Cell

By
Muhammad Salman
• The cell from Latin cella, meaning "small room" is the basic structural,
functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the
smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life".
The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology
• Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many
biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be classified as
unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including
plants and animals).Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms.

• The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has
been estimated that humans contain somewhere around 40 trillion (4×1013)
cells.The human brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells
• Cells are of two types: eukaryotic, and prokaryotic, which .
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be
either single-celled or multicellular.
 Plasma membrane
• › THE PLASMA MEMBRANE The plasma membrane that envelops every
eukaryotic cell consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with
oligosaccharide chains covalently linked to many of the phospholipid and
protein molecules.
• This limiting membrane functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage
of materials into and out of the cell and facilitating the transport of specific
molecules. One important role of the cell membrane is to keep constant the ion
content of cytoplasm, which differs from that of the extracellular fluid
• Cell Membranes range from 7.5 to 10 nm in thickness and consequently
are visible only in the electron microscope
 Composition: lipids
• The cell membrane consists of three classes of amphipathic
• (o molecule, especially a protein having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts) lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. The amount of each
depends upon the type of cell, but in the majority of cases phospholipids are the
most abundant, often contributing for over 50% of all lipids in plasma
membranes. Glycolipids only account for a minute amount of about 2% and
sterols make up the rest. However, for the majority of eukaryotic cells, the
composition of plasma membranes is about half lipids and half proteins by
weight.
• Plasma membranes also contain carbohydrates, predominantly 
glycoproteins
• Carbohydrates are are located on the surface of the cell where they
recognize host cells and share information, viruses that bind to cells using
these receptors cause an infection
• The cell membrane has large content of proteins, typically around 50% of
membrane volume[ These proteins are important for the cell because they
are responsible for various biological activities.
 Function

• The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells, physically

separating the intracellular components from the extracellular
 environment.
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what
enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed
for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be
either "passive", occurring without the input of cellular energy, or "active
", requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it. The membrane
also maintains the cell potential
• Transmembrane Proteins & Membrane Transport
• The plasma membrane is the site where materials are
• exchanged between the cell and its environment.
• ■ Diffusion transports small, nonpolar molecules directly
• through the lipid bilayer.
• slowly.
• ■ Channels are multipass proteins forming transmembrane
• pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively. Cells open and close specific
channels for Na+,
 Water molecules usually cross the plasma membrane through channel
proteins called aquaporins. ■ Carriers are transmembrane proteins that bind
small molecules and translocate them across the membrane. Diffusion,
channels, and carrier proteins operate passively. In contrast, membrane
pumps are enzymes engaged in active transport, utilizing energy from the
hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to move ions and other solutes
across membranes.
cytoplasm
 Lipid bylayer
• lipid Bilayer Definition
• A lipid bilayer is a biological membrane consisting of two layers of lipid
molecules. Each lipid molecule, or phospholipid, contains a hydrophilic 
head and a hydrophobic tail. The tail regions, being repelled by water and
slightly attracted to each other, congregate together.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a continuous membrane system that forms
a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and
serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis and
transport of proteins . All eukaryotic cells contain an endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). In animal cells, the ER usually constitutes more than half
of the membranous content of the cell.
• Differences in certain physical and functional characteristics distinguish
the two types of ER, known as rough ER and smooth ER.
• Rough ER is named for its rough appearance, which is due to the ribosomes
 attached to its outer (cytoplasmic) surface. Rough ER lies immediately 
adjacent to the cell nucleus. The ribosomes on rough ER specialize in the
synthesis of proteins that possess a signal sequence that directs them
specifically to the ER for processing. Proteins synthesized by the rough ER
have specific final destinations. Some proteins, for example, remain within
the ER, whereas others are sent to the Golgi apparatus, which lies next to the
ER. Proteins secreted from the Golgi apparatus are directed to lysosomes or
to the cell membrane; still others are destined for secretion to the cell
exterior..
• Smooth ER, by contrast, is not associated with ribosomes, and its
functions differ. The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of 
lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in
the production of new cellular membrane.
 Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion,
singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the
cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the
mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Mitochondria contain their own small chromosomes. Generally,
mitochondria, and therefore mitochondrial DNA, are inherited only from
the mother.
 Some different cells have different amounts of mitochondria because they
need more energy. So for example, the muscle has a lot of mitochondria, the
liver does too, the kidney as well, and to a certain extent, the brain, which
lives off of the energy those mitochondria produce. So if you have a defect
in the pathways that the mitochondria usually functions with, you're going to
have symptoms in the muscle, in the brain, sometimes in the kidneys as
well; many different types of symptoms. And we probably don't know all of
the different diseases that mitochondrial dysfunction cause
 Golgi apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus was observed in 1897 by Italian cytologist 
Camillo Golgi
• Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body,
membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly
defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened, stacked
pouches called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into 
vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is located in the 
cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the 
cell nucleus. While many types of cells contain only one or several
Golgi apparatus, plant cells can contain hundreds.
 Ribosomes
• ribosomes are made of proteins and ribonucleic acid (abbreviated as
RNA), in almost equal amounts. It comprises of two sections, known as
subunits. The tinier subunit is the place the mRNA binds and it decodes,
whereas the bigger subunit is the place the amino acids are included. Both
subunits comprise of both ribonucleic acid and protein components and
are linked to each other by interactions between the proteins in one
subunit and the rRNAs in the other subunit. The ribonucleic acid is
obtained from the nucleolus, at the point where ribosomes are arranged in
a cell.
 size
• The prokaryotic is comprised of a 30s (Svedberg) subunit
and a 50s (Svedberg) subunit meaning 70s for the entire
organelle.
the eukaryotic They comprise of a 40s (Svedberg) subunit
and a 60s (Svedberg) subunit which means 80s (Svedberg)
for the entire organelle.
 Lysosome
• A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive
enzymes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be
used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. If the cell is damaged
beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-destruct in a process called
programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
• the lysosome is a specific type of organelle that's very acidic. So that means
that it has to be protected from the rest of the inside of the cell. It's a
compartment, then, that has a membrane around it that stores the digestive
enzymes that require this acid, low-pH environment. Those enzymes are
called hydrolytic enzymes, and they break down large molecules into small
molecules. For example, large proteins into amino acids, or large
carbohydrates into simple sugars, or large lipids into single fatty acids.
• And finally, one other function of the lysosome is to ingest bacteria so
that the bacteria can be destroyed. So the lysosomes also provide a
function against infection, and the cell will often engorge a bacterium and
put it into its lysosome for destruction. So here's an important organelle
that has function against infection and function in a way in nutrition to
break down large molecules into small molecules so that they can be
reutilized
• Ramsha khan
• Mansor zafar
• Quratul ain abbasi
• Aroosa tariq
• Maryam khan (waiting)