Biosphere Vector Control Bahan Kuliah Onlnine

Vector-borne Disease
Control
What is vector ?
Living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans
or from animals to humans.
Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-

producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host
(human or animal) and later inject it into a new host during their subsequent
blood meal.
Mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies,
sandflies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic snails.
Vector-borne Disease
may be parasitic, bacterial or viral, distinguished by their mode of transmission
• Mosquitos:
• Sandflies: leishmaniasis
• Ticks:Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Lyme disease, Relapsing fever (borreliosis),
tick-borne encephalitis
• Triatomine bugs: Chagas diseases (American trypanosomiasis)
• Fleas: Plague, Rickettsiosis
• Black Flies: Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
• Aquatic snails: Schistosomiasis
Vector Borne Disease
Disease Agent Vector
Malaria Plasmodium malariae Anopheles sundaicus
Dengue haemorhagic Virus DHF Aedes aegypti
fever
Filariasis F. bancrofti Culex pipiens, C.
fatigus
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Musca domestica
Dysentri S. Shigae Musca domestica
Typhus S. typhii Musca domestica
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma Ctenocephalides felis
Tape worm (dog Dipylidium caninum Ctenocephalides
disease) canis
Mosquitos
• Malaria • Japanese
Anopheles
• Chikungunya
Culex
Aedes
• Dengue fever encephalitis

• Rift valley • Limphatic
fever flariasis
• Yellow Fever • West Nile
• Zika Fever
Key facts (WHO, 2016)
• Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious
diseases, causing more than 1 million deaths annually.
• More than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of
contracting dengue alone.
• Malaria causes more than 400 000 deaths every year globally, most of
them children under 5 years of age.
• Other diseases such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and
schistosomiasis affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
• Many of these diseases are preventable through informed protective
measures.
Vector-borne disease:
• Distribution of these diseases is determined by a complex dynamic of environmental
and social factors.
• Globalization of travel and trade, unplanned urbanization and environmental

challenges such as climate change are having a significant impact on disease
transmission in recent years. Some diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and West
Nile virus, are emerging in countries where they were previously unknown.
• Changes in agricultural practices due to variation in temperature and rainfall can

affect the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Climate information can be used to
monitor and predict distribution and longer-term trends in malaria and other
climate-sensitive diseases.
Breeding Place of Vektor
Cockroach
Fly
Excreta-related insect vector :
Mosquitos, fly and cockroach
• Water contaminated with feces (septic tank, pit latrine): breeding place
for Culex pipiens mosquitos, cockroach and flies
• Flies and cockroach bring pathogenic bacteria in their bodies surface
and in their intestinal.
Flies transmitted diseases with mechanics transmission: in 1 flies, could contain

550 – 6,600,000 bacteria
 Slum area: 3,683,000 bacteria/fly

 Clean area: 1,941,000 bacteria/fly
Filariasis (Kaki gajah)
Vector-borne Disease Control
Background:
• Most of vector-borne disease (particularly by virus) – no medicine 
incurable
• Some of medication are not effective
• Difficult to control for diseases with animal as alternative host:
• Plague (infect rodent and human, transmitted by flea)
• Leptospirosis (infect rodent and human)
• Some of diseases result in deform/disable: Filariasis and malaria
• The diseases spread rapidly  fly vector
Vector-borne Disease Control
• Chemical Methods: insecticides
• Integrated Vector Control (management) :

• Engineering control: manipulating and modifying
breeding places
• Biological Control
Environmental manipulation of breeding place
Environmental management to develop nonpermanent condition to
eradicate the vector breeding place
Example :
Open channel management: flushing and cleaning the water
Change the water salinity to kill mosquitos larvae
Change dam water level, etc
Change the surface water tension
Environmental Modification:
Manage the environment with physical construction to eradicate the

vector habitat
• Example: :
Build drainage system
Arrange the ground level
Construct a building
Biological control (using insect predator)
Using a pathogenic bacteria to arthropod
- Bacillus thuringiensis
- Bacillus sphaericus
 Form toxic spore

 Good result for mosquitos control and blackfly larva
Biological control - cont
Using other predator:
• Toxorhynchites mosquitos:
• The larvae attack Aedes aegypti larvae in the breeding place holes
• The mature mosquitos did not bite hunab
Other predators
• Poecilia reticulata  survive in dirty water and control L. quinquesfasciatus
• Gambusia affinis  tolerant to polluted water, effective to be use in city

area, survive in closed drainage pipe, small in size  could penetrate water
plants
• Gambusia affinis  fast proliferating/reproduction

Monitoring
• Fly index
• Flea index
• Mosquitos density:
• Man Biting Rate (MBR)
• Larvae index: container and house

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Vector-borne Disease

Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-

• Dengue fever encephalitis

• Globalization of travel and trade, unplanned urbanization and environmental

• Changes in agricultural practices due to variation in temperature and rainfall can

Flies transmitted diseases with mechanics transmission: in 1 flies, could contain

 Slum area: 3,683,000 bacteria/fly

• Integrated Vector Control (management) :

Manage the environment with physical construction to eradicate the

 Form toxic spore

• Gambusia affinis  tolerant to polluted water, effective to be use in city

• Gambusia affinis  fast proliferating/reproduction

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