Chapter I

CHAPTER I:
GENERAL
CONCEPTS
Science, Technology, AND
and Society HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
S
SUSAN S. CABIGAS
INSTRUCTOR
LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH
CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. trace the historical development of science and technology in the world: Ancient, Middle nd Modern
Ages in the Philippines;
2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment; and
3. demonstrate appreciation for the developments in science and technology.
Ancient (2.3 million years ago)
Prehistoric or the Stone Age Bronze Age
A. History of
Middle
Science and
Renaissance Era
Ages
Technology
(450-1450
in the World:
A.D.)
Ancient, Middle
- Rebirth of and Modern Ages
knowledge
Modern Age
- Rise of the great scientists
(around 1600 A.D)
- Great inventions
A. History of Science and Technology in the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages
Ancient : Prehistoric time
 Eastern Africa – roughly shaped stone used for chopping and scraping
 Mesopotamian cultures – disease symptoms, chemical substances, and astronomical observations
 Nile Valley of Egypt – information on the treatment of wounds and diseases
- mathematical calculations: angles, rectangles, triangles, and the volume of a pyramid

 300-400B.C – rise in the number of philosophers
a) Euclid – founder of modern geometry
b) Archimedes – founder of engineering mechanics and calculated a value for pi
Ancient: Bronze age
 Discovery of copper
- Alloying copper with tin resulted into bronze

 Mesopotamia: two – wheeled cart
 Urbanization - large city
 Egypt: first PYRAMID – most outstanding development in science and technology
Middle Ages (450-1450 A.D) or the Dark Ages
• Renaissance Era – rebirth of knowledge
 Germany: Gutenberg’s printing press

 Italy: Leonardo da Vinci (great pioneer of Arts, architecture, engineering and science)
- produced a vast series of notebooks with observations on anatomy, cloud

formations, plans for sites, military inventions, tanks, flying machines, and submarines
Middle Ages (450-1450 A.D) or the Dark Ages
• Renaissance Era – rebirth of knowledge
 Copernicus – the sun is at the center of the solar system and that the earth revolves
around it. (Heliocentric Theory)
 Geocentric Theory (Ptolemy) – the earth is at the center of the solar system and all the
celestial bodies circle around it.
 Geographic discovery: invention of triangle sail and the magnetic compass
 Prince Henry (the navigator) to travel around South Africa, Portugal, to reach India
Modern Science & Technology around 6000 A.D.
 Galileo (Father of modern Science) - first to use modern scientific methods based on
experiment and testable observations.
 1608: spyglass - for identifying ships well before they enter a harbor
 Telescope - magnification stepped by 8, and finally 30 times
 microscope
 thermometer
 Isaac Newton  Albert Einstein

• helped define the laws of gravity and • most famous scientist of the 20th
planetary motion century
• co-founded calculus • from quantum theory to nuclear
• explained the laws of light and color power and atomic bomb
Gottfried Leibniz • famous equation E = mc2

 20th century
 Industrial Revolution • radio
• beginning of factories • first car to run with engine power
 Late 1800 • first man went to space in a rocket

• light bulbs began to replace
candles and oils lamps • beginning of communication,
electronic and computer era
DRILL
 How did Galileo discovered the telescope?

 In Ancient time, what were the uses of the roughly shaped stones?
 He was the one who lifted the huge volume of text being handwritten into printing
when he invented the printing press.
 What was the most outstanding development in science and technology during the
Bronze Age?
 Who is the father of Geometry?
DRILL
 Where was the information on how to treat wounds and diseases first propagated?
 He was the first to produce a vast series of notebooks with observations on anatomy,
cloud formations, plans for sites, military inventions, tanks, flying machines, and
submarines.
 Who developed the Heliocentric model/Theory? What is all about?
 A famous scientist in the 20th century whose work had profound from quantum
theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb?
 what can you say about todays era, the digital world?
B. Science and Technology in the Philippines: A Historical Perspective
 Pre - Spanish
• indigenous
technology with handycrafts pottery weaving
regards to wet rice
and dry agriculture
metal ware boats

 Pre - Spanish
farming ship building mining

 Pre - Spanish
Banaue Rice Terraces

Spanish Colonial Period : SPANIARDS
 introduced formal education

 founded scientific institutions
 established Parish schools - religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music
 sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture
 established colleges and universities
• University of Santo Tomas
Spanish Colonial Period : SPANIARDS
 1871 - school of medicine and pharmacy ws opened at the UST

 constructed government buildings, churches, roads, bridges,and forts
 Jesuits: promoted meteorological studies and founded the Manila observatory
at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.
LESSON 1: HISTORICAL
Laboratorio
Bureau of ANTECEDENTS WHICH
Government Bureau of Institute of
CHANGED7/1/19
Municipal 01 THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
10/26/
1905
1946
Laboratories Science (BoS) Science (InScie)

(LaMun)
(BuGoL)
American Period and Post Commonwealth Era
- Spanish Era - placed under the - dealt with the

Department of study of tropical
Interior diseases
American Period and Post Commonwealth Era
 Dec. 8, 1933 - National Research Council of the PH was recognized

 The Bureau of Science - became the primary research center of the PH until
WWII
 Carlos P Garcia
• The Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which
established the National Science Development Board
Marcos Era and Martial Law

 In the ammended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sec 9 (1) - the advancement of
science and technology shall have priority in national “Development”.
 Jan. 23, 1967 - declared that science was necessary for the development programs,and thus, directed
the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools.
 DepEd and the National Science Development Board (NSBD) - organized a project to provide
selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a 4-year period.
 1968 - teachonology was recognized as the leading factor in economic development and thus
additional funds were channeled to support projects in applied sciences and science education.

 National Science Development Board (NSBD) - established the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
to explore the uses of atomic energy for economic development.
 Major development projects to reform education were done and w/c include research and development,
establishment of technical institutes, science education centers, agricultural colleges and vocational high
schools.
 Philippine Council for Agricultural Research - established to support the progressive development of
agriculture,forestry and fisheries.
 PD No. 49, s. 1972 - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAGASA) -
established to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
the people.

 P.D. No. 334, s. 1973 - Philippine National Oil Company - created to promote industrial and
economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources.
 National Academy of Science and Technology (1976) - etablished and composed of scientists
with innovative achievement in the basic and applied science to serve as a reservior of scientific and
technological expertise for the country.
 1979 - the government funded scientific research conducted by the National Science Development
Board (NSDB), the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources (PCARR), the
Plant Breeding Institute (PBI), the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Bureau of
Forest Products (BFP).
 E.O. No. 625, s. 1980 - National Committee on Geological Sciences - created to advise
government and private entities on matters pertaining to geological sciences.
 By virtue of EO No. 784, s. 1982 - the NSDB and its support agencies was reorganized and was
named National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) to provide central direction and
coordination of scientific and technological research and development .
 EO No. 1090, s. 1986 - The Visayas and Mindanao campuses of the Philippine Science High
School - were established to encourage careers in science and technology and to be more
accessible to the talented students in Visayas and Mindanao areas.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Corazon Aquino
 The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) giving the department a representation of the cabinet.
 Under the Medium Term Phil Development Plan (1987-1992) - science and technology’s role in
economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted.
 Science and Technology - one of the 3 priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Corazon Aquino
 Aug. 8, 1988 - the first Science and Technology Master Plan(STMP) was formulated with the goal
for the PH to achieve newly industrialized country status for the year 2000.
 R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 - opened free education at the
secondary level.
 The Science for the Masses Program - implemented which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

 The Department of Science and Technology - initiated a Science and Technology Agenda for
Development (STAND) which embodies the country’s task development plan for 1993-1998.
 1998 - a presidential task force was formed to deal with the overall problems confronting
Research and Development and Science and Technology development in the country.
• it was tasked to formulate a Science and Technology development program that would
support the national development goal of attaining a newly industrialized country (NIC)
status by the year 2000.
• task force- DOST, DoA, DTI, DoTC, & the adviser on public resources and 3 academic
institutions involve in science and technology.

 Another ScieTech framwork plan entitled Competence, Competitive Conscience: the Medium
Term Plan of the Department of Science and Tech. (1999-2004) w/c has 6 flagships programs:
1. Comprehensive program to enhance technology enterprises;
2. Integrated program on clean technologies;
3. Establishment of packaging R and D center;
4. Expansion of regional meteorology centers;
5. Scie & Tech intervention program for the poor, vulnerable and disabled; and
6. Comprehensive science and technology program for Mindanao.
 1993 - established the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND)
with following priorities:
1. exporting winners identified by the DTI;
2. domestic needs identified by Presidential Council for Countryside Development;
3. support industries; and
4. coconut industry development.
Laws enacted by Congress:
 R.A. No. 8439 - Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel
 to provide for a program of human resources development in science and technology to achieve
and maintain the necessary reservoir of talent and manpower that will sustain its drive for total
science and technology mastery.
 R.A. No. 7687 - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1004
 scholarships shall be provided to finance the education of poor, talented and deserving students
desiring to pursue a degree or training in areas of science and technology as are recognized or
permitted by law.

Laws enacted by Congress:
 R.A. No. 7459 - Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
 to give priority to invention and its utilization on the country's productive systems and national
life;
 to provide incentives to investors and protect their exclusive right to their invention,particularly
when the invention is beneficial to the people and contributes to national development and
progress.
 R.A. No. 8293 - The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
- provides industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology
transfer arrangments.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Joseph Estrada
Two major legislations:

 R.A. No. 8749 the Philippine Clean Air Act - designed to protect and preserve the environment
and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources
 R.A. No. 8792 Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 - outlaws computer hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internet-driven New Economy.
 launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.
 announced the dole-outs are out - which meant basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful
education for those who want but cannot afford it.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo
 Sience and Technology sector - dubbed as a golden age of science and technology by Estrella
Alabastro.
 Numerous laws and projects that concern both the environmental and science to push technology as
a tool to increase the country’s economic level.
 “Filipinovation” - coined term in helping the PH to be an innovation hub in Asia.
 Science, Technology, and Inovation (STI) - developed further by strengthening the schools and
education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS) - focuses on science,
technology and mathematics.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo
 Private sectors were also encourage to participate in developing the schools through organizing
events and sponsorships to possible produce Future Filipino scientists and innovators.
 R.A. 9367 or the Biofuel Act - not fully implemented
- promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country.

- potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy
 Drought-free rice was highly encouraged to enable farmers to produce rice despite the
environmental hazards that slows or stops the production.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Benigno C. Aquino
 R.A. 10601 - passed by the government to improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFmech).
- it covers Research, Development, and Extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply,
assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and project implementation of
agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.
 Father of Organic Agriculture - Organic Agricultural Act of 2010 (R.A. 10068)
 The Iternational Rice Reasearch Institute (IRRI), an internatinal research consortium, including
the PH - serves to improve the rice production and quality through biotechnology and research.
Fifth Republic : Pres. Benigno C. Aquino
 2014 - gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.13%. The gross valued added in agriculture
and fishing went up by 1.60% and this accounted for 10% of the GDP increase.
- the Harmonized Agenda for Science and Technology was presented which included to
crucial issues: inclusive growth and disater risk reduction.
 May 23, 2016 - R.A. No. 19844 or DICT Act (Department of Information in Communication
Technology) was signed into law.
- take charge of planning, developing, and promoting the national ICT development agenda.
Science and Technology in the Philippines
Seatwork:
1. What concrete products in science you see in the society today?
state the following:
 its uses
 advantages and disadvantages
2. Describe briefly how science and technology evolved during each period in history.
Assignment:
1. Write your own impression/reaction of your life today with the advancement in science and
technology.
2. Research on the problem encountered by Science, Technology and Society during Ancient Ages.
To be passed next meeting.

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CHAPTER I:

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Ancient : Prehistoric time

- mathematical calculations: angles, rectangles, triangles, and the volume of a pyramid

Ancient: Bronze age

- Alloying copper with tin resulted into bronze

Middle Ages (450-1450 A.D) or the Dark Ages

• Renaissance Era – rebirth of knowledge

 Germany: Gutenberg’s printing press

- produced a vast series of notebooks with observations on anatomy, cloud

Middle Ages (450-1450 A.D) or the Dark Ages

• Renaissance Era – rebirth of knowledge

Modern Science & Technology around 6000 A.D.

Modern Science & Technology around 6000 A.D.

 Isaac Newton  Albert Einstein

Gottfried Leibniz • famous equation E = mc2

Modern Science & Technology around 6000 A.D.

 Late 1800 • first man went to space in a rocket

 How did Galileo discovered the telescope?

metal ware boats

farming ship building mining

Banaue Rice Terraces

Spanish Colonial Period : SPANIARDS

 introduced formal education

Spanish Colonial Period : SPANIARDS

 1871 - school of medicine and pharmacy ws opened at the UST

Laboratories Science (BoS) Science (InScie)

American Period and Post Commonwealth Era

- Spanish Era - placed under the - dealt with the

American Period and Post Commonwealth Era

 Dec. 8, 1933 - National Research Council of the PH was recognized

Marcos Era and Martial Law

Marcos Era and Martial Law

Marcos Era and Martial Law

Marcos Era and Martial Law

Fifth Republic : Pres. Corazon Aquino

Fifth Republic : Pres. Corazon Aquino

Fifth Republic : Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

Fifth Republic : Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

Fifth Republic : Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

Fifth Republic : Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

Fifth Republic : Pres. Joseph Estrada

Two major legislations:

Fifth Republic : Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo

Fifth Republic : Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo

- promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country.

Fifth Republic : Pres. Benigno C. Aquino

Fifth Republic : Pres. Benigno C. Aquino

Science and Technology in the Philippines

To be passed next meeting.

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