Don Dorathy Power Point Orginal One

A SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A TOOL IN THE CONTROL
COMMUNITY INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
WRITTEN BY
DORATHY EMMANUEL AUGUSTINE

18/CE/AG/EHM/005
SUBMITTED TO
CENTRE FOR WETLANDS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

STUDIES
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO
JUNE, 2021
INTRODUCTION
 Communities in the tropics notably Africa, South of the
Sahara are still affected by several infections and
infestations.
 According to a report by World Health Organization
(WHO), 2012, a number of factors such as the
insanitary living conditions, poor personal hygiene,
poor refuse disposal, poor sewage disposal, stagnant
water, street litters, refuse heaps in neighborhoods,
unevaluated wastes in receptacles provide habitats,
breeding grounds, feeding places for many biological
and mechanical vectors of diseases. To some, these
waste heaps provide a place for “recreation”. As a
result of their visits to these sites, disease outbreaks
and transmission in communities are enhanced.
 Inappropriate Solid Waste Management is a
major contributory factor in the outbreak and
spread of infections and infestations in the
communities in tropics (Amuda et al., 2014).
 Infections according to Garcia (2009), is

defined as the invasion and multiplication of
organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites that are not normally present within
the body.
 Infestations according to (Petrovska and

Cekovsca, 2010), is defined as the condition
of being invaded or inhabited by ectoparasites
such as lice, mites or ticks.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this seminar was to highlight
the role of proper solid waste management in
the control of community infections and
infestations.
WASTE AS BREEDING GROUND FOR DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS
 The practice of indiscriminate and improper dumping of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) is on the increase in communities in Nigeria.
 It is compounded by a cycle of poverty, population explosion,
decreasing standard of living, poor governance and low level of
environmental awareness, and the end product of it all is the
dumping of these wastes in any available open space (Shaoul et
al. 2009) which causes community infections and infestations of
diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever,
cholera, ascariasis, hook worm, pin worm, scabies etc.
Figure 1: Open dump site Figure 2: Stagnant water

Source: (Olukanni and Akinyinka, 2012)
SOME COMMUNITY INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
The following community infection and infestations are
associated with unevacuated wastes: Malaria, Lyphatic
Filariasis, Yellow fever, Cholera, Ascariasis, hookworm,
Scabies.
 Malaria which is a mosquito-borne infectious disease
that affects humans and other animals. Most deaths

are caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Barman,
2012).
Figure 3: Female Anopheles Mosquito Figure 4: Malaria Parasite(Plasmodium spp.)
Source: (Wang et al., 2016).

LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
 Lymphatic Filariasis: Is a human disease caused by
parasitic worms known as filarial worms. Female
mosquitoes of the genera Anopheles, Culex, Aedes
and Mansona transmits Wuchereria bancrofti that
causes Lymphatic filariasis (Jia et al., 2012).
Figure 5: Person Infected by Lymphatic Filariasis

Source: (Kaoje et al., 2015).
YELLOW FEVER
 Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short
duration. It is caused by female Aedes mosquito
that uses stagnant water, solid waste dumpsite
etc as a breeding sites within the community
(Hagel and Giusti, 2010).
Figure 6: Aedes aegypti mosquito that causes yellow fever

Sources: (Fenwinck 2012).
 Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some
strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is
caused by a number of Vibrio cholerae, with some
types caused by the consumption of contaminated
water, food or any material that has come in contact
with human faeces(Sewage) (WHO and UNICEF, 2012).
Figure 7: Vibrio Cholerae that causes cholera

Source: (WHO and UNICEF, 2012).
 Ascariasiswhich is a disease caused
by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris
lumbricoides. Infections have no
symptoms in more than 85% of cases,
especially if the number of worms is
small. (Dold and Holland, 2011).
Figure 8: Images of pinworm

Source: (Ravina 2011)
 Hookworm infection which is an infection
caused by a type of intestinal parasite known as
a hookworm. Initially, itching and a rash may
occur at the site of infection (WHO, 2011).
Figure 9: Image of Hookworm

Source: (Amuda et al., 2014).
 Scabies: Scabies is a contagious skin infestation
by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The most
common symptoms are severe itchiness and a
pimple-like rash. (Grumming et al. 2012).
Figure 10: Infected Skin with Scabies
Source: (Grumming et al., 2012

Table 1a: List of Vector-Borne Diseases, According to their Vector
VECTOR DISEASE CAUSED TYPE OF
PATHOGEN
Mosquito Chikungunya Virus
Aedes Dengue Virus
Lymphatic filariasis Parasite
Rift Valley fever Virus
Yellow Fever Virus
Zika Virus
Anopheles Lymphatic filariasis Parasite
Malaria Parasite
Culex Japanese encephalitis Virus
Lymphatic filariasis Parasite
West Nile fever Virus
Aquatic snails Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Parasite
Blackflies Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Parasite
Fleas Plague (transmitted from rats to humans) Bacteria
Tungiasis Source: WHO, 2011 Ectoparasite
Table 1b: List of Vector-Borne Diseases, According to their Vector
Lice Typhus Bacteria

Louse-borne relapsing fever Bacteria
Sandflies Leishmaniasis Parasite
Sandfly fever (phlebotomus fever) Virus
Ticks Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic Virus
fever Bacteria
Lyme disease Bacteria
Relapsing fever (borreliosis) Bacteria
Rickettsial diseases (eg: spotted Virus
fever and Q fever) Bacteria
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tularaemia
Triatome Chagas disease (American Parasite
Source: WHO, 2011
bugs trypanosomiasis)
CONCLUSION
Control of community infections and infestations
could be achieved through environmental
sanitation, prompt evacuation of wastes and
proper solid waste management.
RECOMMENDATION
 From this review it is recommended that
refuse should be promptly evacuated from
domestic waste bins and waste receptacles.
 Also awareness should be created on proper
management of waste to eliminated

breeding sites for disease vector.
 Appropriate slid waste management
strategies should be explored
THANK YOU FOR
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A SEMINAR PRESENTATION

DORATHY EMMANUEL AUGUSTINE

CENTRE FOR WETLANDS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Infections according to Garcia (2009), is

 Infestations according to (Petrovska and

Figure 1: Open dump site Figure 2: Stagnant water

that affects humans and other animals. Most deaths

Figure 3: Female Anopheles Mosquito Figure 4: Malaria Parasite(Plasmodium spp.)

Source: (Wang et al., 2016).

Figure 5: Person Infected by Lymphatic Filariasis

Figure 6: Aedes aegypti mosquito that causes yellow fever

Figure 7: Vibrio Cholerae that causes cholera

Figure 8: Images of pinworm

Figure 9: Image of Hookworm

Figure 10: Infected Skin with Scabies

Source: (Grumming et al., 2012

Lice Typhus Bacteria

management of waste to eliminated

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