Quadrilaterals

terals
Quadrilate
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What is a quadrilateral?
A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.
A quadrilateral is the polygon

with the fewest number of sides
that allows for it to be a concave
polygon (where one of the
interior angles is greater than
180 degrees).
Why is it impossible to have a concave triangle?
Since the interior angles of a triangle have to sum to 180°, there can
not be an interior angle greater than 180 degrees.
Quadrilateral angle sum
Polygon angle sum theorem:

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of
a convex n-sided polygon is (n – 2) 180°
Using this theorem, we can see that the sum of the

measures of a quadrilateral is: 2 × 180° = 360°.
The angle sum theorem of a B

quadrilateral can also be explained A
in a diagram. A quadrilateral can be
divided into two triangles by drawing
a line between two opposite
vertices. Each of these triangles C D
has an angle sum of 180 degrees.
Quadrilateral angle sum
A B
Prove that the interior angle sum of 2 4
quadrilateral ABCD is 360°.
1
3
given: quadrilateral ABCD, C D
split by BC
hypothesis: mA + mB + mC + mD = 360º
triangle angle mA + m1 + m2 = 180°
sum theorem: and mD + m3 + m4 = 180º
angle addition: m1 + m3 = mC and m2 + m4 = mB
mA + mB + mC + mD
angle substitution:
= mA + (m2 + m4) + (m1 + m3) + mD
group by triangles: (mA + m1 + m2) + (mD + m3 + m4)
triangle angle
sum theorem:
mA + mB + mC + mD = 180º + 180º = 360º 
Types of quadrilaterals
Types of parallelograms
Parallelograms
In parallelogram ABCD we know that AD || BC and AB || CD.

Diagonal BD divides the parallelogram into two triangles.
A B
Use parallelogram ABCD to prove that
opposite sides and opposite angles in
D C any parallelogram are congruent.
alternate interior
ADB ≅ DBC and ABD ≅ BDC
angles are
congruent:
reflexive property: BD ≅ BD
ASA property: △ABD ≅ △BCD
corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are AD ≅ CB and AB ≅ CD 
congruent (CPCTC): Also BAD ≅ BCD 
Properties of parallelograms
A bisector is a line that goes through the midpoint of a

segment and divides the line into two congruent parts.
Given parallelogram ABCD, with diagonals AC and BD

intersecting at E, prove that AE ≅ CE and BE ≅ DE (that
the diagonals of the parallelogram bisect each other)
A B congruence of alternate ABD ≅ BDC
E interior angles: and CAB ≅ ACD
D C congruence of opposite sides: AB ≅ CD

ASA property: △ABE ≅ △CDE
corresponding parts of congruent BE ≅ DE

triangles are congruent (CPCTC): and AE ≅ CE 
Parallelogram properties
Proving that ABCD is a parallelogram
If ABCD is a quadrilateral, then how can we prove that it

is also a parallelogram?
We must prove that both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
How can we prove that lines are parallel in a quadrilateral?

To prove that lines are parallel,
we must prove one of the following:
1) Alternate interior angles are congruent.
2) Corresponding angles are congruent.
3) Same side interior angles are supplementary.
Proving that ABCD is a parallelogram
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent,

then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Given quadrilateral ABCD with A ≅ C and
B ≅ D, prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
A B polygon angle
b a mA + mB + mC + mD = 360°
sum theorem:
A≅C and B≅D: a + a + b + b = 360°
a b
D C group like terms: 2a + 2b = 360°
divide by 2: a + b = 180°
A and D are supplementary
a and b are supplementary:
D and C are supplementary
converse of the alternate
interior angle theorem: AB || CD and AD || BC 
Proof of a parallelogram
With a partner, use congruent triangles to prove that if

the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then
it is a parallelogram.
A B quadrilateral ABCD with
given:
AB ≅ CD and AD ≅ BC
hypothesis: ABCD is a parallelogram
D C reflexive property: BD ≅ BD
SSS congruence postulate: △ABD ≅ △CBD
CPCTC: ABD ≅ BDC

and CBD ≅ ADB
converse of the alternate Since ABD ≅ BDC, AB || CD
interior angle theorem: Since CBD ≅ ADB, AD || BC
given AB || CD and AD || BC: ABCD is a parallelogram. 
Problems
Rectangles and parallelograms
Prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are

congruent, then the parallelogram must be a rectangle.
A B parallelogram ABCD
given:
where AC ≅ BD
hypothesis: ABCD is a rectangle
D C
congruence of opposite
sides of a parallelogram:
AD ≅ BC and AB ≅ CD
SSS congruence postulate: △ADC ≅ △BCD
CPCTC: ADC ≅ BCD
since AD || BC and they are ADC and BCD
same side interior angles: are supplementary
ADC and BCD are
congruent and supplementary: mADC = mBCD = 90º 

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terals

A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.

A quadrilateral is the polygon

Why is it impossible to have a concave triangle?

Polygon angle sum theorem:

Using this theorem, we can see that the sum of the

The angle sum theorem of a B

In parallelogram ABCD we know that AD || BC and AB || CD.

A bisector is a line that goes through the midpoint of a

Given parallelogram ABCD, with diagonals AC and BD

D C congruence of opposite sides: AB ≅ CD

corresponding parts of congruent BE ≅ DE

If ABCD is a quadrilateral, then how can we prove that it

We must prove that both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

How can we prove that lines are parallel in a quadrilateral?

1) Alternate interior angles are congruent.

2) Corresponding angles are congruent.

3) Same side interior angles are supplementary.

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent,

With a partner, use congruent triangles to prove that if

CPCTC: ABD ≅ BDC

Prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are

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