time but move in different ways, and
at different speeds.
Seismic Waves in the Earth

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
 TYPES OF SEISMIC
WAVES
BODY WAVES
• PRIMARY (P) WAVE
•SECONDARY (S) WAVE
SURFACE WAVES
•LOVE WAVE
•RAYLEIGH WAVE
 BODY WAVES
are seismic waves that travel
through the interior of the Earth.
These waves are of higher
frequency than surface waves.
The two types of body waves are
primary and secondary waves.
 PRIMARY (P) WAVE
•These are the fastest kind of seismic waves,
and consequently, the first to arrive at a seismic
station and recorded in the seismograph.
•The P waves can move through solid rocks and
fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the
Earth.
•They push and pull the rocks as they move
through just like the sound waves that push
and pull the air.
 P -waves
• P waves are also known as compressional
or longitudinal waves because of the
pushing and pulling they do.
• Primary waves can travel at a velocity of
about 4 to 6 km/s depending on the nature
of the material it passes through.
• Move out from the earthquake focus, the
point where the energy is released. Have the
greatest velocity of all earthquake waves
Primary Waves (P Waves)

A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the

ground. The first wave to arrive at an earthquake
http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm
 SECONDARY (S)
WAVE
These are waves that arrive second, after P waves are being
detected in the seismic station and recorded in the
seismograph. And are seismic waves that travel along Earth’s
outer layer.
S waves are slower than P waves and can only move through
solid rocks, not through any liquid medium.
These waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side
perpendicular to the direction that the waves are traveling in.
S waves are also known as transverse or shear waves, which
create the shaking of the ground back and forth perpendicular
to the direction the waves are moving. S waves have a velocity
of 3 to 4 km/s.
 Secondary Waves (S Waves)

A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side
Body Waves: P and S waves

•Body waves
• P or primary waves
• fastest waves
• travel through solids, liquids,
or gases
• compressional wave, material
movement is in the same
direction as wave movement
• S or secondary waves
• slower than P waves
• travel through solids only
• shear waves - move
material perpendicular to
wave movement
Comparing Seismic Waves
 SURFACE WAVES
•Form when P and S waves reach the surface
•They travel only through the crust. These are of
lower frequency than body waves, and are easily
distinguished on a seismograph
•Can cause the ground to shake making rock sway
from side to side and roll like an ocean wave
•These waves cause the most destruction, they
move back and forth and in a rolling motion along
the surface. They release all of the energy of the
earthquake
 Surface Waves
Move along the Earth’s surface
Produces motion in the upper crust
◦Motion can be up and down
◦Motion can be around
◦Motion can be back and forth
 Surface Waves: R and L waves

Surface Waves
◦ Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
◦ Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
◦ Especially damaging to buildings
 Love Waves
Love wave, named after
Augustus Edward
Hough Love, a British
mathematician who
worked out the
mathematical model for
this kind of wave in 1911.
 Love Waves
◦This wave is the fastest surface wave
and moves the ground from side-to-
side.
◦Love waves produce entirely
horizontal motion. It can travel a
velocity of 4 km/s and create more
shaking.
 Rayleigh Waves
The second type of
surface wave is the
Rayleigh wave, named
after John William Strutt,
Lord Rayleigh, a British
scientist who predicted
the existence of this kind
of wave in 1885.
 Rayleigh Waves
◦ This wave rolls along the ground just like
a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.
◦ It moves the ground side-to-side and up
and down in the same direction that the
wave is moving.
◦ Most of the trembling felt from an
earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave,
which can be much larger than the other
waves.
Seismic Waves Paths
Through the Earth
Earth’s Interior Showing
P and S Wave Paths
Earthquake Waves & Earth’s Interior
The direction of a seismic wave depends
on the material it travels through. Because
of the behavior of these different waves,
scientists have indirect evidence for the
solid inner core and liquid outer core of
Earth; because earthquake waves travel
faster through the mantle than through the
crust, scientists know that the mantle is
denser than the crust.
 Measuring Earthquakes
The vibration record, called a seismogram,
looks like jagged lines on paper.
Seismograms are traces of amplified,
electronically recorded ground motion
made by seismographs.
Measuring the time between the arrival of
the P and S waves determines the distance
between the recording seismograph and the
earthquake epicenter.
Seismograph
Types of Seismographs
Seismogram Printout
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?
Locating an Earthquake
 PERFORMANCE TASK
#4

Make a 1-3 mins earthquake preparedness video, highlighting

the things to do before, during and after earthquake.
•You may use any video editing tools for your project.
•Conduct a shoot within the school premises only.
•You are allowed to insert music, animations/graphics on your
videos and provide citations/ credits in the end, together with
your group number and members.
•Your output is to be submitted on the Google drive,
submission is until December 8, 2023.