Cell Ultrastructure: Tissues of The Body Module
Cell Ultrastructure: Tissues of The Body Module
Cell Ultrastructure: Tissues of The Body Module
LECTURE 1.2
Cell ultrastructure
Dr. Khesar Hussein Khalil
05/02/2023
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Objective Learning
Unresolved
• Light microscope uses visible light (λ = 0.4 – 0.7μm) and has a theoretical limit
of resolution of 0.2 μm (bacteria and mitochondria are 0.5 μm wide).
A typical mammalian
cell synthesises
more than 10,000
different proteins.
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Eukaryotic Cells
one layer
of lipids
one layer
of lipids
A lipid bilayer has two layers of lipids, the tails of which are
sandwiched between the heads. Proteins (not shown) typically
intermingle among the lipids.
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Fluid-mosaic Model
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Membrane Lipids
• The most abundant lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids, which are
consist of two hydrocarbon chains and a polar head group.
Membrane Proteins
• The specific function of cellular membranes are carried out by their
constituent proteins.
• The kinds and amounts of proteins in a membrane reflect its
functions.
• About 50% of the mass of a typical plasma membrane in eukaryotes
is protein.
• Two of these proteins are glycophorin and band 3 protein
• Both are transmembrane proteins, which completely cross the lipid
bilayer and protrude from both membrane surfaces
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Glycophorin
Band 3 protein
• Band 3 protein: so named because of its position relative
to other proteins in a gel.
• band 3 protein is believed to differ from glycophorin in
its orientation in the bilayer.
• Band 3 protein probably crosses the bilayer more than
once, rather than as a single α helix, because most of
the mass of the molecule is in the lipid bilayer.
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Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Are newly produced organelles bounded by a single membrane and varying greatly in size.
The primary lysosome is a virgin particle in that its digestive enzymes have not yet taken part
in hydrolysis.
Secondary lysosomes:
Two different kinds of secondary lysosomes can be identified:
• Heterolysosomes; are formed by the fusion of primary lysosomes with cytoplasmic
vacuoles containing extracellular substances brought into the cell by any of a variety of
endocytic processes.
• Autolysosomes; contain particles isolated from the cell ‘s own cytoplasm, including
mitochondria, microbodies, and smooth and rough fragments of the ER.
Residual bodies;
Endocytosed substances and parts of autophagocytosed organelles that are not digested
within the secondary lysosomes and transferred to the cytoplasm are retained (usually
temporarily) within the vacuoles as residues.
Nucleus
• The nucleus is the control center of the eukaryotic cell. The cell
cannot survive if the nucleus has been lost or extensively
damaged
• Nucleus Separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell .
Filled with nucleoplasm.
• Spherical bodies about 5-7 µm in diameter. Dense fibrous
material called chromatin can be seen within the nucleoplasm of
the nucleus of a stained cell. This is the DNA-containing part of
the nucleus.
Nucleolus (Pl. nucleoli)
Ribosomes (ribonucleoprotein)
• These particles are either distributed along the hyaloplasmic
surface of the ER (attached ribosomes) or free in the
hyaloplasm (free ribosomes)
• A ribosome is composed of three molecules of ribosomal RNA
and 55 molecules of proteins.
• Arranged to form two subunits of unequal size. The small
subunit of ribosome contains one molecule of an RNA ,while
the large subunit contain two RNA molecules.
• The functions of the rRNA molecules in the ribosomes are
not fully understood ,but they are seen to play key role in
the binding of mRNA to ribosomes and its translation.