Disease Uni 2

EPIDEMIOLOGY?
• Derived from three Greek roots (epi :- upon, demos:- people, and logia:- study)
• The science that evaluates pattern of disease occurrence, frequency, determinants,
distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population.
• Distribution of diseases (i.e., what, how, when, where and who’s affected)
Determinants (i.e., causes and risk factors) of the diseases
• It leads to the identification of casual and preventive factors in human beings.

Terminologies Used In Epidemiology
• EPIDEMIC :- disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region. Ex;
Cholera, Influenza, smallpox
• PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Ex; COVID19
• ENDEMIC is a disease that belongs to a particular people or country.

Ex ; malaria, African sleeping Sickness
• AN OUTBREAK is greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic cases. It can also be a

single case in a new area. If it’s not quickly controlled, an outbreak can become an epidemic. Ex ;
COVID19
DISEASE BURDEN
• Disease burden is the impact of health problem on a given population.

• It can be measured using a variety of indicators such as mortality, morbidity or
financial cost.
• This allows the burden of disease to be compared between different areas, for
example regions, towns or electoral wards ( “
Analysis of health and disease in small areas”). It also makes it possible to predict
future health care needs.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• Diseases that are caused by pathogenic organisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. These
diseases are generally caused when a microorganism seizes the body cell and releases some sort of toxins
inside the body.
• Significantly contributed mortality in
Immunosuppressed
Elderly
Chronic disease state
• Top causes of infectious disease
 Malnutrition
 Unsanitary
 Living lifestyle
How Diseases are
transmitted?
MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
• Airborne Diseases
Airborne diseases are bacteria or viruses that are most commonly transmitted
through small respiratory droplets. These droplets are expelled when someone
with the airborne disease sneezes, coughs, laughs, or otherwise exhales in some
way.
Examples;
• common cold, which can develop from a rhinovirus.
• chickenpox, caused by the Varicella zoster virus.
• measles, caused by another paramyxovirus
• tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Disease Type of pathogen Symptoms Treatment
fever, cough, loss in sense of taste and symptom relief;

COVID-19 virus smell, breathing difficulties, body antivirals may help,
aches, headache. vaccine
rash, fever, nasal congestion, cough,

Measles virus symptom relief
pink eye.
difficulty breathing, increased sputum

Aspergillosis fungus Antifungal
production, chills, headache, joint pain.
persistent cough, weight loss, fever and Combination of

TB bacterium
chills, blood in sputum. antibiotics
Water & Food borne Diseases
Waterborne diseases are conditions illness or disorders caused by pathogenic micro-
organisms that are transmitted through contaminated water.
Food borne diseases
Illness caused by food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins.
• Cholera caused by vibrio cholerae

• Typhoid Fever caused by Salmonella typhus bacterium.
• Dysentery a bacteria-related illness—caused by Shigella.
• Hepatitis A caused by hepatitis A virus. (person ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the faeces of an infected person
• Amoebiasis an infection caused by any amoebae genus Entamoeba.
• Giardiasis is an infection in your small intestine caused by microscopic parasite called
Giardia lamblia
Sexually Transmitted diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are
passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The contact is usually vaginal, oral, or anal
sex. But sometimes they can spread through other intimate physical contact. This is because some STDs,
like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact.
• AIDS- human immunodeficiency virus HIV

• Syphilis is STI caused by a type of bacteria known as Treponema pallidum
• Gonorrhea is STI caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae or gonococcus.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Genital herpes caused by simplex virus
Vector borne diseases
• Vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism.
• Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700 000
deaths annually. They can be caused by either parasites, bacteria or viruses.
• Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes. It causes an estimated 219 million
cases globally, and results in more than 400,000 deaths every year. Most of the deaths occur in children under
the age of 5 years.
Examples
• malaria -- Anopheles mosquitoes
• Dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, and Zika --
(Aedes mosquitoes)
• Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan through the vector mainly
Phlebotomus species of sandfly
Zoonotic diseases
A zoonosis (zoonotic disease or zoonoses -plural) is an infectious disease that is transmitted
between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals).
Examples
• Rabies
Rabies is a disease that affects the nervous system of mammals. It is caused by a virus and is
typically spread by an infected animal biting another animal or human being.
• Psittacosis
Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci is cause of systemic illness in companion birds (birds
kept as pets by humans) and poultry. This illness is often referred to as avian chlamydiosis
(also known as psittacosis, ornithosis, and parrot fever) in birds.
• Anthrax
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus
anthracis. Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the
world. Although it is rare in the United States, people can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with
infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax can cause severe illness in both humans and animals.
• Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from
infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as Undulant fever, Malta fever, and
Mediterranean fever. The bacteria causing this disease is Brucella.
Surface Infections
• Contact infection is an important route in the transmission of pathogens.
• Pathogens from one infected person can be transmitted either by direct contact
with another person or through surfaces.
 Common cold
 Bacterial vaginosis.
 Gonorrhoea.
 Syphilis.
Nosocomial Infections
• It's also called a hospital-acquired infection or a health-care associated infection.‌

• A nosocomial infection is an infection you get while you’re in the hospital for another
reason.
• Patients and healthcare professionals bering germs inside hospitals and pass them to each
other.
Types of Nosocomial Infections
• Bacterial Infections;
Bacteria are the most common cause of nosocomial infections. Common bacteria
include E. coli and Staphylococcus.
• Fungal Infections;
Some fungi can cause harmful contagious infections. The most common fungi that
cause nosocomial infections are Candida (thrush) and Aspergillus.‌
• Viral Infections;
Common nosocomial infections caused by viruses are influenza (flu) and respiratory
syncytial virus..
Preventive measures
Parasitism
• Parasitism is generally defined as a relationship between the two living species in which
one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other.
• The organism that is benefitted is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is
called the host.
Parasitism in Humans
The organisms that parasitize humans include, fungi, leeches, lice, viruses, protozoa,
tapeworm, etc.
Few organisms such as Helminthes live inside the intestine of the host and causes several
infectious diseases, such as jaundice, malnutrition, diarrhea, etc This infections are caused
by viruses and bacteria.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY?

• The science that evaluates pattern of disease occurrence, frequency, determinants,

distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population.

Determinants (i.e., causes and risk factors) of the diseases

• It leads to the identification of casual and preventive factors in human beings.

• ENDEMIC is a disease that belongs to a particular people or country.

• AN OUTBREAK is greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic cases. It can also be a

• Disease burden is the impact of health problem on a given population.

fever, cough, loss in sense of taste and symptom relief;

rash, fever, nasal congestion, cough,

difficulty breathing, increased sputum

persistent cough, weight loss, fever and Combination of

• Cholera caused by vibrio cholerae

• AIDS- human immunodeficiency virus HIV

• It's also called a hospital-acquired infection or a health-care associated infection.‌

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