REVIEWER STS QUIZ

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

- an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which the production, distribution and
utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur;
- An interdisciplinary study of the interaction of science and technology with society and culture.
Science
- the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
- Deals with the natural world.
- Concerned with what is “exist” in the natural world.
- “INQUIRY”, “DISCOVERING WHAT IS”, and using the “SCIENTIFIC METHOD”
- Without Science, technology could not proceed.
Technology
- It is the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment in order to satisfy
perceived human wants and needs.
- Deals with how human change, alter, or control the natural world.
- Concerned with “what can or should be” designed, made, or developed from natural world.
- “INVENTION”, “INNOVATION”, “PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING and DESIGN”
- Without technology, some science experiments would not be possible.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
1. Community Life- shift from nomadic life to farming led to the development of the city.
 Networks of Transportation, communication, and trade systems
 Specialized Labor
 Government and Religion
 Social Class
“Industrial Revolution”
 Invention of textile manufacturing machines
 Division of Labor
 Increase in Production
 Crowded Cities
 Unsafe and Unhealthy working conditions
2. Work- technological innovations saved physical energy and lessened people’s workload. The
concept of “leisure’ developed form labor-saving technology.
 Tractor, Refrigerator, Vacuum Cleaner and Washing Machine.
 Television, Social Activities, Sporting Events, and Movies.
3. Health- greatest innovation of technology was longevity. Large part of the technology has been
dedicated to the “advancement of medical science.”
 Edward Jenner “1796” vaccine for smallpox.
 Sir Alexander Fleming ‘1928” first antibiotic.
 Dr. William Thomas Green Morton “1846” first to use anesthesia before surgery.
 Dolly the Ship “1997” first mammal ever to have been cloned.
 Embryonic Stem Cell Research-might be used to generate new organs for transplant.
4. Communication
 Egypt: papyrus and hieroglyphics
  Ancient Babylonia- cuneiform
 Ancient Greece- public speaking, persuasive rhetoric, drama, and philosophy
 Ancient Rome- Roman Alphabet
 Modern Europe- printing press
 World Today- World Wide Web.
5. Progress- is a series of improvements in human life marked by inventions and discoveries.
 Positive Attributes must be greater than negative.
 Negative consequences: destruction of environment and loss of what it means to be
human. ( The Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska in 1989)

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
From Ancient Times to 600 BC
 Trial and Error Technique (Medication)
 Clay Tablet
 Papyrus
Islamic Golden Age (Abbasid Caliph Harum Al-Rashid)
- Mandated the scholars to gather and translate information in classical knowledge into Arabic
Language. The start of science and development in the country.
Achievements:
o Astronomy
o Mathematics
o Medicine
o Geography
Ancient China
- Give more emphasis in natural science, engineering, medicine, military, technology, mathematics,
geology and astronomy.
Four Great Inventions:
1. Compass
2. Gun Powder
3. Printing
4. Paper
The RENAISSANCE (1300 AD- 1600 AD)
- Focus on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients. RECOVERY-INNOVATION.
Considered as the Golden Age of Science.
- Improvements:
o paper making
o printing press with movable metal
o Oil painting which is the origin of the new printer ink.
 Nicolaus Copernicus- sun is the center of the Universe.
 Gerolamo Cardano- figures the Foundation of Probability.
 Francis Bacon- emphasize the scientific method and called the Father of Empiricism.
 Rene Descartes- made possible algebraic geometry.

ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD- 1789 AD)

 - Emphasize the reason over the superstition and science over the blind faith.
- AGE OF REASON
Natural Philosophers of the Scientific Revolution
1. Galileo Galilei-
- Father of Modern Astronomy, Modern Physics and Father of Science
- Inventor of the astronomical telescope
- Discovered a number of natural laws.
- Invented the Microscope
2. Johannes Kepler
- Astronomer who explained Planetary Motion
- Develop of Laws of Planetary Motions
3. Isaac Newton
- Genius who explains gravity
4. John Locke
- Father of Liberalism
- Medical Researcher
- Created an essay concerning in Human Understanding
Industrial Revolution (1760- 1840)
th
- 18 century was the hope that careful observation and experimentation might improve
industrial production significantly.
- Governments, in varying degrees and at different rates, began supporting science even
more directly, by making financial grants to scientist, by founding research institutes, and
by bestowing honors and official posts on great scientists.
- Technological Changes
o Use of Iron Steel
o Use of Electricity
o Invention of Spinning Electricity
o Factory Systems
o Transportation and Communications
o Increasing Mass Productions
TH
20 CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION AGE
- Einstein’s formulation of the theory of relativity including the unifying concepts of
energy related to mass and speed of light.
- Semiconductor and Nanotechnology
- PHYSICS- enable to understand the basic components of matter.
- BIOLOGY- discovery of DNA and beginning of Organ Transplant
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Artificial Intelligence- computers that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex patterns,
processing information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations.
 New computational technologies are making computers smarter. They enable computers to
process vast amounts of data faster than ever before.
 Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive digital experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the
real world, while augmented reality merges the digital and physical worlds.
 Robotics refers to the design, manufacture, and use of robots for personal and commercial use.
  3D printing allows manufacturing businesses to print their ow parts, with less tooling, at a lower
cost, and faster than via traditional processes.
 The IoT describes the idea of everyday items — from medical wearables that monitor users’
physical condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into parcels —being connected to the
internet and identifiable by other devices.

PARADIGM SHIFT
- scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a
subject, conventions about what direction research should.
- Thomas Kuhn “paradigm shift includes “the practices that define a scientific discipline
at a certain point in time."
- "The successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual
developmental pattern of mature science."
- Shift, about turn, change of direction, reverse, reversal, turnaround, U turn,

Historical Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

1. Pre-Spanish Era
- As the inhabitants shifted from wandering from one place to another and learned to settle
in areas near the water source, they also learned how to weave cotton, engaged
themselves in agriculture and are knowledgeable on building boats for coastal trade.
- Discovering sharp stones
- Understanding that clay is moldable.
- Learned to extract metal.
2. Spanish Colonial Era
- Established schools run by Spanish friars, hospitals and started scientific research.
- Highest Institution of learning- Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas.
- Fear of intellectual awakening among Filipinos.
- Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the Renaissance man in the Philippine context. He is a
scientist, a doctor, an engineer (he designed and built a water system in Dapitan), a
journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a hero.
3. American Period
- There was a rapid growth in science and technology during the American Period.
o College of Agriculture (UPLB IN 1909)
o College of Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine (UPD in1910)
o College of Medicine (UPD in 1914)
- The Bureau of Science (formerly Bureau of Government Laboratories) was composed of
a biological, chemical, and serum laboratory for the production of virus vaccine, serums
and prophylactics, and a library.
- primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for pioneering scientific
research
- great contribution of the Bureau of Science to the country was the publication of the
Philippine Journal of Science.
- On December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
 4. Commonwealth Period
- Acknowledge the importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic
development of the country by declaring that “The State shall promote scientific research
and invention…”
- Japanese regime had made developments in science and technology practically
impossible.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Institute of Science – replaced the Bureau of Science and was placed under the Office of the President of
the Philippines.
In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act
of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board (NSDB).

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY IN THE 1960S TO 1990S

The government declared in Section 9(1) of the 1973 Philippine Constitution that the “advancement of
science and technology shall have priority in the national development.”

Philippine Council for Agricultural Research - support the progressive development of agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries in the country.

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) -

provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people
through Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972 under the Department on National Defense

National Academy of Science and Technology - composed of scientists with “innovative

achievement in the basic and applied sciences” who will serve as the reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise for the country (1976)

1982 - NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
composed of four research and development Councils:
1. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD)
2. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD)
3. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
4. National Research Council of the Philippines
Department of Science and Technology
-the premiere science and technology body in the country charged with the twin mandate of
providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and
of formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development.
-replaced the National Science and Technology Authority in 1986, under the Aquino
administration, with the ff. functions (January 30, 1987)
1. Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort;;
2. Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance; ;
 3. Encourage greater private sector participation in research and development. moreover, funding for
the science and technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992.

 Scientific Career System in the Civil Service- designed to attract more qualified scientists to
work in government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers and was
establish on July 19, 1983, by Presidential Decree No. 901.
 1998 (Fidel Ramos) - two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao
were built which promotes further development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum
 Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) – published in
order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s Administration

 Filipinnovation - coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
 Philippine Science High School (PSHS) - focuses in science, technology and mathematics in
their curriculum
 Philippine Institute for Development Studies (2018)- conducted a study which highlighted the
weak ties between innovation--driven firms and the government, and it also identified the
country’s low expenditure in research and development (R&D)

Hopes in Philippine Science and Technology

 Diwata--1 – first micro-satellite launched in space by the Philippines- designed, developed and
assembled by Filipino researchers and engineers under the guidance of Japanese experts.
 Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH) initiated in June 2012 to help
manage risks associated with natural hazards and disasters.
 Intelligent Operation Center Platform- established through a collaboration between the local
government of Davao City and IBM Philippines Inc., the center resulted in the creation of a
dashboard that allows authorized government agencies, such as police, fire, and anti--terrorism
task force, to use analytics software for monitoring events and operations in real time.

Current Initiatives in Science and Technology in the Country

 ADVANCED DEVICE AND MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORIES- houses advanced
equipment for failure analysis and materials characterization to address advanced analytical needs
for quality control, materials identification, and R&D
 Electronics Products Development Center- used to design, develop and test hardware and
software for electronic products.
 PHILIPPINE GENOME CENTER -a core facility that combines basic and applied research for
the development of health diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA forensics and preventive products, and
improved crop varieties.
 DIE AND MOLD SOLUTIONS CENTER - enhances the competitiveness of the local tool and
die sector through the localization of currently imported dies and molds.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Intellectual Revolution- is a period where paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs that have
been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.

Western Science

Greeks were the first to explain the world in terms of natural laws rather than myths about gods and
heroes. They passed on the idea of the value of math and experiment in science.

Aristotle
- most influential figure in Western science until the 1600's
- Aristotle's theories made sense when taken in a logical order.
- Problem: His theories relied very little on experiment
Constrictions for opposing his theories:
1. attacking one part of Aristotle's system involved attacking the whole thing
2. the Church had grafted Aristotle's theories onto its theology, thus making any attack on Aristotle
an attack on the tradition and the Church itself.

Aristotle - “the natural motion of the earth as a whole, like that of its parts, is towards the center of the
Universe: that is the reason why it is now lying at the center.”

Revolution that Defined Society: Copernican Revolution

1. Claudius Ptolemy (Astronomer and Geographer in Alexandria, 2nd century AD)

-Stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the
Earth ~ “Geocentrism”
- The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights.
2. Aristarchus of Samos
-Used eccentric trigonometric measurements to calculate the relative distances of the sun and
moon in the 3rd century BC . He was able to find out that the sun was very large,
3. Nicole Oresme (French Philosopher)
-In his work, Book of the Heavens and the Earth (1377), he demonstrated the lack of real proof
that the Earth was static and vehemently argued that there was no reason to think that it was not in
motion.
4. Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish Mathematician and Astronomer, scholar working at the University of
Padua in northern Italy)
-Problem of Geocentrism: the paths of planetary orbits. the heavens do not always appear to move
in perfect, uninterrupted circles as they sometimes seem to move backwards
- Copernicus' solution: By placing the sun at the center of the universe and having the earth orbit
it, he reduced the unwieldy number of epicycles from 80 to 34.
5. Tycho Brahe (Danish Astronomer, 1546-1601)
-Planets revolved around the sun, but the sun and the moon remained revolving around the globe,
“Geo-heliocentric System”
6. Johannes Kepler (German Astronomer, 1571-1630)
- He was the first to successfully use math to define the workings of the cosmos.
- His analysis of the observations of Tycho Brahe (his mentor) enabled him to introduce the Laws
of Planetary Motion.
7. Isaac Newton
- realized that the same force pulling the apples to earth was keeping the moon in its orbit.
- to prove this mathematically, Newton had to invent calculus for figuring out rates of motion and
change.

REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Charles Darwin
- he published “The Origin of Species” in 1859.
- he accumulated evidence demonstrating that organisms evolve and discovered the process,
natural selection, by which they evolve.
- he completed the Copernican revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a
lawful system of matter in motion.

THE SUPERNATURAL
Supernatural explanations depending on the unfathomable deed of the creator, accounted for the
origin and configuration of living creatures.

WILLIAM PALEY IN HIS NATURAL THEOLOGY (1802)

- elaborated the argument--from--design as forceful demonstration of the existence of the Creator.
- The functional design of the human eye, argued Paley, provided conclusive evidence of an all-
-wise Creator.
THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES
- written by eminent scientists and philosophers.
- set forth "the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as manifested in the Creation."

REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Mental illness was almost universally considered 'organic‘– it was thought to come from some
kind of deterioration or disease of the brain.

Sigmund Freud
- Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with mental
illness.
- Together with Josef Breuer, another Jewish neurologist, published a series of case studies on their
patients called Studies on Hysteria.
Jean-Martin Charcot
- the famous French psychiatrist who influenced Freud.
- he claimed that hysteria had primarily organic causes, and that it had a regular, comprehensible
pattern of symptoms.

PSYCHOANALYSIS
-is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their behavior
and emotions. These unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is
expressed through a score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty
in relating to others, or disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition.

WHY IS FREUD’S CONTRIBUTION STILL IMPORTANT?

- Psychoanalysis has enormous historical significance: Mental illness affects a large proportion of
the population, either directly or indirectly, so any curative scheme is widely accepted.
- Freud gave people a new way of thinking about why they acted the way they did. He created a
whole new way of interpreting behaviors: one could now claim that a person had motives,
desires, and beliefs–all buried in the unconscious–which they knew nothing about, but which
nonetheless directly controlled and motivated their conscious thought and behavior.

IMPACT OF FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

- Psychology and psychiatry turned away from the search for organic causes and toward the search
for inner psychic conflicts and early childhood traumas.
- The line between sane and insane was blurred: everyone, according to Freud, had an Oedipal
crisis, and everyone could potentially become mentally ill.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MESO-AMERICA

- Meso--America is the region from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize and parts of Honduras and El
Salvador.
- Mesoamerican civilizations were isolated from the accumulated scientific knowledge of Africa,
Asia and Europe. It developed on its own and became much more self--reliant.
- Maya civilization was the most advanced Mesoamerican civilization.

MAYA CIVILIZATION
- They used pictorial script called Maya Hieroglyphs
- They knew how to make paper and they created books on long strips of paper folded in
harmonica--style.
- Dresden Codex contain predictions of solar eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted
positions of Venus. They made predictions by aligning stars with two objects that were separated
by a large distance.
- They developed the most accurate calendar ever designed.
- Was the first to used pitched ceilings in their buildings

THE AZTEC
 - The Aztec had their own script and languages but they assimilated all they could learn from Maya
Society.
- They manufactured of rubber and used a rubber ball in the ball game “tlachtli”
- Public latrines were found along all highways and to prevent pollution of Lake Texcoco canoes
transported the sewage to the mainland every morning.

Other Meso-American Contributions

- cultivated crop plants such as corn (maize), papaya, avocado and cocoa.
- several sculptures found at Meso--American sites in 1975, 1979 and 1983 and dating back to
2000 -- 1500 BC have clear magnetic properties, shaped as if it was used to indicate direction.

ASIAN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

- Japan is probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of scientific and technological
achievement, particularly in terms of its electronics and automobile products.
- Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China produce 90% of the world’s digital gadgets.

ASIA’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

7 Best Japanese Electronic Gadgets

1. Camera
2. Rice Cooker
3. Electronic Toilet Seat
4. Audio Devices
5. Beauty Products
6. Electronic cigarettes
7. Watch
Best Taiwan Electronic Gadgets
1. Medical Bracelet
2. Virtual Reality
3. Cellphone
Best China Electronic Gadgets
1. Huawei WiFi AX3
2. ZGN Universal Power Strip T11
3. Xiaomi Yunmai Massage Gun Pro
4. Basic
5. Iqunix L80 Mechanical Keyboard

- South Korea’s cultural popularity around the world has caused a number of startup’s to emerge
working within the digital and technology sectors, including website viki.com.
- Taiwan is focused on software and content development.
MIDDLE EAST

- In Mesopotamia, greater progress was made in astronomy and mathematics.

- The Egyptians remained far behind the Babylonians in developing astronomy but are more
advanced in medicine. Egyptians also took an early lead on engineering and architecture,
- Both sciences and pseudoscience spread from Egypt and Mesopotamia to Phoenicia and Anatolia.
- The greatest accomplishment of the ancient Middle East might be the invention of the alphabet.

MIDDLE EAST: DEVELOPMENT OF ALPHABET

- In the early Hyksos period (17th century BC) the Northwestern Semites living in Egypt adapted
hieroglyphic characters—in at least two slightly differing forms of letters—to their own purposes.
- It is imitated in northern Syria, with the addition of two letters to designate vowels used with the
glottal catch.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN AFRICA

- The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy, engineering and textile production, as well as
medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa.
- In “Black Rice”, Judith Carnoy demonstrates the legacy of enslaved Africans to the Americas in
the sphere of rice cultivation.
- Africans also used plants for anesthetics or pain killers, analgesics for the control of fever,
antidotes to counter poisons, and anthelmints aimed at deworming.
- They were also knowledgeable in cardiovascular, gastro--intestinal, and dermatological contexts.

AFRICAN ASTRONOMY
- Malian has cosmological myths and their perceptions of the structure of matter and the physical
world.
- The solar calendar that we use today evolved from the Egyptian Calendar of twelve months,
calibrated according to the day on which the star Sirius rose on the horizon with the Sun.
AFRICAN MATHEMATICS
- Nubian builders calculated the volumes of masonry and building materials, as well as the slopes
of pyramids, for construction purposes.
- the Nubians of Meroe constructed more pyramids than the Egyptians, built steep, flat--topped
pyramids.
AFRICAN MEDICINE
- Among the common principles and procedures were hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal
manipulation, quarantine, bone--setting and surgery.
- The knowledge of specific medicinal plants was quite extensive in some kingdoms, empires, and
city states such as Aksum, and Borgu (in Hausaland).
- Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known for orthopedics (bone--setting), as is the case of Funtua
in Northern Nigeria.
AFRICAN METALLURGY
- Various types of metal products have been used ranging from gold, tin, silver, bronze,brass, and
iron/steel.
- Kingdom of Monomotapa (Munhumutapa) in Southern Africa were the major producers of gold.
AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE
- Builders integrated the concepts of the arch, the dome, and columns and aisles in their
constructions.
- Underground vaults and passages, as well as the rock--hewn churches, of Axum are matched in
Nubia and Egypt with pyramids of various dimensions.

REVOLUTION THAT DEFINES SOCIETY: INFORMATION REVOLUTION

- is a period of change that describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the
Industrial Revolution.
- has led us to the age of the internet, where optical communication networks play a key role in
delivering massive amounts of data.

IMPACTS OF INFORMATION REVOLUTION

- the explosive emergence of the Internet as a major worldwide distribution channel for goods, for
services, and, surprisingly, for managerial and professional jobs has changed economies, markets,
and industry structures, products and services and their flow, consumer segmentation, consumer
values, and consumer behavior, jobs and labor markets.
- It also has an impact on societies and politics, and, on the way, we see the world and ourselves in
it.

CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ANF NATION BUILDING

the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is tasked

to oversee and manage national technology development and acquisition, undertake
technological and scientific research and promote public consciousness of science and technology.

In 2017, DOST launched the Science for the People thru Administrative Order No. 003 s. 2017. This is
in response to the government’s call to address inequity in developments within and among countries and
is aligned with the national goals and plans.

Stipulated in the strategic plan are the seven outcomes that the agency strives to achieve. These are as
follows:
1. Innovation and stimulus
2. Technology and adoption promoted and accelerated
3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI human resources developed
4. Productivity and efficiency of communities and the production sector, particularly MSMEs
improved
5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate change ensured
6. Inequality in STI capacities and opportunities reduced
 7. Effective STI governance achieved

The strategies to attain these outcomes are embodied in the DOST Eleven Point Agenda as follows:

Pursue R&D to address pressing national problems.

Agenda 1 highlights the latest advancements in research and development geared towards the
shared goal of improved nutrition and health for all. Focused on health technology development, drug
discovery and development remains to be the high-impact and big ticket program supported by the
Department in the area of health.

Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and improve management of resources.

Agenda 2 presents how R&D can be utilized to make key traditional industries steadfast and
competitive through technological innovations that can address gaps in productivity and increase
production yield.

Engage in R&D to generate and apply new knowledge and technologies across sectors.
Agenda 3 engages R&D in emerging scientific and technological platforms which lay the inroads
to the development of new products, services, and industries.

Strengthen and utilize regional R&D capabilities.

Agenda 4 focuses in strengthening institutional capacity to undertake research and development
and contribute to regional development. Utilizing local researchers equalize opportunities in generating
new knowledge and technologies suited for the specific need of the region.

Maximize utilization of R&D results through technology transfer and commercialization.

Agenda 5 includes mechanisms to encourage technology transfer and avenues where R&D
results are promoted in the bid to maximize its utilization. The Department provided support in bringing
R&D results to its final stage of development up to commercialization.

Develop STI human resources and build a strong STI culture.

Agenda 6 aims to build a critical mass of competitive researchers, scientists, and engineers
(RSEs) and promoting a culture of STI. Towards this goal, the Department continues to provide
scholarship programs to scale up the number of RSEs.

Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to advance R&D activities and expand S&T services.
Agenda 7 features various S&T facilities that offer technical services for carrying out research
and development, as well as addressing the needs of the industry in terms of quality assurance, adherence
to standards, product development, and innovation.

Expand STI assistance to communities and the production sector, particularly MSMEs.
Agenda 8 focuses on S&T assistance provided to upgrade the technological capabilities and improve the
productivity and efficiency of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

Provide STI-based solutions for disaster risks and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
 Agenda 9 highlights the role of the Department in building a disaster-resilient community
through the provision of accurate and timely information. Specifically, progress was made by establishing
and upgrading observation and monitoring systems, efforts in hazard and risk assessment, and researches
for disaster risk management, as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Strengthen industry-academe-government and international STI collaboration.

Agenda 10 focuses on the linkages and networks being pursued by the Department in terms of
S&T collaboration. In 2017, the Department took part in 24 bilateral engagements and participated in a
number of activities which involved 14
international organizations.

Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.

Agenda 11 (Enhance effectiveness of STI governance) provides the policy framework that
governs the implementation of the programs, projects and activities of the Department in contribution to
national development and progress. Taking off from the National 0+10 Socioeconomic Agenda and
Philippine Development Plan, the Department crafted the Science for the People 11-point Agenda,
Harmonized R&D Agenda, and Regional Offices Strategy Map.

KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATION AND SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PARK (KIST PARK)

Batangas State University made history as it officially launched the country’s first Knowledge, Innovation
and Science Technology (KIST) Park on July 20, 2020. This milestone placed Batangas State University
at the forefront of national development. BatStateU KIST Park was designated as a Special Economic
Zone under Presidential Proclamation No. 947, s. 2020. The theme of the launching event was “Towards
a New Frontier of Knowledge-building and Innovation in Science and Technology.”

The KIST Park will serve as a catalyst for industrial productivity and increased economic growth in
CaLaBaRZon. This manifestation of the strong collaboration between government, industry and academe
is central to inclusive innovation strategy.

BatStateU KIST Park is now open and spearheads a long-term vision for “state universities and colleges
in the country to expand their programs for industry, academe, market synergy, technopreneurship,
[innovation-based] business incubation and acceleration, and knowledge co-creation in science and
technology.”

Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines

The Science for Change Program (S4CP) was created by the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) to accelerate STI in the country in order to keep up with the developments in our time wherein
technology and innovation are game changers.
S4CP focuses on Accelerated R&D Program for Capacity Building of R&D Institutions and Industrial
Competitiveness which is composed of four (4) programs namely:
1. Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program,
The NICER Program capacitates Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to
make significant improvement in regional research by integrating its development needs with the
existing R&D capabilities and resources. It provides institutional grants for HEIs in the regions
for R&D capacity building to improve their S&T infrastructure.

2. R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program,

RDLead provides the mechanism to bring in experts and highly skilled professionals with
strong leadership, management and innovative policy-making proficiencies to be in charge of
strengthening the research capabilities of the HEIs, National Government Agencies (NGAs) and
Research Development Institutions (RDIs) in the regions.

3. Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy (CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry Program,
The Collaborative Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy
(CRADLE) Program is specifically designed to foster collaboration between academe and local
companies to improve competitiveness and catalyze innovation. It aims to improve the country’s
innovation ecosystem by facilitating the smooth transition of new technologies from universities
and research and development institutes (RDI) to industries - from lab to market.

4. Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for Industry Program.

The Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for Industry Program aims to level-up the
innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial Sector through R&D by helping private
companies and industries acquire novel and strategic technologies, such as state-of-the-art
equipment and machinery, technology licenses and patent rights among others. The program will
cover up to 70% of the total eligible cost of the needed technology at

PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Aisa Mijeno-
To light up the rest of the Philippines sustainably was the vision of Filipina scientist Aisa
Mijeno when she made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. The SALt Lamp is an
environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it
suitable to those who live in coastal areas. It can also function well in remote barrios. With just
two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for
eight hours.

2. Ramon C. Barba (Potassium Nitrate Method)

He is a Filipino scientist, inventor and horticulturist who is known for his successful
experiment on the inducement of flowering of mango trees by spraying them with ethrel and
potassium nitrate. Barba also developed a tissue culture procedure for the banana plant and sugar
cane which enabled production of large quantities of planting materials that were robust and
 disease-free. In 2013, Ramon C. Barba was conferred the rank and title of National Scientist in
the Philippines for his distinguished achievements in the field of plant physiology.

3. Fe V. del Mundo
She is known as the Mother of Philippine Pediatrics, a very great scientist and a symbol
of female empowerment in medicine, both in the Philippines and abroad. The first Asian woman
admitted into Harvard, she pursued graduate degrees in America after receiving her medical
degree from the University of the Philippines. She is credited with studies that led to the
invention of the incubator and a jaundice relieving device. Her methods, like the BRAT diet for
curing diarrhea, have spread throughout the world and saved millions. She became the
Philippines’ first female National Scientist in 1980, in recognition of her work in Pediatrics.

4. Maria Y. Orosa
Advances in modern Filipino food technology owe a great deal to the creative
researches and salutary inventiveness of a woman chemist and pharmacist from Batangas – Maria
Y. Orosa. The now- commercially available thirst quencher, the calamansi juice, is just one of
the popular native food products in whose preparation and preservation she had a hand. She
produced the “calamansi nip,” the desiccated and powdered form of the fruit which could be
made into juice. She is also credited with the making of the banana ketchup; wines from native
fruits, like casuy and guava; vinegar from pineapples; banana starch; soyamilk; banana flour;
cassava flour;; jelly from guava, santol, mango, and other fruits, as well as the invention of rice
cookies, known as ricebran or darak, which is effective in the treatment of patients with beri-beri.
She invented the “Orosa Palayok Oven” for cooking various dishes.

5. Angel Alcala
He is a Filipino scientist whose biological contributions to the environment and
ecosystems have made him a hero for natural sciences. From the 400 already known species of
reptiles and amphibians, 50 more species were identified due to his efforts. Because of his work,
conservation programs in the Philippines are now well established. In 1994, he was given the
Field Museum Founders’ Council Award of Merit for contributions to environmental biology.

6. Desiree Hautea
BT EGGPLANT- a pest resistant crop. In 2002 a team of scientists from the University of
the Philippines developed the first crop to resists the infestation of eggplant fruit and shoot borer
pest.

7. Dado Banatao
16-bit Microchip for faster computer processing. In 1984 Banatao co-produced the first
microchip which to this day is still present in most personal computer.

8. Abelardo Aguilar
In 1949 he discovered the antibiotiv derived from a strain of saccharopolyspora erythraea
estracted from soil sample in Iloilo.
 9. Ronnie Pasola Jr.
Games of the Generals a war board Game. In 1967 he designed the capture the flag board
game after winning a chess tournament in Manila.

10. Susana Mercado

Microbial Rennet for cheese making and production. As an alternative to animal rennet, a
team of Filipino scientists discovered the use of Rhizopus chinencis for a creamier cheese production.

Science Education in the Philippines

The general benefits of science have greatly challenged education of the Philippines. While the
country might have been a beneficiary of the methods of science even before the program of formal
education, it was during the American period that brought about a most significant and essential change in
the nature of education. There has been a corresponding increase in knowledge and understanding of
natural and social phenomena covered by all the disciplines of science available now.

Early Efforts to Improve Science Education

Leading scientists made Philippine authorities aware that the teaching of science from grade school level
to college levels in both public and private schools was very inadequate.

The inadequacies and weaknesses of science teaching were recognized as those relating to undertrained
teachers, the inadequate science curriculum in schools and colleges, the minimum allotted to science, the
lack of books, equipment and teaching aids

A National Committee for Science Education was set up in 1958 to formulate objectives for the teaching
of science education at all levels and to recommend steps that would upgrade the teaching of science.

 integration of science with classroom instruction

 acquisition of more science equipment and tools
 coordination of efforts with other agencies
 negotiations for a science institute for teachers
 national science talent search and fellowships
 higher salaries of science and mathematics teachers and promotion of science teachers
competence

Early Efforts to Improve Science Education

The BSCS Adaptation Project

In1959, biological sciences curriculum study (BSCS) project was launched by American Institute of
Biological Science, university of Colorado in order to improve biology education in secondary schools. A
steering committee of biological scientists, teachers and educators was constituted. The project was
financed by National Science Foundation, USA

The BSCS Adaptation Project

The BSCS project was started to design high school biology course with the
objectives to:

 provide recent and latest knowledge in biological sciences

 develop understanding of the conceptual structure of biologicalsciences
 develop skills and processes of biology among the students
 create an opportunity to use inquiry approach in teaching and learning of biology
 prepare rich supplementary or support materials to enrich learning experiences in biological
sciences and present current status of biological sciences

The Science Education Project

The dissemination of improved curricula

Quality science and math education programs in the recipient-sponsor institutions through new
and/or improved course offerings and a generally improved teacher education program